Central nervous system in cerebral malaria: 'Innocent bystander' or active participant in the induction of immunopathology?

Immunology and Cell Biology

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 101-120

  Medana, Isabelle M ^a   Chaudhri, Geeta ^a   Chan Ling, Tailoi ^a   Hunt, Nicholas H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Astrocytes; Cerebral malaria; Cytokines; Endothelium; Glia; Immune response; Microglia; Pathology

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ASTROCYTE; BRAIN MALARIA; CELL DEGENERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; ENDOTHELIUM; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MICROGLIA; MONOCYTE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; THEORY;

ANIMALIA; MURINAE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM;

EID: 0035070574     PISSN: 08189641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.00995.x     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Malaria fact sheet
2. Malaria and the nervous system
3. Neurological sequelae of cerebral malaria in children
4. Cytokines and anti-disease immunity to malaria
5. Malaria and the nervous system
6. Cerebral malaria in children
7. Severe cerebral malaria: Common or distinct pathophysiology?
8. T-cell responses in acute falciparum malaria
9. Indicators of lifethreatening malaria in African children
10. Severe falciparum malaria in children: Current understanding of pathophysiology and supportive treatment
11. Acidosis in severe childhood malaria
12. Hypoglycaemia on and after admission in Kenyan children with severe malaria
13. Clinical features and prognostic indicators in paediatric cerebral malaria: A study of 131 comatose Malawian children
14. Acid-base status in paediatric Plasmodiurn falciparum malaria
15. Deep breathing in children with severe malaria: Indicator of metabolic acidosis and poor outcome
16. An immunofluorescence study of cerebral malaria: A correlation with histopathology
17. Cerebral malaria: A disseminated vasculomyelopathy
18. Cerebral malaria
19. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with cerebral malaria
20. Evidence of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in human cerebral malaria
21. Microvascular and cellular responses in the optic nerve of rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)
22. Activated human microglia under pathological conditions
23. Early microvascular changes in murine cerebral malaria detected in retinal wholemounts
24. Retinal hemorrhage, a common sign of significance in cerebral malaria
25. Retinal finding predictive of outcome in cerebral malaria
26. Retinal haemorrhages in Zambian children with cerebral malaria
27. Measures of capillary permeability in acute falciparum malaria: Relation to severity of infection and treatment
28. Neurological manifestations of falciparum malaria
29. Cerebral malaria: The sequestration hypothesis
30. The cytokine theory of human cerebral malaria
31. Human cerebral malaria in Thailand: A clinico-pathological correlation
32. Pathology of malaria in West Africa
33. Human cerebral malaria: A pathological study
34. Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and human cerebral malaria
35. Cerebral malaria in inbred mice. I. A new model and its pathology
36. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in murine cerebral malaria
37. The pathogenesis of mammalian malaria
38. Pathology of fatal and resolving cerebral malaria
39. + T cells and malarial spleen in immunity to Plasmodium vinckei vinckei. Relevance to vaccine development
40. Inability of Plasmodium vinckei-immune spleen cells to transfer protection to recipient mice exposed to vaccine 'vectors' or heterologous species of plasmodium
41. Immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi adami in the B-cell-deficient mouse
42. + T-cell lines raised against Plasmodium chaubaudi show characteristics of either Th1 or Th2 cells
43. The role of TH1 and TH2 cells in a rodent malaria infection
44. Antibody-independent immunity to reinfection malaria in B-cell deficient mice
45. + cell-deficient beta2-m0/0 mice
46. Immune effector mechanisms in malaria
47. Malaria and alterations in immune reactivity
48. Peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations in human falciparum malaria
49. Interleukin-10 inhibits tumor necrosis factor production but not antigen-specific lymphoproliferation in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria
50. Plasmodium falciparum schizont sonic extracts suppress lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and antigens in malaria immune adults
51. Nitric oxide and parasitic disease
52. Plasmodium falciparuminfected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells
53. Soluble plasma IL-2 receptors and malaria
54. Antigen-specific and MHC-restricted Plasmodium falciparum-induced human T lymphocyte clones
55. Human T clones reactive to the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. High frequency of gamete-reactive T cells in peripheral blood from nonexposed donors
56. 'Original antigenic sin', T-cell memory, and malaria sporozoite immunity: An hypothesis for immune evasion
57. Epitopes recognized by human T lymphocytes on malaria circumsporozoite protein
58. High frequency of malaria-specific T-cells in non exposed humans
59. Virulent P berghei malaria: Prolonged survival and decreased cerebral pathology in cell-deficient nude mice
60. + T lymphocytes play a major role in the pathogenesis of routine cerebral malaria
61. Participation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the pathogenesis of experimental murine cerebral malaria
62. + T-cells prevents Plasmodium berghei induced cerebral malaria in end-stage disease
63. The importance of T cell homing and the spleen in reaching a balance between malaria immunity and immunopathology: The moulding of immunity by early exposure to cross-reactive organisms
64. Histological changes in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6 and A/J mice during Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection
65. Anaemia and resistance to malaria in transgenic mice expressing human tumour necrosis factor
66. Killing of Plasmodium falciparum by cytokine activated effector cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
67. Alterations in erythrocyte membrane phospholipid organization due to the intracellular growth of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum
68. Oxidative stress and the redox status of malaria-infected erythrocytes
69. Comparisons between microvascular changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria mice, using the retinal wholemount technique
70. Vascular clogging, mononuclear cell margination, and enhanced vascular permeability in the pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria
71. Immunopathological changes in human cerebral malaria
72. Possible importance of macrophage-derived mediators in acute malaria
73. Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: Graded response, molecular mechanisms and cues to physiological function
74. Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors
75. The hematopoietic cytokine, colony-stimulating factor 1, is also a growth factor in the CNS: Congenital absence of CSF-1 in mice results in abnormal microglial response and increased neuron vulnerability to injury
76. The anatomic basis of the blood-brain barrier
77. Role of astrocytes in ionic and volume homeostasis in spinal cord during development and injury
78. +-induced swelling of mouse astrocytes
79. Astrocytes of the brain synthesize interleukin 3-like factors
80. On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases
81. Induction and regulation of interleukin-6 gene expression in rat astrocytes
82. Production of tumor necrosis factor and other cytokines by astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or a neurotropic virus
83. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture
84. Differential tumor necrosis factor α expression by astrocytes from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis-susceptible and -resistant rat strains
85. Macrophage- and astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor β as a mediator of central nervous system dysfunction in acquired immune deficiency syndrome
86. Microglial and astrocyte chemokines regulate monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis
87. Analysis of cytokine receptor messenger RNA expression in human glioblastoma cells and normal astrocytes by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
88. Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: Sources, function, and mechanism of action
89. Cytokine regulation of astrocyte function: In vitro studies using cells from the human brain
90. Astrocytes in infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system
91. Modulation of intracellular formation of reactive oxygen intermediates in peritoneal macrophages and microglia/brain macrophages by propentofylline
92. Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system
93. Cellular forms and functions of brain microglia
94. Functional plasticity of microglia: A review
95. Brain macrophages: Evaluation of microglia and their functions
96. Neuronal control of MHC class II inducibility in rat astrocytes and microglia
97. Neurotrophins inhibit major histocompatibility class II inducibility of microglia: Involvement of the p75 neurotrophin receptor
98. Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon gamma-treated microglial cells
99. Interleukin-1 of the central nervous system is produced by amoeboid microglia
100. Interleukin-1 stimulation of astroglial proliferation after brain injury
101. Tumor necrosis factor induces expression of MHC class I antigens on mouse astrocytes
102. Peptides released by ameboid microglia regulate astroglial proliferation
103. Glial expression of cytokines in the brains of cerebrovascular disease patients
104. Distribution of interleukin-1-immunoreactive microglia in cerebral cortical layers: Implications for neuritic plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease
105. Inducible expression of H-2 and Ia antigens on brain cells
106. Intrathecal application of interferongamma - Progressive appearance of MHC antigens within the nervous system
107. Astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T cell lines
108. Ia-restricted encephalitogenic T lymphocytes mediating EAE lyse autoantigen-presenting astrocytes
109. Antigen presentation in the peripheral nervous system: Schwann cells present endogenous myelin autoantigens to lymphocytes
110. Demonstration of microglial cells in and around senile (neuritic) plaques in the Alzheimer brain. An immunohistochemical study using a novel monoclonal antibody
111. Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease
112. Detection of HLA-DR on microglia in the human brain is a function of both clinical and technical factors
113. Expression of the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR in neurological disease
114. Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR
115. Microglia are the major cell type expressing MHC class II in human white matter
116. Immune regulation by brain cells in the central nervous system: Microglia but not astrocytes present myelin basic protein to encephalitogenic T cells under in vivo-mimicking conditions
117. Immune responses in the central nervous system
118. Inflammatory cells, microglia and MHC class II antigen-positive cells in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with acute and chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
119. In situ demonstration of proliferating cells in the rat central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Evidence suggesting that most infiltrating T cells do not proliferate in the target organ
120. Apoptosis of αβ T-lymphocytes ifi the nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Its possible implication for recovery and acquired tolerance
121. Redistribution and degeneration of retinal astrocytes in experimental murine cerebral malaria: Relationship to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier
122. Cerebral malaria in the United Kingdom
123. Cerebral malaria: On the nature and significance of vascular changes
124. Cytokine expression in the brain in human cerebral malaria
125. Widespread expression of MRP8 and MRP14 in human cerebral malaria by microglial cells
126. Early activation of microglia in the pathogenesis of fatal murine cerebral malaria
127. Human cerebral malaria: α-galactosyl antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid
128. Macrophage membrane glycoprotein binding of Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 induces TNF-alpha production and a tumoricidal response
129. Specific ligation of surface α-D-galactosyl epitopes markedly affects the quantity of four major proteins secreted by macrophages
130. Reactive changes of retinal microglia during fatal murine cerebral malaria: Effects of dexamethasone and experimental permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier
131. Roles of tumour necrosis factor in the illness, and pathology of malaria
132. Soluble malarial antigens are toxic and induce the production of tumour necrosis factor in vivo
133. Malaria exoantigens induce TNF, are toxic and are blocked by T-independent antibody
134. Inhibition of murine malaria (Plasmodium chabaudi) in vivo by recombinant interferon-gamma or tumour necrosis factor, and its enhancement by butylated hydroxyanisole
135. The role oft lymphocytes in immunity to Plasmodium falciparum. Enhancement of neutrophil-mediated parasite killing by lymphotoxin and IFN-gamma: Comparisons with tumor necrosis factor effects
136. The involvement of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the immune response to protozoan parasites
137. Oxidative killing of the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii by activated macrophages
138. Killing of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro by nitric oxide derivatives
139. Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) as an essential mediator in murine malaria
140. Tumor-necrosis factor and other cytokines in cerebral malaria: Experimental and clinical data
141. Profiles of cytokine production in relation with susceptibility to cerebral malaria
142. Circulating tumour necrosis factor alpha is not involved in the development of cerebral malaria in Plasmodium berghei-infected C57B1 mice
143. Monoclonal antibody against interferon gamma can prevent experimental cerebral malaria and its associated overproduction of tumor necrosis factor
144. Tumour necrosis factor and reactive oxygen species: Implications for free radical-induced tissue injury
145. Serum tumor necrosis factor associated with malaria in patients in the Solomon Islands
146. Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria
147. TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
148. The effect of a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor on survival from childhood cerebral malaria
149. Polyclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha Fab used as an ancillary treatment for severe malaria
150. Dynamics of fever and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor are closely associated during clinical paroxysms in Plasmodium vivax malaria
151. Possible roles of tumor necrosis factor in the pathology of malaria
152. TNF and Plasmodium berghei ANKA-induced cerebral malaria
153. Effects of endotoxin and dexamethasone on cerebral malaria in mice
154. TNF receptors in the microvascular pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome and cerebral malaria
155. Tumor necrosis factoralpha expression in the brain during fatal murine cerebral malaria: Evidence for production by microglia and astrocytes
156. Immune responses to soluble exoantigens of Plasmodium falciparum may contribute to both pathogenesis and protection in clinical malaria: Evidence from a longitudinal, prospective study of semi-immune African children
157. Cytokine modulation of murine microglial cell superoxide production
158. Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death
159. Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism
160. Production of nitrite by neonatal rat microglial cells/brain macrophages
161. Malaria antigen and cytokine-induced production of reactive nitrogen intermediates by murine macrophages: No relevance to the development of experimental cerebral malaria
162. Are reactive oxygen species involved in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria?
163. Review: Cytokines and malaria
164. Inhibition of development of exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites by gamma-interferon
165. Recombinant human gamma interferon inhibits simian malaria
166. Inhibition of Plasmodium vinckei-malaria in mice by recombinant murine interferon-gamma
167. Cytokines in malaria, pathology and protection
168. Levels of cytokines in plasma during Plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks
169. Immunological alterations in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Relationship between parasitaemia and indicators of macrophage activation
170. Serum cytokine profiles in experimental human malaria. Relationship to protection and disease course after challenge
171. T lymphocyte interferon-gamma production induced by Plasmodium falciparum antigen is high in recently infected non-immune and low in immune subjects
172. Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria
173. Role of immune mediators in the pathology of experimental murine cerebral malaria
174. Cerebral malaria: Mediators, mechanical obstruction or more?
175. Low dosages of interleukin 1 protect mice against lethal cerebral malaria
176. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF
177. Cytokines and the nervous system I: Expression and recognition
178. Cytokines and tumors of the central nervous system
179. Cytokines in neurodegeneration and repair
180. + channel currents in hippocampal neurons through protein kinase C
181. The immune response to Plasmodium chabaudi malaria in interleukin-4-deficient mice
182. IL-4 inhibits macrophage-mediated killing of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: A possible parasite-immune evasion mechanism
183. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 serum levels as markers for complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria
184. Tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and malaria
185. Plasma levels of the interleukin-6 cytokine family in persons with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria
186. Immunological aspects of cerebral lesions in murine malaria
187. Significance of cytokine production and adhesion molecules in malarial immunopathology
188. + cell-mediated pathology
189. Interleukin-10 modulates susceptibility in experimental cerebral malaria
190. Cerebral malaria: The unsolved riddle
191. Compromised blood-nerve barrier, astrogliosis, and myelin disruption in optic nerves during fatal murine cerebral malaria
192. Ultrastructural changes in the blood-brain barrier of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei
193. Human cerebral malaria: A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration
194. Microvascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in human falciparum malaria: A pathological study
195. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain
196. An immunohistochemical study of the pathology of fatal malaria. Evidence for widespread endothelial activation and a potential role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cerebral sequestration
197. Sequestration pattern of parasitized erythrocytes in cerebrum, mid-brain, and cerebellum of Plasmodium coatneyi-infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
198. Retinopathy in malaria
199. Differential cellular accumulation of transforming growth factor-betal, -beta2, and -beta3 in brains of patients who died with cerebral malaria
200. Evidence for multiple pathologic and protective mechanisms of murine cerebral malaria
201. Involvement of cytokines in the histopathology of cerebral malaria
202. Effect of phenobarbital on seizure frequency and mortality in childhood cerebral malaria: A randomised, controlled intervention study
203. Neurological manifestations of malaria: An update
204. Ocular fundus findings in Malawian children with cerebral malaria