How should FCHL be defined and how should we think about its metabolic bases?

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 259-273

  Sniderman, A D ^a,d   Ribalta, J ^b   Castro Cabezas, M ^c  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^d ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

ApoB; Coronary disease; Familial combined hyperlipidemia; HyperapoB

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGY; FAMILIAL HYPERLIPEMIA; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; REVIEW; THEORETICAL MODEL;

CAUSALITY; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIA, FAMILIAL COMBINED; MODELS, THEORETICAL;

EID: 0035436475     PISSN: 09394753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Goldstein JL, Schrott HG, Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Motulsky AG (1973) Hyperlipidaemia in coronary hearts disease II. Genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidaemia. J Clin Invest 52: 1544-1568
2. Rose HG, Kranz P, Weinstock M, Juliano J, Haft JI (1973) Inheritance of combined hyperlipoproteinemia: evidence for a new lipoprotein phenotype. Am J Med 54: 148-160
3. Nikkila EA, Aro A (1973) Family study of serum lipids and lipoproteins in coronary heart-disease. Lancet 1: 954-959
4. Goldstein JL, Brown MS (1989) Familial hypercholesterolemia. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds), McGraw-Hill Information Services Co., New York, pp 1210-1250
5. Sun X-M, Patel DD, Knight BL, Soutar AK (1998) Influence of genotype at the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene locus on the clinical phenotype and response to lipid-lowering drug therapy in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Regression Study Group. Atherosclerosis 136: 175-185
6. Teng B, Thompson GR, Sniderman AD, Forte TM, Krauss RM, Kwiterovich PO (1983) Composition and distribution of low density lipoprotein fractions in hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia, normolipidaemia and familial hypercholesterolaemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80: 6662-6666
7. Sniderman AD, Zhang XJ, Cianflone K (2000) Governance of the concentration of plasma LDL: a reevaluation of the LDL receptor paradigm. Atherosclerosis 148: 215-229
8. Teng B, Sniderman AD, Soutar AK, Thompson GR (1986) Metabolic basis of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia. Turnover of apolipoprotein B in low density lipoprotein and its precursors and subfractions compared with normal and familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 77: 663-672
9. Cummings MH, Watts GF, Umpleby M, Hennessy TR, Quiney JR, Sönksen PH (1995) Increased hepatic secretion of very-low-density-lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a stable isotope study. Atherosclerosis 113: 79-89
10. Zulewski H, Ninnis R, Miserez AR, Baumstark MW, Keller U (1998) VLDL and IDL apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in familial hypercholesterolemia due to impaired LDL receptor function or to defective apolipoprotein B-100. J Lipid Res 39: 380-387
11. Castro Cabezas M, de Bruin TWA, Westerveld HE, Meijer E, Erkelens DW (1998) Delayed chylomicron remnant clearance in subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Intern Med 244: 299-307
12. Sniderman A, Cianflone K, Arner P, Summers LK, Frayn KN (1998) The adipocyte, fatty acid trapping, and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 147-151
13. Chait A, Albers JJ, Brunzell JD (1980) Very low density lipoprotein overproduction in genetic forms of hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 10: 17-22
14. Janus ED, Nicoll A, Turner PR, Magill P, Lewis B (1980) Kinetic bases of the primary hyperlipidaemias. Studies of appoliprotein B turnover in genetically defined subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 10: 161-172
15. Kissebah AH, Alfarsi S, Evans DJ (1984) Low density lipoprotein metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia. mechanism of the multiple lipoprotein phenotypic expression. Arteriosclerosis 4: 614-624
16. Cortner JA, Coates PM, Bennett MJ, Cryer DR, Le NA (1991) Familial combined hyperlipidaemia: use of stable isotopes to demonstrate overproduction of very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B by the liver. J Inher Dis 14: 915-922
17. Venkatesan S, Cullen P, Pacy P, Halliday D, Scott J (1993) Stable isotopes show a direct relation between VLDL apoB overproduction and serum triglyceride levels and indicate a metabolically and biochemically coherent basis for familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 13: 1110-1118
18. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Barrett PHR, Pulai J, Zhu XL, Schonfeld G (1997) A familial combined hyperlipidemic kindred with impaired apolipoprotein B catabolism - kinetics of apolipoprotein B during placebo and pravastatin therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 72-82
19. Grundy SM, Chait AI, Brunzell JD (1987) Familial combined hyperlipidaemia workshop. Arteriosclerosis 7: 203-207
20. Castro Cabezas M, de Bruin TWA, Erkelens DW (1992) Familial combined hyperlipidemia 1973-1991. Neth J Med 40: 83-95
21. Elovson J, Chatterton JE, Bell GT, Schumaker VN, Reuben MA, Puppione DL, Reeve JR Jr, Young NL (1988) Plasma very low density lipoproteins contain a single molecule of apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res 29: 1461-1473
22. Sniderman A, Vu H, Cianflone K (1991) Effect of moderate hypertriglyceridemia on the relation of plasma total and LDL apo B levels. Atherosclerosis 89: 109-116
23. Griffin BA, Freeman DJ, Tait GW, Thomson J, Caslake MJ, Packard CJ, Shepherd J (1994) Role of plasma triglyceride in the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions: relative contribution of small, dense LDL to coronary heart disease risk. Atherosclerosis 106: 241-253
24. Lamarche B, Despres JP, Moorjani S, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Lupien PJ (1995) Prevalence of dyslipidemic phenotypes in ischemic heart disease (prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study). Am J Cardiol 75: 1189-1195
25. Demacker PN, Veerkamp MJ, Bredie SJ, Marcovina S, de Graaf J, Stalenhoef AF (2000) Comparison of the measurement of lipids and lipoproteins versus assay for apoliprotein B for estimation of coronary heart disease risk: a study in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 153: 483-490
26. Sniderman A, Thomas D, Marpole D, Teng B (1977) Low Density Lipoprotein: A metabolic pathway for return of cholesterol to the splanchnic bed. J Clin Invest 61: 867-873
27. Tall AR (1993) Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Lipid Res 34: 1255-1274
28. Talmud PJ, Edwards KL, Turner CM, Newman B, Palmen JM, Humphries SE, Austin MA (2000) Linkage of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene to LDL particle size: use of a novel tetranucleotide repeat within the CETP promoter. Circulation 101: 2461-2466
29. Lagrost L, Barter PJ (1991) Effects of various non-esterified fatty acids on the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to LDL induced by the cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1085: 209-216
30. Packard CJ, Shepherd J (1997) Lipoprotein heterogeneity and apolipoprotein B metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 3542-3556
31. Allayee H, Dominguez KM, Aouizerat BE, Krauss RM, Rotter JI, Lu J, Canto RM, de Bruin TW, Lusis AJ (2000) Contribution of the hepatic lipase gene to the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 41: 245-252
32. Hurt-Camejo E, Camejo G, Sartipy P (2000) Phospholipase A2 and small, dense low-density lipoprotein [In Process Citation]. Curr Opin Lipidol 11: 465-171
33. van't Hooft FM, Jormsjo S, Lundahl B, Tornvall P, Eriksson P, Hamsten A (1999) A functional polymorphism in the apolipoprotein B promoter that influences the level of plasma low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 40: 1686-1694
34. Jamil H, Chu CH, Dickson JK Jr., Chen Y, Yan M, Biller SA, Gregg RE, Wetterau JR, Gordon DA (1998) Evidence that microsomal triglyceride transfer protein is limiting in the production of apolipopritein B-containing lipoproteins in heaptic cells. J Lipid Res 39: 1448-1454
35. Juo SH, Han Z, Smith JD, Colangelo L, Liu K (2000) Common polymorphism in promoter of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene influences cholesterol, ApoB, and triglyceride levels in young African American men: results from the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 1316-1322
36. Brunzell JD, Schrott HG, Motulsky AG, Bierman EL (1976) Myocardial infarction in the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 25: 313-320
37. Thompson GR (1985) The Hyperlipidemias in Genetic and Metabolic Disease in Pediatrics. Butterworths, London, p 211-233
38. Ribalta J, La Ville AE, Heras M, Plana N, Masana L (1997) Hiperlipemia familiar combinada: deteccion y caracterizacion del fenotipo hiperlipemico en ninos y adolescentes. Med Clin (Bare) 161-164
39. Cortner JA, Coates PM, Gallagher PR (1990) Prevalence and expression of familial combined hyperlipidemia in childhood. J Pediatr 116: 514-519
40. Cortner JA, Coates PM, Liacouras CA, Jarvik GP (1993) Familial combined hyperlipidemia in children: clinical expression, metabolic defects, and management. J Pediatr 123: 177-184
41. Porkka KV, Raitakari OT (1996) Serum lipoproteins in children and young adults: determinants and treatment strategies. Curr Opin Lipidol 7: 183-187
42. Porkka KV, Nuotio I, Pajukanta P, Ehnholm C, Suurinkeroinen L, Syvanne M, Lehtimaki T, Lahdenkari AT, Lahdenpera S, Ylitalo K, Antikainen M, Perola M, Raitakari OT, Kovanen P, Viikari JS, Peltonen L, Taskinen MR (1997) Phenotype expression in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 133: 245-253
43. Sniderman AD, Teng B, Genest J, Cianflone K, Wacholder S, Kwiterovich PO (1985) Familial aggregation and early expression of hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia. Am J Cardiol 55: 291-295
44. Castro Cabezas M, Erkelens DW (1990) Postprandial fatty acids in familial combined hyperlipidemia in relation to apolipoprotein B overproduction and atherosclerossi. Cardiovasc Risk Factors 9: 114-121
45. Frayn KN (1998) Non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and postprandial lipaemia. Atherosclerosis 141 (Suppl 1): S41-S46
46. Evans K, Clark ML, Frayn KN (1999) Effects of an oral and intravenous fat load on adipose tissue and forearm lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol 276: E241-E248
47. Cianflone K, Avramoglu RK, Sawyez C, Huff MW (1996) Inhibition of lipoprotein lipase induced cholesterol ester accumulation in human heptoma HepG2 cells. Atherosclerosis 120: 114
48. Bengtsson B, Olivecrona T (1980) Lipoprotein lipase: mechanism of product inhibition. Eur J Biochem 106: 562
49. Saxena U, Witte LD, Goldberg IJ (1989) Release of endothelial lipoprotein lipase by plasma lipoproteins and free fatty acids. J Biol Chem 264: 4349-4355
50. Saxena U, Goldberg IJ (1990) Interaction of lipoprotein lipase with glycosaminoglycans and apolipoproteins C-II: Effects of free fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1043: 161-168
51. Sniderman AD, Cianflone K (1993) Substrate delivery as a determinant of hepatic apoB secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 13: 629-636
52. Byrne CD, Wareham NJ, Brown DC, Clark PM, Cox LJ, Day NE, Palmer CR, Wang TW (1994) Hypertriglyceridemia in subjects with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance: relative contributions of insulin secretion, insulin resistance and suppression of plasma non-esterified fatty acids. Diabetologia 37: 889-896
53. Castro Cabezas M, de Bruin TWA, Jansen H, Kock LAW, Kortlandt W, Erkelens DW (1993) Impaired chylomicron remnant clearance in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb 13: 804-814
54. Genest J, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K, Teng B, Wacholder S, Marcel YL, Kwiterovich PO Jr. (1986) Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia: Plasma lipoprotein responses to oral fat load. Arteriosclerosis 6: 297-304
55. Castro Cabezas M, DeBruin TWA, DeValk HW, Shoulders CC, Jansen H, Erkelens DW (1993) Impaired fatty acid metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia. A mechanism associating hepatic apolipoprotein B overproduction and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 92: 160-168
56. Castro Cabezas M, Erkelens DW, Kock LA, de Bruin TW (1994) Postprandial apolipoprotein B100 and B48 metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidaemia before and after reduction of fasting plasma triglycerides. Eur J Clin Invest 24: 669-678
57. Castro Cabezas M, de Bruin TWA, Kock LAW (1993) Simvastatin improves chylomicron remnant removal in familial combined hyperlipidemia without changing chylomicron conversion. Metabolism 42: 497-503
58. Meijssen S, Castro Cabezas M, Twickler ThB, Jansen H, Erkelens DW (2000) In vivo evidence of defective postprandial and postabsorptive free fatty acid metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 41: 1096-1102
59. Aitman TJ, Godsland IF, Farren B (1997) Defects of insulin action on fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 748-754
60. Karjalainen L, Pihlajamaki J, Karhapaa P, Laakso M (1998) Impaired insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and free fatty acid suppression in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia: a precursor defect for dyslipidemia? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1548-1553
61. Bredie SJ, Tack CJ, Smits P, Stalenhoef AF (1997) Nonobese patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia are insulin resistant compared with their nonaffected relatives. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 1465-1471
62. Pihlajamaki J, Karjalainen L, Karhapaa P, Vauhkonen I, Laakso M (2000) Impaired free fatty acid supression during hyperinsulinemia is a characteristic finding in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia, but insulin resistance is observed only in hypertriglyceridemic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 164-170
63. Reynisdottir S, Eriksson M, Angelin B, Arner P (1995) Impaired activation of adipocyte lipolysis in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Clin Invest 95: 2161-2169
64. Van Harmelen V, Reynisdottir S, Cianflone K, Degerman E, Hoffstedt J, Nilsell K, Sniderman A, Arner P (1999) Mechanisms involved in the regulation of free fatty acid release from isolated human fat cells by acylation-stimulating protein and insulin. J Biol Chem 274: 18243-18251
65. Cianflone K, Maslowska M, Sniderman AD (1990) Impaired response to fibroblasts in patients with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia to acylation stimulating protein. J Clin Invest 85: 722-730
66. Zhang XJ, Cianflone K, Genest J, Sniderman AD (1997) Plasma acylation stimulating protein (ASP) as a predictor of impaired cellular biologic response to ASP in patients with hyperapoB. Eur J Clin Invest 28: 730-739
67. Ylitalo K, Large V, Pajukanta P, Reynisdottir S, Porkka KV, Vakkilainen J, Nuotio I, Taskinen MR (2000) Reduced hormone-senstive lipase activity is not a major defect in Finnish FCHL families. Atherosclerosis 153: 373-381
68. Hunt SC, Wu LL, Hopkins PN, Stults BM, Kuida H, Ramirez ME, Lalouel JM, Williams RR (1989) Apolipoprotein, low density lipoprotein subfraction and insulin resistance with familial combined hyperlipidemia: study of Utah patients with familial dyslipidemia hypertension. Arteriosclerosis 9: 335-344
69. Ascaso J, Merchante A, Lorente RI, Real JT, Martinez-Valls J, Carmena R (1998) A study of insulin resistance using the minimal model in nondiabetic familial combined hyperlipidemic patients. Metabolism 47: 508-513
70. Ascaso JF, Lorente R, Merchante A, Real JT, Priego A, Carmena R (1997) Insulin resistance in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. Am J. Cardiol 80: 1484-1487
71. Ascaso JF, Real JT, Marchante A, Rodrigo A, Carmena R (2000) Lipoprotein phenotype and insulin resistance in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 49: 1627-1631
72. Ganesh Bhat B, Wang P, Kim JH, Black TM, Lewin TM, Fiedorek FJJ, Coleman RA (1999) Rat sn-glycerol-e-phosphate acyltransferase: molecular cloning and characterization of the cDNA and expressed protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1439: 415-423
73. Kanoh H, Kai M, Wada I (1999) Molecular characterization of the type 2 phosphatidic acid phosphatase. Chem Phys Lipids 98: 119-126
74. Cases S, Smith SJ, Zheng YW, Myers HM, Lear SR, Sande E, Novak S, Collins C, Welch CB, Lusis AJ, Eriksson SJ, Farese RVJr (1998) Identification of a gene encoding an acylCoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a key enzyme in triacylglycerol sysnthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 13018-13023
75. Germinario R, Sniderman AD, Manuel S, Pratt S, Baldo A, Cianflone K (1993) Coordinate regulation of triacylglycerol synthesis and glucose transport by acylation stimulating protein. Metabolism 42: 574-580
76. Tirosh A, Rudich A, Bashan N (2000) Regulation of glucose transporters - implications for insulin resistance states. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 13: 115-133
77. Abumrad NA, Coburn C, Ibrahimi A (1999) Membrane proteins implicated in long-chain fatty acid uptake by mammalian cells:CD36, FATP, and FABPm. Biochim Biophys Acta 1441: 4-13
78. Hui TY, Bernlohr DA (1997) Fatty acid transporters in animal cells. Frontiers in Bioscience 2: D222-D231
79. Memon RA, Fuller J, Moser AH, Smith PJ, Grumfeld C, Feingold KR (1999) Regulation of putative fatty acid transporters and AcylCoA synthetase in live and adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 48: 121-127
80. Shaughnessy S, Smith ER, Kodukula S, Storch J, Fried SK (2000) Adipocyte metabolism in adipocyte fatty acid binding protein knockout (aP2-/-) mice after short-term high-fat feeding: functional compensation by the keritinocyte fatty acid binding protein. Diabetes 49: 904-911
81. Gargiulo CE, Stuhlsatz-Krouper SM, Schaffer JE (1999) Localization of adipocyte long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase at the plasma membrane. J Lipid Res 40: 881-892
82. Reynisdottir S, Angelin B, Langin D (1995) Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and hormone-senstive lipase. Contrasting findings in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Clin Invest 95: 2161-2169
83. Londos C, Brasaemie DL, Schultz CJ, Adler-Wailes DE, Levin DM, Kimmel ARR, Rondinone CM (1999) On the control of lipolysis in adipocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 892: 155-168
84. Arner P (1996) Regulation of lipolysis in fat cells. Diabetes Rev 4: 450-463
85. Coppack SW, Jensen MD, Miles J (1994) In vivo regulation of lipolysis in humans. J Lipid Res 35: 1-93
86. Eckel RH (1989) Lipoprotein lipase. A multifunctional enzyme relevant to common metabolic diseases. N Engl J Med 84: 305-311
87. Olivecrona T, Bengtsson-Olivecrona G (1990) Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase. Curr Opin Lipidol 1: 222-230
88. Brunzell JD (1989) Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and other causes of chylomicron metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (Eds), The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 1165-1180
89. Xiang S-Q, Cianflone K, Kalant D, Sniderman AD (1999) Differential binding of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to lipopotein lipase. J Lipid Res 40: 1655-1663
90. Julien P, Gagne C, Murthy MR, Levesque G, Moorjani S, Cadelis F, Hayden MR, Lupien PJ (1998) Dyslipidemias associated with heterozygous lipoprotein lipase mutations in the French-Canadian population. Hum Mutat (Suppl 1): S148-S153
91. Wittrup HH, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Steffensen R, Deeb SS, Brunzell JD, Jensen G, Nordestgard BG (1999) Mutations in the lipoprotein lipase gene associated with ischemic ehart disease in men. The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 1535-1540
92. Wittrup HH, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (1999) Lipoprotein lipase mutations, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and risk of ischemic heart disease. A meta-analysis. Circulation 99: 2901-2907
93. de Bruin TW, Mailly F, Van Barlingen HH, Fisher R, Castro Cabezas M, Talmud P, Dallinga-Thie GM, Humphries SE (1996) Lipoprotein lipase gene mutations D9N and N291S in four pedigrees with familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 26: 631-639
94. Nevin DN, Brunzell JD, Deeb SS (1994) The LPL gene in individuals with familial cimbined hyperlipidemia and decreased LPL activity. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 869-873
95. de Silva HV, Lauer SJ, Wang J, Simonet WS, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW, Taylor JM (1994) Overexpression of human apolipoprotein C-III in transgenic mice results in an accumulation of apolipoprotein B48 remnants that is corrected by excess apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 269: 2324-2335
96. Ginsberg HN, Le NA, Goldberg IJ, Gibson JC, Rubinstein A, Wang-Iverson P, Norum R, Brown WV (1986) Apolipoprotein B metabolism in subjects with deficiency of apolipoproteins CIII and AI. Evidence that apolipoprotein CIII inhibits catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J Clin Invest 78: 1287-1295
97. Patsch W, Sharrett AR, Chen IY, Lin-Lee YC, Brown SA, Gotto AM, Jr., Boerwinkle E (1994) Associations of allelic differences in the A-I/C-111/AI-V gene cluster with carotid artery intima-media thickness and plasma lipid transport in hypercholesterolemic-hypertriglyceridemic humans. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 874-883
98. Ribalta J, La Ville AE, Vallve JC, Humphries SE, Turner PR, Masana L (1997) A variation in the apolipoprotein C-III gene is associated with an increased number of circulating VLDL and IDL particles in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 38: 1061-1069
99. Ribalta J, Girona J, Vallve JC, La Ville AE, Heras M, Masana L (1999) Vitamin A is linked to the expression of the AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in familial combined hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 40: 426-431
100. Kalant D, Phelis S, Fielding BA, Frayn KN, Cianflone K, Sniderman AD (2000) Increased postprandial fatty acid trapping in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese women. J Lipid Res 41: 1963-1968
101. Saleh J, Summers LKM, Cianflone K, Fielding BA, Sniderman AD, Frayn KN (1998) Coordinated release of acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and triacylglycerol clearance by human adipose tissue in vivo in the postprandial period. J Lipid Res 39: 884-891
102. Faraj M, Jones P, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K (2000) Enhanced dietary fat clearance in post-obese women. J Lipid Res (In press)
103. Maslowska M, Sniderman AD, Germinario R, Cianflone K (1997) ASP stimulates glucose transport in cultured human adipocytes. Int J Obes 21: 261-266
104. Wetsel RA, Kildsgaard J, Zsigmond E, Liao W, Chan L (1999) Genetic deficiency of Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP/C3adesArg) does not cause hyperapobetalipoproteinemia in mice. J Biol Chem 274: 19429-19433
105. Kildsgaard J, Zsigmond E, Chan L, Wetsel RA (1999) A critical evaluation of the putative role of C3adesArg (ASP) in lipid metabolism and hyperapobetalipoproteinemia. Mol Immunol 36: 869-876
106. Murray I, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K (1999) Mice lacking acylation stimulating protein (ASP) have delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance. J Lipid Res 40: 1671-1676
107. Murray I, Sniderman AD, Havel PJ, Cianflone K (1999) Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) deficiency alters postprandial and adipose tissue metabolism in male mice. J Biol Chem 274: 36219-36225
108. Ylitalo K, Porkka KV, Meri S, Nuotio I, Suurinkeroinen L, Vakkilainen J, Pajukanta P, Viikari JS, Peltonen L, Ehnholm C, Taskinen MR (1997) Serum complement and familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 129: 271-277
109. Muscari A, Bozzoli C, Puddu GM, Sangiorgi Z, Dormi A, Rovinetti C, Descovich GC, Puddu P (1995) Association of serum C3 levels with the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Med 98: 357-364
110. Muscari A, Massarelli G, Bastagli L, Poggiopollini G, Tomassetti V, Volta U, Puddu GM, Puddu P (2001) Relationship of serum C3 to fasting insulin, risk factors and previous ischaemic events in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 21: 1081-1090
111. Scantlebury T, Maslowska M, Cianflone K (1998) Chylomicron specific enhancement of Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) and precursor protein C3 production in differentiated human adipocytes. J Biol Chem 273: 20903-20909
112. Ribalta J, La Ville AE, Girona J, Vallve JC, Masana L (1997) Low plasma vitamin A concentrations in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Clin Chem 43: 2379-2383
113. Lonnqvist F, Thorne A, Large V, Arner P (1997) Sex differences in visceral fat lipolysis and metabolic complications of obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 1472-1480
114. Ettinger WH Jr, Hazzard WR (1988) Elevated apolipoprotein-B levels in corticosteroid-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67: 425-428
115. Sniderman AD, Maslowska M, Cianflone K (2000) Of mice and men (and women) and the acylation-stimulating protein pathway. Curr Opin Lipidol 11: 291-296
116. Forbes GB (1994) Body composition: influence of nutrition, disease, growth and aging. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds), Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lea & Febiger
117. Saleh J, Christou N, Cianflone K (1999) Regional specificity of ASP binding in human adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 276: E815-E821
118. Jungner I, Marcovina SM, Walldius G, Holme I, Kolar W, Steiner E (1998) Apolipoprotein B and A-I values in 147576 Swedish males and females, standardized according to the World Health Organization-International Federation of Clinical Chemistry First International Reference Materials. Clin Chem 44: 1641-1649
119. Connelly PW, Poapst M, Davignon J, Lussier-Cacan S, Reeder B, Lessard R, Hegele RA, Csima A (1999) Reference values of plasma apolipoproteins A-I and B, and association with nonlipid risk factors in the populations of two Canadian provinces: Quebec and Saskatchewan. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. Can J Cardiol 15: 409-118
120. Contois JH, McNamara JR, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Wilson PW, Massov T, Schaefer EJ (1996) Reference intervals for plasma apolipoprotein B determined with a standardized commercial immunoturbidimetric assay: results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Clin Chem 42: 515-523
121. Sniderman AD, Wolfson C, Teng B, Franklin FA, Bachorik PS, Kwiterovich PO Jr (1982) Association of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 97: 833-839
122. Durrington PN, Bolton CN, Hartog H (1978) Serum and lipoprotein apolipoprotein B levels in normal subjects and patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Clin Chim Acta 82: 151-160
123. Durrington PN, Hunt L, Ishola M, Kane JP, Stephens WP (1986) Serum apolipoproteins AI and B and lipoprotein in middle-aged men with and without previous myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 56: 206-212
124. Barbir M, Wile D, Trayner I, Aber VR, Thompson GR (1988) High prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and apolipoprotein abnormalities in coronary artery disease. Br Heart J 60: 397-403
125. Kukita H, Hamada M, Hiwada K, Kokubu T (1985) Clinical significance of measurements of serum apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B in hypertriglyceridemic male patients with and without coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 55: 143-149