Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 106, Issue D17, 2001, Pages 20395-20402

  Dash, J G ^a   Mason, B L ^b   Wettlaufer, J S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b Stanford Research Systems   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; COLLISION; MASS TRANSFER; THUNDERSTORM;

EID: 0034776953     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900109     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Arakawa, M., and M. Higa, Measurements of ejection velocities in collisional disruption of ice spheres, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 901-980, 1996.
2. Avila, E. E., G. G. Aquirre Varela, and G. M. Caranti, Charging in ice-ice collisions as a function of the ambient temperature and the larger particle average temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,609-29,614, 1996.
3. Baker, B., M. B. Baker, E. R. Jayaratne, J. Latham, and C.-P.-R. Saunders, The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 1193-1215, 1987.
4. Baker, M. B., and J. G. Dash, Charge transfer in thunderstorms and the surface melting of ice, J. Cryst. Growth, 97, 770-776, 1989.
5. Baker, M. B., and J. G. Dash, Mechanism of charge transfer between colliding ice particles in thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,621-10,626, 1994.
6. Beaglehole, D., and D. Nason, Transition layer on the surface of ice, Surf. Sci., 96, 357-363, 1980.
7. Beaglehole, D., and P. Wilson, Extrinsic premelting at the ice-glass interface, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 8096-8100, 1994.
8. Brooks, I. M., C. P. R. Saunders, R. P. Mitzeva, and S. L. Peck, The effect on thunderstorm charging of the rate of rime accretion by graupel, Atmos. Res., 43, 277-295, 1997.
9. Buser, O., and A. N. Aufdermaur, Electrification by collisions of ice particles on ice or metal targets, in Electrical Processes in Atmospheres, edited by H. Dolezak and R. Reiter, pp. 294-301, Steinkopf, Darmstadt, Germany, 1977.
10. Caranti, J. M., and A. J. Illingworth, The contact potential of rimed ice, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4125-4130, 1983.
11. Caranti, G. M., E. E. Avila, and M. A. Re, Charge transfer during individual collisions in ice growing from vapor deposition, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,365-15,375, 1991.
12. Dash, J. G., H.-Y. Fu, and J. S. Wettlaufer, The premelting of ice and its environmental consequences, Rep. Prog. Phys., 58, 115-167, 1995.
13. Dosch, H., A. Lied, and J. H. Bilgram, Glancing-angle x-ray scattering studies of the premelting of ice surfaces, Surf. Sci., 327, 145-164, 1995.
14. Dosch H., A. Lied, and J. H. Bilgram, Disruption of the hydrogen-bonding network at thesurface of Ih ice near surface premelting, Surf. Sci., 366, 43-50, 1996.
15. Eigen, M., and L. De Maeyer, Self-dissociation and protonic charge transport in water and ice, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 247, 505-533, 1958.
16. Einstein, A., On the movement of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid demanded by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat, in Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement, pp. 1-18, Dover, Miheola, N.Y., 1905.
17. Elbaum, M., S. G. Lipson, and J. G. Dash, Optical study of surface melting on ice, J. Cryst. Growth, 129, 491-505, 1993.
18. Engelhardt, H., Protonic conduction in ice, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, edited by E. Whalley, S. J. Jones, and L. W. Gold, pp. 226-235, Royal Soc. of Can., Ottawa, 1973.
19. Fletcher, N. H., The Chemical Physics of Ice, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1970.
20. Frenken, J. W. M., and H. M. van Pinxteren, Surface melting: Dry, slippery, wet and faceted surfaces, Surf. Sci., 307-309, 728-734, 1994.
21. Furukawa, Y., M. Yamamoto, and T. Kuroda, Ellipsometric study of the transition layer on the surface of an ice crystal, J. Cryst. Growth, 82, 665-677, 1987.
22. Gaskell, W., and A. J. Illingworth, Charge transfer accompanying individual collisions between ice particles and its role in thunderstorm electrification, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 841-854, 1980.
23. Israelachvili, J. N., Intermolecular and Surface Forces, chap. 12, Academic, San Diego, California, 1992.
24. Jayaratne, E. R., Density and surface temperature of graupel and the charge separation during ice crystal interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,957-13,961, 1998.
25. Jayaratne, E. R., C. P. R. Saunders, and J. Hallett, Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice crystal interactions, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 609-630, 1983.
26. Jayaratne, E. R., S. L. Peck, and C. P. R. Saunders, Comments on "A laboratory study of static charging by fracture in ice growing by riming," by Avila and Caranti, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9533-9535, 1996.
27. Keith, W. D., and C. P. R. Saunders, Further laboratory studies of the charging of graupel during ice crystal interactions, Atmos. Res., 25, 445-464, 1990.
28. Kouchi, A., T. Yamamoto, T. Kozasa, T. Kuroda, and J. M. Greenberg, Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices, Astron. Astrophys., 290, 1009-1018, 1994.
29. Krim, J., and G. Palasantzas, Experimental observations of self-affine scaling and kinetic roughening at sub-micron length scales, Int. J. Mod. Phys., 9, 599-632, 1995.
30. Latham, J., and C. D. Stow, The influence of impact velocity and ice specimen geometry of the charge transfer associated with temperature gradients in ice, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 462-410, 1965.
31. Löwen, H., Melting, freezing and colloidal suspensions, Phys. Rep., 237, 249-324, 1994.
32. + mobility and dislocation generation), Cryst. Lattice Defects, 4, 295-308, 1973.
33. Mason, B. L., and J. G. Dash, Surface melting of ice and thunderstorm electrification, in Ice Physics in the Natural Environment, NATO ASI, Ser. I, vol. 56, edited by J. S. Wettlaufer, J. G. Dash, and N. Untersteiner, pp. 321-324, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
34. Mason, B. L., and J. G. Dash, Charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions: Experimental observations of a mechanism in thunderstorm electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10,185-10,192, 2000.
35. Mizuno, V., and N. Hanafusa, Studies of surface properties of ice using nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Phys. Collog., C1, 48, suppl. 3, 511-516, 1987.
36. Nenow, D., and A. Trayanov, Surface premelting phenomena. Surf. Sci., 213, 488-501, 1989.
37. Netz, R. R., and D. Andelman, Roughness-induced wetting, Phys. Rev. E, 55, 687-700, 1997.
38. Onsager, L., and M. Dupuis, The electrical properties of ice, Proc. Int. Sch. Enrico Fermi, X, 294-315, 1959.
39. Oxtoby, D., Nucleation and surface melting of ice, in Ice Physics in the Natural Environment, NATO ASI, Ser. I, vol. 56, edited by J. S. Wettlaufer, J. G. Dash, and N. Untersteiner, pp. 23-38, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
40. Pengra, D. B., D.-M. Zhu, and J. G. Dash, Surface melting of strained and unstrained layers: Kr, Ar, and Ne, Surf. Sci., 245, 125-131, 1991.
41. Pines, E., and D. Huppert, Kinetics of proton transfer in ice via the pH-jump method: Evaluation of the proton diffusion rate in polycrystalline doped ice, Chem. Phys. Lett., 116, 295-301, 1985.
42. Pittenger, B., D. J. Cook, C. R. Slaughterbeck, and S. C. Fain Jr., Investigation of ice-solid interfaces by force microscopy: Plastic flow and adhesive forces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 16(3), 1832-1837, 1998.
43. Qian, J., and C. K. Law, Regimes of coalescence and separation in droplet collision, J. Fluid Mech., 331, 59-80, 1997.
44. Reynolds, S. E., M. Brook, and M. F. Gourley, Thunderstorm charge separation, J. Meteorol., 14, 426-436, 1957.
45. Saunders, C. P. R., Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,773-10,779, 1994.
46. Saunders, C. P. R., and S. L. Peck, Laboratory studies of the influence of the rime accretion rate on charge transfer during crystal/graupel collisions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,949-13,961 1998.
47. Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mitzeva, The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017, 1991.
48. Smith, R. W., and D. J. Srolovitz, Void formation during film growth: A molecular dynamics simulation study, J. Appl. Phys., 79, 1448-1457, 1996.
49. Stolze, P., and J. K. Norskov, Accommodation and diffusion of Cu deposited on flat and stepped Cu(111) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B, 48, 5607-5611, 1993.
50. Tabor, D., The Hardness of Metals, Clarendon, Oxford, England, 1951.
51. Takahashi, T., Electric potential of a rubbed ice surface, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1259-1265, 1969.
52. Takahashi, T., Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548, 1978.
53. Verwey, E. J. W., and J. T. G. Overbeek, Theory of Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier, New York, 1948.
54. Wettlaufer, J. S., Impurity effects in the premelting of ice, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 2516-2519, 1999.
55. Wettlaufer, J. S., M. G. Worster, L. A. Wilen, and J. G. Dash, A theory of premelting dynamics for all power law forces, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 3602-3605, 1996.
56. Zhu, D.-M., and J. G. Dash, Surface melting in argon and neon, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 2959-2962, 1986.