Density and surface temperature of graupel and the charge separation during ice crystal interactions

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 103, Issue D12, 1998, Pages 13957-13961

  Jayaratne, E R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; GRAUPEL; ICE CRYSTAL; RIME; THUNDERSTORM;

EID: 0032572253     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98JD00398     Document Type: Article

References (8)

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2. Brooks, I.M., and C.P.R. Saunders, Thunderstorm charging: Laboratory experiments clarified, Atmos. Res., 39, 263-273, 1995.
3. Dinger, J.E., and R. Gunn, Electrical effects associated with a change of state of water, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 51, 477-494, 1946.
4. Drake, J.C., Electrification accompanying the melting of ice particles, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 176-191, 1968.
5. Jayaratne, E.R., C.P.R. Saunders, and J. Hallett, Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice crystal interactions, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 609-630, 1983.
6. Macklin, W.C., The density and structure of ice formed by accretion, Q. J. R. Meteorol.. Soc., 88, 30-50, 1962.
7. Takahashi, T., Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536-1548, 1978.
8. Williams, E.R. and R. Zhang, Density of rime in laboratory simulations of thunderstorm microphysics and electrification, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29,715-29,719, 1996.