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Volumn 292, Issue 5519, 2001, Pages 1112-1115

Why we don't get sick: The within-host population dynamics of bacterial infections

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; IMMUNOLOGY; ORIFICES; SKIN;

EID: 0035844020     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1058879     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (95)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 0004291826 scopus 로고
    • X. Schaechter, M. G. Medoff, B. J. Eisenstein, Eds. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 2
    • For a population biologist-friendly review of these defenses, see J. K. Spitznagel, in Mechanisms of Microbiat Disease, X. Schaechter, M. G. Medoff, B. J. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 90-114; H. K. Zeigler, in Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, M. Schaechter, G. Medoff, B. I. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 114-153; W. E. Paul, Ed., Fundamentals of Immunology (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 4, 1999).
    • (1993) Mechanisms of Microbiat Disease , pp. 90-114
    • Spitznagel, J.K.1
  • 2
    • 0004291826 scopus 로고
    • M. Schaechter, G. Medoff, B. I. Eisenstein, Eds. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, ed. 2
    • For a population biologist-friendly review of these defenses, see J. K. Spitznagel, in Mechanisms of Microbiat Disease, X. Schaechter, M. G. Medoff, B. J. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 90-114; H. K. Zeigler, in Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, M. Schaechter, G. Medoff, B. I. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 114-153; W. E. Paul, Ed., Fundamentals of Immunology (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 4, 1999).
    • (1993) Mechanisms of Microbial Disease , pp. 114-153
    • Zeigler, H.K.1
  • 3
    • 0004257938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 4
    • For a population biologist-friendly review of these defenses, see J. K. Spitznagel, in Mechanisms of Microbiat Disease, X. Schaechter, M. G. Medoff, B. J. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 90-114; H. K. Zeigler, in Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, M. Schaechter, G. Medoff, B. I. Eisenstein, Eds. (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, ed. 2, 1993), pp. 114-153; W. E. Paul, Ed., Fundamentals of Immunology (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, ed. 4, 1999).
    • (1999) Fundamentals of Immunology
    • Paul, W.E.1
  • 7
    • 0032475822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. U. Neumann et al., Science 282, 103 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 103
    • Neumann, A.U.1
  • 13
    • 0342900472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it: but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of Science, whatever the matter may be." William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907). Of course, we wouldn't say that.
  • 14
    • 0343771393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In itself this is a considerable achievement. The integument of a mammal and the associated fluids and cilia are formidable defenses in their own right and are, doubtless, the primary reason that the bacteria and other microparasites that abound in the world around us, on us, and within us rarely cause disease. Save for trauma including the proboscis of biting arthropods, it is difficult for a microbe to get through the skin of a mammal. Although not as impermeable as skin, the mucosa of the alimentary tract and nasal pharyngeal passages and other orifices have formidable defenses of their own. Included among these are our microbial allies, the established populations of our commensal bacteria in these habitats. Their communities, and by default the mucosa in which they reside, are protected from colonization by potential pathogens by a home team advantage in the competition for space and nutrients and a variety of competitive allelopathic mechanisms, such as bacteriocins and microcins and predation by phage, protozoa, and nemotodes.
  • 18
    • 0343771391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • If the colonizing population of the ancestral capsulated strains is too small, a sufficient number of unencapsulated variants (mutants) may not be generated and invasion will not take place. This indeed, may well be one of the reasons for the observations that systemic infections are caused by very few of the colonizing bacteria (42-44). These situations where a genetic change in the microparasite population is needed to establish systemic infection virulence could well be a consequence of short-sighted evolution of the microparasite in the host, rather than an adaptation for the maintenance of the microparasite in the community of hosts (45).
  • 19
    • 0342900470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It has been suggested that because of the stochastic nature of the early phase of infections, vaccines that are only partially effective could reduce the probability of infection (46).
  • 20
    • 0343771390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • It may well be that although the infection is cleared by the constitutive defenses, an adequate specific immune response may be induced to generate immune memory. This, for example, may account for why older adults who have never experienced invasive diseases by commensal organisms such as H. influenzae and N. meningititis are much less susceptible to bacterial meningitis than younger individuals.
  • 21
    • 0342900468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an example of a mathematical model of this type and a consideration of the motivation for its development, its predictions, and its role in an experimental study of a bacterial infection, see www.eclf.net/ phagocyte.html.
  • 33
    • 0033615678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T. P. Arstila et al., Science 286, 958 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 958
    • Arstila, T.P.1
  • 49
    • 0343771381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The authors wish to thank F. Baquero, J. Bull, D. Generaux, D. Relman, I. Stojilkovick, and R. Zappala for useful comments and suggestions, most of which we agree with but lament in not having the space to develop them here. This endeavor was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health GM33782 and AI40662 (B.R.L) and GM 54268 (R.A.) and from the Wellcome Trust (B.R.L)
    • The authors wish to thank F. Baquero, J. Bull, D. Generaux, D. Relman, I. Stojilkovick, and R. Zappala for useful comments and suggestions, most of which we agree with but lament in not having the space to develop them here. This endeavor was supported by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health GM33782 and AI40662 (B.R.L) and GM 54268 (R.A.) and from the Wellcome Trust (B.R.L).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.