Modification of tight junction function by protein kinase C isoforms

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 283-301

  Clarke, Hilary ^a   Marano, Colleen W ^a   Peralta Soler, Alejandro ^a   Mullin, James M ^a  

^a LANKENAU INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bryostatin 1; Epithelia; Phorbol esters; Protein kinase C; Tight junction permeability

Indexed keywords

BODY FLUIDS; CELLS; ENZYMES; ESTERS; MECHANICAL PERMEABILITY;

PHORBOL ESTERS; PROTEIN KINASE; TIGHT JUNCTIONS;

CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY;

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRYOSTATIN 1; CALCIUM; CALMODULIN; CATENIN; CYCLIC AMP; CYTOPLASM PROTEIN; DIACYLGLYCEROL; F ACTIN; GROWTH FACTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; GUANYLATE KINASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INSULIN; INTEGRIN; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE; NITRIC OXIDE; OCCLUDIN; PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN SERINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RHO FACTOR; TELEOCIDIN; UVOMORULIN;

BINDING SITE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TIGHT JUNCTION;

EID: 0034734030     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00047-8     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Farquhar M.G., Palade G.E. Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 17:1963;376-412.
2. Di Bona D.R. Passive intercellular pathway in amphibian epithelia. Nat. New Biol. 238:1972;179-181.
3. Gumbiner B. Generation and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2:1990;881-887.
4. Di Bona D.R., Civan M.M. Pathways for movement of ions and water across toad urinary bladder. I. Anatomic site of transepithelial shunt pathways. J. Membr. Biol. 12:1973;101-128.
5. Kottra G., Fromter E. Functional properties of the paracellular pathway in some leaky epithelia. J. Exp. Biol. 106:1983;217-229.
6. Ojakian G.K. Tumor promoter-induced changes in the permeability of epithelial cell tight junctions. Cell. 23:1981;95-103.
7. 1 renal epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial fluxes. Am. J. Physiol. 251:1986;C597-C602.
8. Hecht G., Robinson B., Koutsouris A. Reversible disassembly of an intestinal epithelial monolayer by prolonged exposure to phorbol ester. Am. J. Physiol. 266:1994;G214-G221.
9. Stenson W.F., Easom R.A., Riehl T.E., Turk J. Regulation of paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers by protein kinase C. Am. J. Physiol. 265:1993;G955-G962.
10. Marano C.W., Lewis S.A., Garulacan L.A., Peralta Soler A., Mullin J.M. Tumor necrosis factor a increases sodium and chloride conductance across the tight junction of CaCo-2 BBE, a human intestinal cell line. J. Membr. Biol. 161:1998;263-274.
11. Mullin J.M., Snock K.V. The effect of tumor necrosis factor on epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial permeability. Cancer Res. 50:1990;2172-2176.
12. Madara J.L., Stafford J. Interferon-gamma directly affects barrier function of cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers. J. Clin. Invest. 83:1989;724-727.
13. Cereijido M., Robbins E.S., Dolan W.J., Rotunno C.A., Sabatini D.D. Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent support. J. Cell Biol. 77:1978;853-880.
14. Martinez-Palomo A., Meza I., Beaty G., Cereijido M. Experimental modulation of occluding junctions in a cultured transporting epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 87:1980;736-745.
15. 2+ in modulation of tight junction resistance in A6 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 266:1994;F775-F784.
16. Canfield P.E., Geerdes A.M., Molitoris B.A. Effect of reversible ATP depletion on tight junction integrity in LLC-PK1 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 261:1991;F1038-F1045.
17. - secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 259:1990;G165-G172.
18. Staehlin L.A. Structure and function of intercellular junctions. Int. Rev. Cytol. 39:1974;191-283.
19. Wade J.B., Karnovsky X. The structure of the zonula occludens. A single fibril model based on freeze-fracture. J. Cell Biol. 60:1974;168-180.
20. Howarth A.G., Stevenson B.R. Molecular environment of ZO-1 in epithelial and non-epithelial cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 31:1995;323-332.
21. Fujimoto K. Freeze-fracture replica electron microscopy combined with SDS digestion for cytochemical labeling of integral membrane proteins. Application to the immunogold labeling of intercellular junctional complexes. J. Cell Biol. 123:1995;1777-1788.
22. Furuse M., Fujimoto K., Sato N., Hirase T., Tsukita S., Tsukita S. Overexpression of occludin, a tight junction-associated integral protein, induces the formation of multilamellar bodies bearing tight junction-like structures. J. Cell Sci. 109:1996;429-435.
23. Furuse M., Hirase T., Itoh M., Nagafuchi A., Yonemura S., Tsukita S., Tsukita S. Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 123:1993;1777-1788.
24. Furuse M., Fujita K., Hiiragi T., Fujimoto K., Tsukita S. Claudin-1 and -2: novel integral membrane proteins localizing at tight junctions with no sequence similarity to occludin. J. Cell Biol. 141:1998;1539-1550.
25. Martin-Padura I., Lostaglio S., Schneemann M., Williams L., Romano M., Fruscella P., Panzeri C., Stoppacciaro A., Ruco L., Villa A., Simmons D., Dejana E. Junctional adhesion molecule, a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that distributes at intercellular junctions and modulates monocyte transmigration. J. Cell Biol. 142:1998;117-127.
26. Stevenson B.R., Siliciano J.D., Mooseker M.S., Goodenough D.A. Identification of ZO-1: a high molecular weight polypeptide associated with the tight junction (zonula occludens) in a variety of epithelia. J. Cell Biol. 103:1986;755-766.
27. Gumbiner B., Lowenkopf T., Apatira D. Identification of a 160-kDa polypeptide that binds to the tight junctional protein ZO-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:1991;3460-3464.
28. Jesaitis L.A., Goodenough D.A. Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of ZO-2 a tight junction protein homologous to ZO-1 and the Drosophila Discs-large tumor suppressor protein. J. Cell Biol. 124:1994;949-961.
29. Haskins J., Gu L., Wittchen E.S., Hibbard J., Stevenson B. ZO-3, a novel member of the MAGUK protein family found at the tight junction, interacts with ZO-1 and occludin. J. Cell Biol. 141:1998;199-208.
30. Citi S., Sabanay H., Jakes R., Geiger B., Kendrick-Jones J. Cingulin, a new peripheral component of tight junctions. Nature. 333:1988;272-276.
31. Zhong Y., Saitoh T., Minase N., Sawanda N., Enomoto K., Mori M. Monoclonal antibody 7H6 reacts with a novel tight junction-associated protein distinct from ZO-1, cingulin and ZO-2. J. Cell Biol. 120:1993;477-483.
32. Keon B.H., Schafer S., Kuhn C., Grund C., Francke W.W. Symplekin, a novel tight junction plaque protein. J. Cell Biol. 134:1996;1003-1018.
33. Weber E., Berta G., Tousson A., St. John P., Green M.W., Gopalokrishnan U., Jilling T., Sorscher E.J., Elton T.S., Abrahamson D.R., Kirk K.L. Expression and polarized targeting of a rab3 isoform in epithelia cells. J. Cell Biol. 125:1994;583-594.
34. Madara J.L. Intestinal absorptive cell tight junctions are linked to the cytoskeleton. Am. J. Physiol. 253:1987;C171-C175.
35. Madara J.L., Stafford J., Barenberg D., Carlson S. Functional coupling of tight junctions and microfilaments in T84 monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. 254:1988;G416-G423.
36. Fanning A.S., Jameson B.J., Jesaitis L.A., Anderson J.M. The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;29745-29753.
37. Anderson J.M., Van Itallie C.M. Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 269:1995;G467-G475.
38. Schneeberger E.E., Lynch R.D. Structure, function, and regulation of cellular tight junctions. Am. J. Physiol. 262:1992;L647-L661.
39. Gopalakrishnan S., Raman N., Atkinson S., Marrs J.A. Rho GTPase signaling regulates tight junction assembly and protects tight junctions during ATP depletion. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;C798-C809.
40. Balda M.S., Gonzalez-Mariscal L., Matter K., Cereijido M., Anderson J.M. Assembly of the tight junction: the role of diacylglycerol. J. Cell Biol. 123:1993;293-302.
41. Nigam S.K., Denisenko N., Rodriguez-Boulan E., Citi S. The role of phosphorylation in development of tight junctions in cultured renal epithelia (MDCK) cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:1991;548-553.
42. Dodane V., Kachar B. Identification of isoforms of G proteins that colocalize with tight junctions. J. Membr. Biol. 149:1996;199-209.
43. Shasby D.M., Kamath J.M., Moy A.B., Shasby S.S. Ionomycin and PDBU increase MDCK monolayer permeability independently of myosin light chain phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. 269:1995;L144-L150.
44. Huang Q.B., Yuan Y. Interaction of PKC and NOS in signal transduction of microvascular hyperpermeability. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1997;C798-C809.
45. Saha C., Nigam S.K., Denker B.M. Involvement of Gαi2 in the maintenance and biogenesis of epithelial cell tight junctions. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;21629-21633.
46. Ramirez M.M., Kim D.D., Duran W.N. Protein kinase C modulates microvascular permeability through nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;H1702-H1705.
47. Nusrat A., Giry M., Turner J.R., Colgan S.P., Parkos C.A., Carnes D., Lemichez E., Boquet P., Madara J.L. Rho protein regulates tight junctions and perijunctional actin organization in polarized epithelia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;10629-10633.
48. Ries J., Stein J., Traynor-Kaplan A.E., Barrett K.E. Dual role for AlF4-sensitive G proteins in the function of T84 epithelial cells: transport and barrier effects. Am. J. Physiol. 272:1997;C794-C803.
49. Peralta Soler A., Marano C.W., Bryans M., Miller R.D., Garulacan L.A., Mauldin S.K., Stamato T.D., Mullin J.M. Activation of NF-kappaB is necessary for the restoration of the barrier function of an epithelium undergoing TNF-a-induced apoptosis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78:1999;56-66.
50. Cordenonsi M., Turco F., D'Atri F., Hammer E., Martinucci G., Meggio F., Citi S. Xenopus laevis occludin-identification of in vitro phosphorylation sites by protein kinase CK2 and association with cingulin. Eur. J. Biochem. 264:1999;374-384.
51. Turner J.R., Angle J.M., Black E.D., Joyal J.L., Sacks D.B., Madara J.L. PKC-dependent regulation of transepithelial resistance: roles of MLC and MLC kinase. Am. J. Physiol. 277:1999;C554-C562.
52. Anderson J.M., Balda M.S., Fanning A.S. The structure and regulation of tight junctions. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5:1993;772-778.
53. Balda M.S., Gonzalez-Mariscal R.G., Contreras M., Macias-Silva M., Torres-Marquez M.E., Garcia-Sainz J.A., Cereijido M. Assembly and sealing of tight junctions: possible participation of G-proteins, phospholipase C, protein kinase C and calmodulin. J. Membr. Biol. 122:1991;193-202.
54. Madara J.L., Parkos C., Colgan S., Nusrat A., Atisook K., Kautzani P. The movement of solutes and cells across tight junctions. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 664:1992;47-60.
55. 2+: a protein kinase C effect. J. Membr. Biol. 149:1996;71-79.
56. Singer K.L., Stevenson B.R., Woo P.L., Firestone G.L. Relationship of serine/threonine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signaling to glucocorticoid regulation of tight junction permeability and ZO-1 distribution in nontransformed mammary epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;16108-16115.
57. 2+-independent regulation of the thyroid epithelial junction complex by protein kinases. Exp. Cell Res. 225:1996;1-11.
58. Gonzalez-Mariscal L. The relationship between structure and function of tight junctions. Cereijido M. Tight Junctions. 1991;67-76 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
59. Tsukamoto T., Nigam S.K. Tight junction proteins form large complexes and associate with the cytoskeleton in an ATP depletion model for reversible junction assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;16133-16139.
60. Sakakibara A., Furuse M., Saitou M., Ando-Akatsuka Y., Tsukita S. Possible involvement of phosphorylation of occludin in tight junction formation. J. Cell Biol. 137:1997;1393-1401.
61. Collares-Buzato C.B., Jepson M.A., Simmons N.L., Hirst B.H. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation causes redistribution of adherens junction and tight junction proteins and perturbs paracellular barrier function in MDCK epithelia. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 76:1998;85-92.
62. Mullin J.M., Marano C.W., Laughlin K.V., Nuciglio M., Stevenson B.R., Peralta Soler A. Different size limitations for increased transepithelial paracellular solute flux across phorbol ester and tumor necrosis factor-treated epithelial cell sheets. J. Cell Physiol. 171:1997;226-233.
63. Yap A.S., Mullin J.M., Stevenson B.R. Molecular analyses of tight junctional physiology: insights and paradoxes. J. Membr. Biol. 163:1998;159-167.
64. Bakker R., Dekker K., DeJong H.R., Groot J.A. VIP, serotonin, and epinephrine modulate the ion selectivity of tight junctions of goldfish intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 264:1993;R362-R368.
65. 2+. I. Microscopic and general electrophysiological observations. Pflug. Arch. 425:1993;528-534.
66. Spring K.R. Routes and mechanism of fluid transport by epithelia. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60:1998;105-119.
67. Stoddard J.S., Reuss L. Voltage- and time dependence of apical membrane conductance during current clamp in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. J. Membr. Biol. 103:1988;191-204.
68. Bobrycki V.A., Mills J.W., MacKnight A.D.C., DiBona D.R. Structural responses to voltage-clamping in the toad urinary bladder. J. Membr. Biol. 60:1981;21-33.
69. Tsukida S., Itoh M., Nagafuchi A., Yonemure S., Tsukita S. Submembranous junctional plaque proteins include potential tumor suppressor molecules. J. Cell Biol. 123:1993;1049-1053.
70. Zahraoui A., Joberty G., Arpin M., Fontaine J., Hellio R., Tavitian A., Louvard D. A small rab GTPase is distributed in cytoplasmic vesicles in non polarized cells but colocalizes with the tight junction marker ZO-1 in polarized epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 124:1994;101-115.
71. Takai Y., Sasaki T., Tanaka K., Nakanishi H. Rho as a regulator of the cytoskeleton. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:1995;227-231.
72. Amano M., Ito M., Kimura K., Fukata Y., Chihara K., Nakano T., Matsuura Y., Kaibuchi K. Phosphorylation and activation of myosin by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). J. Biol. Chem. 217:1996;20246-20249.
73. Takaishi K., Sasaki T., Kotani H., Nishioka H., Takai Y. Regulation of cell-cell adhesion by rac and rho small G proteins in MDCK cells. J. Cell Biol. 139:1997;1047-1059.
74. Nishizuka Y. The molecular heterogeneity of protein kinase C and its implications for cellular regulation. Nature. 334:1988;661-665.
75. Nishizuka Y. Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses. FASEB J. 9:1995;484-496.
76. Huwiler A., Fabbro D., Pfeilschifter J. Differential recovery of protein kinase C-α and -ε isozymes after long-term phorbol ester treatment in rat mesangial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180:1991;1422-1428.
77. Crabos M., Fabbro D., Stabel S., Erne P. Effect of tumor promoting phorbal ester thrombin and vasopressin on translocation of three distinct protein kinase C isoforms in human platelets and regulation by calcium. Biochem. J. 288:1992;891-896.
78. Nishizuka Y. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science. 258:1992;607-614.
79. Kazanietz M.G., Areces L.B., Bahador A., Mischak H., Goodnight J., Mushinski J.F., Blumberg P. Characterization of ligand and substrate specificity for the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinase C isozymes. Mol. Pharmacol. 44:1993;298-307.
80. Blumberg P.M., Acs G., Areces L.B., Kazanietz M.G., Lewin N.E., Szallasi Z. Protein kinase C in signal transduction and carcinogenesis. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 387:1994;3-19.
81. Diamond L., O'Brien T.G., Baird W.M. Tumor promoters and the mechanism of tumor promotion. Adv. Cancer Res. 32:1980;1-74.
82. Boutwell R.K. The function and mechanism of promoters of carcinogenesis. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2:1974;419-443.
83. Nishizuka Y. Turnover of inositol phospholipids and signal transduction. Science. 225:1984;1365-1370.
84. Marano C.W., Laughlin K.V., Russo L.M., Mullin J.M. The protein kinase C inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide inhibits the TPA-induced but not the TNF-induced increase in LLC-PK1 transepithelial permeability. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 209:1995;669-676.
85. Mullin J.M., McGinn M.T., Snock K.V., Imaizumi S. The effect of the teleocidin and aplysiatoxin tumor promoters on epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial permeability. Carcinogenesis. 11:1990;377-385.
86. Mullin J.M., McGinn M.T. Effects of diacylglycerols on LLC-PK1 renal epithelia: similarity to phorbol ester tumor promoters. J. Cell Physiol. 134:1988;357-366.
87. Mullin J.M., Snock K.V., Noe J., Shurina R.D., George K., Misner L., Imaizumi S., O'Brien T.G. Effects of acute vs chronic phorbol ester exposure on transepithelial and epithelial morphology. J. Cell. Physiol. 152:1992;35-47.
88. Kouznetsova L., Bijlsma P.B., van Leeuwen P.A., Groot J.A., Houdijk A.P. Glutamine reduces phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate-induced macromolecular hyperpermeability in HT-29Cl.19A intestinal cells. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 23:1999;136-139.
89. Fasano A., Fiorentini C., Donelli G., Uzzau S., Kaper J.B., Margaretten K., Ding X., Guandalini S., Comstock L., Goldblum S.E. Zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kinase C-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;710-720.
90. Ellis B., Schneeberger E.E., Rabito C.A. Cellular variability in the development of tight junctions after activation of protein kinase C. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1992;F293-F300.
91. Nagpala P.G., Malik A.B. Protein kinase C β1 overexpression augments phorbol ester-induced increase in endothelial permeability. J. Cell. Physiol. 166:1996;249-255.
92. Izumi Y., Hirose T., Tamai Y., Hirai S., Nagashima Y., Fujimoto T., Tabuse Y., Kemphues K.J., Ohno S. An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegans polarity protein PAR-3. J. Cell Biol. 143:1998;95-106.
93. Saxon M.L., Zhao X., Black J.D. Activation of protein kinase C isoenzymes is associated with post-mitotic events in intestinal epithelial cells in situ. J. Cell Biol. 126:1994;747-763.
94. Blumberg P.M. Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhoads memorial award lecture. Cancer Res. 48:1988;1-8.
95. Smith J.B., Smith L., Pettit G.R. Bryostatins: potent, new mitogens that mimic phorbol ester tumor promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 132:1985;939-945.
96. Kraft A.S., Smith J.B., Berkow R.L. Bryostatin, an activator of the calcium phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, blocks phorbol ester induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;1334-1338.
97. Stone R. Bryostatin 1: differentiating agent from the depths. Leuk. Res. 21:1997;399-401.
98. Matthews S., Pettit G.R., Rozengurt E. Bryostatin 1 induces biphasic activation of protein kinase D in intact cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;20245-20250.
99. Szallasi Z., Smith C.B., Pettit G.R., Blumberg P.M. Differential regulation of protein kinase C isozymes by bryostatin 1 and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;2118-2154.
100. Lee H., Smith L., Pettit G.R., Smith J. Dephosphorylation of protein kinase C contributes to downregulation by bryostatin. Am. J. Physiol. 271:1996;C304-C311.
101. Dell'Aquila M.L., Nguyen H.T., Herald C.L., Pettit G.R., Blumberg P.M. Inhibition of bryostatin 1 of the phorbol ester-induced blockage of differentiation in hexamethylene bisacetamide-treated Friend erythroleukemia cells. Cancer Res. 47:1987;6006-6009.
102. Sako T., Yuspa S.H., Herald C.L., Pettit G.R., Blumberg P.M. Partial parallelism and partial blockade by bryostatin 1 of effects of phorbol ester tumor promoters on primary mouse epidermal cells. Cancer Res. 47:1987;5445-5450.
103. Mahoney C.W., Huang K.P. Molecular and catalytic properties of protein kinase C. Kuo J.F. Protein Kinase C. 1994;16-63 Oxford University Press, New York.
104. Newton A.C. Protein kinase C: structure, function, and regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;28495-28498.
105. Young S., Parker P.J., Ullrich A., Stabel S. Down-regulation of protein kinase C is due to an increased rate of degradation. Biochem. J. 244:1987;775-779.
106. Wartmann M., Jans D.A., Parker P.J., Nagamine Y., Hemmings B.A., Jaken S., Eppenberger U., Fabbro D. Overexpression of the alpha-type protein kinase (PK) in LLC-PK1 cells does not lead to a proportional increase in the induction of two 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate-inducible genes. Cell Regul. 2:1991;491-502.
107. Mullin J.M., Kampherstein J.A., Laughlin K.V., Saladik D.T., Peralta Soler A. Transepithelial paracellular leakiness induced by chronic phorbol ester exposure correlates with polyp-like foci and redistribution of protein kinase C-α Carcinogenesis. 18:1997;2339-2345.
108. Mullin J.M., Peralta Soler A., Laughlin K.V., Kampherstein J.A., Russo L.M., Saladik D.T., George K., Shurina R.D., O'Brien T.G. Chronic exposure of LLC-PK1 epithelia to the phorbol ester TPA produces polyp-like foci with leaky tight junctions and altered protein kinase C-α expression and localization. Exp. Cell Res. 227:1996;12-22.
109. Clarke H., Ginanni N., Laughlin K.V., Smith J.B., Pettit G.R., Mullin J.M. The phorbol ester TPA, and bryostatin 1 exert different effects on PKC-α downregulation and tight junctional permeability. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:(Suppl.):1999;409a.
110. Farokhzad O.C., Mun E.C., Sicklick J.K., Smith J.A., Matthews J.B. Effects of bryostatin 1, a novel anticancer agent on intestinal transport and barrier function: role of protein kinase C. Surgery. 124:1998;380-386.
111. Rosson D., O'Brien T., Kampherstein J.A., Szallasi Z., Bogi K., Blumberg P.M., Mullin J.M. Protein kinase C activity modulates transepithelial permeability and cell junctions in the LLC-PK1 epithelial cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;14950-14953.
112. 1 epithelia. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;C544-C554.
113. Mullin J.M., McGinn M.T. The phorbol ester, TPA, increases transepithelial epidermal growth factor flux. FEBS Lett. 221:1987;359-364.
114. Mullin J.M., Ginanni N., Laughlin K.V. Protein kinase C activation increases transepithelial transport of biologically active insulin. Cancer Res. 58:1998;1641-1645.
115. Barnard J.A., Beauchamp R.D., Russell W.E., DuBois R.N., Coffey R.J. Epidermal growth factor related peptides and their reliance to gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology. 108:1995;564-580.
116. Nexo E., Jorgensen P.E., Hansen M.R. Human epidermal growth factor - on molecular forms present in urine and blood. Regul. Pept. 42:1992;75-84.
117. 1 cell sheets. Exp. Cell Res. 220:1995;446-455.
118. Mullin J.M., Fluk L., Tchao R. Mitosis in domes of renal epithelial (LLC-PK1) cell cultures. Mol. Physiol. 8:1985;317-328.
119. 1) tight junction permeability and cell division. Exp. Cell Res. 207:1993;398-406.
120. Baker J., Garrod D. Epithelial cells retain junctions during mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 104:1993;415-425.
121. Jinguji Y., Ishikawa H. Electron microscopic observations on the maintenance of the tight junction during cell division in the epithelium of the mouse small intestine. Cell Struct. Funct. 17:1992;27-37.
122. Donowitz M., Cheng H.Y., Sharp G.W.G. Effects of phorbol esters on sodium and chloride transport in rat colon. Am. J. Physiol. 251:1986;G509-G517.
123. Civan M.M., Rubenstein D., Mauro T., O'Brien T.G. Effects of tumor promoters on sodium ion transport across frog skin. Am. J. Physiol. 248:1985;C457-465.
124. Gupta A., Renfro J.L. Effects of pH on phosphate transport by flounder renal tubule primary cultures. Am. J. Physiol. 260:1991;R704-R711.
125. Janecki A., Jakubowiak A., Steinberger A. Effects of cyclic AMP and phorbol ester on transepithelial electrical resistance of Sertoli cell monolayers in two-compartment culture. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 82:1991;61-69.
126. Berin M.C., Buell M.G. Phorbol myristate acetate ex vivo model of enhanced colonic epithelial permeability - Reactive oxygen metabolite and protease independence. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40:1995;2268-2279.
127. Perez M., Barber A., Ponz F. Modulation of intestinal paracellular permeability by intracellular mediators and cytoskeleton. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 75:1997;287-292.
128. Simons R.M., Laughlin K.V., Kampherstein J.A., Desai D.C., Shurina R.D., Mullin J.M. Pentobarbital affects transepithelial electrophysiological parameters regulated by protein kinase C in rat distal colon. Dig. Dis. Sci. 43:1998;632-640.
129. Peralta Soler A., Miller R.D., Laughlin K.V., Carp N.Z., Klurfeld D.M., Mullin J.M. Increased tight junctional permeability is associated with the development of colon cancer. Carcinogenesis. 20:1999;1425-1431.
130. Saito T. Ultrastructural changes on the junctional complexes in the human urinary bladder carcinoma by thin sectioning and freeze fracture. J. Clin. Electron Miscrosc. 17:1984;201-209.
131. Martinez-Palomo A. Ultrastructural modifications of intercellular junctions between tumor cells. In Vitro. 6:1970;15-20.
132. Citi S., Denisenko N. Phosphorylation of the tight junction protein cingulin and the effects of protein kinase inhibitors and activators in MDCK epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 108:1995;2917-2926.
133. Zhong Y., Enomoto K., Isomura H., Sawada N., Minase T., Oyamada M., Konishi Y., Mori M. Localization of the 7H6 antigen at tight junctions correlates with the paracellular barrier function of MDCK cells. Exp. Cell Res. 214:1994;614-620.
134. Willott E., Balda M.S., Fanning A.S., Jamenson B., Van Itallie C., Anderson J.M. The tight junction protein ZO-1 is homologous to the Drosophilia disc-large tumor suppressor protein of septate junctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;399-409.
135. Furuse M., Itoh M., Hirase T., Nagafuchi A., Yonemura S., Tsukita S., Tsukita S. Direct association of occludin with ZO-1 and its possible involvement in the localization of occludin at tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 127:1994;1617-1626.
136. Itoh M., Nagafuchi S., Yonemurea S., Kitani-Yasuda T., Tsukits Sa., Tsukita Sh. The 220 kDa protein colocalizing with cadherins in non-epithelial cells is identical to ZO-1, a tight junction-associated protein in epithelial cells: cDNA cloning and immunoelectron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 121:1993;491-502.
137. Fanning A.S., Anderson J.M. Protein-protein interactions: PDZ domain networks. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;1385-1388.
138. Balda M.S., Whitney J.A., Flores C., Gonzalez-Mariscal L., Cereijido M., Matter K. Functional dissociation of paracellular permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance and disruption of the apical-basolateral intramembrane diffusion barrier by the expression of a mutant tight junction membrane protein. J. Cell Biol. 134:1996;1031-1049.
139. Staddon J.M., Herrenknecht K., Smales C., Rubin L.L. Evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation may increase tight junction permeability. J. Cell Sci. 108:1995;609-619.
140. Takeda H., Tsukita S. Effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on tight junctions in temperature-sensitive v-src-transfected MDCK cells. Cell Struct. Funct. 20:1995;387-393.
141. Stevenson B.R., Anderson J.M., Braun I.D., Mooseker M.S. Phosphorylation of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in two strains of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which differ in transepithelial resistance. Biochem. J. 263:1989;597-599.
142. Citi S., Denisenko N. Phosphorylation of the tight junction protein cingulin and the effects of protein kinase inhibitors and activators in MDCK epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 108:1995;2917-2926.
143. Sakakibara A., Furuse M., Saitou M., Ando-Akatsuka Y., Tsukita S. Possible involvement of phosphorylation of occludin in tight junction formation. J. Cell Biol. 137:1997;1393-1401.
144. Morita K., Furuse M., Fujimoto K., Tsukita S. Claudin multigene family encoding four transmembrane domain protein components of tight junction strands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;511-516.
145. Wong V., Gumbiner B.M. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the extracellular domain of occludin perturbs the tight junction permeability barrier. J. Cell Biol. 136:1997;399-409.
146. Saitou M., Ando-Akatsuka Y., Itoh M., Furuse M., Inazawa J., Fujimoto K., Tsukita S. Mammalian occludin in epithelial cells: its expression and subcellular distribution. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 73:1997;222-231.
147. Chen Y., Merzdorf C., Paul D.L., Goodenough D.A. COOH terminus of occludin is required for tight junction barrier function in early Xenopus embryos. J. Cell Biol. 138:1997;891-899.
148. McCarthy K.M., Skare I.B., Stankewich M.C., Furuse M., Tsukita S., Rogers R.A., Lynch R.D., Schneeeberger E.E. Occludin is a functional component of the tight junction. J. Cell Sci. 109:1996;2287-2298.
149. Stuart R.O., Nigam S.K. Regulated assembly of tight junctions by protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;6072-6076.
150. Tsukamoto T., Nigam S. Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the reassembly of occludin and other tight junction proteins. Am. J. Physiol. 276:1999;F737-F750.
151. Cordenonsi M., Mazzon E., De Rigo L., Baraldo S., Meggio F., Citi S. Occludin dephosphorylation in early development of Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Sci. 110:1997;3131-3139.
152. Clarke H., Peralta Soler A., Mullin J.M. Protein Kinase C activation by the phorbol ester, TPA leads to increased tight junction permeability and altered phosphorylation of occludin. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:(Suppl.):1999;410a.
153. Tripuraneni J., Koutsouris A., Pestic L., De Lanerolle P., Hecht G. The toxin of diarrheic shellfish poisoning, okadaic acid, increases intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability. Gastroenterology. 112:1997;100-108.
154. Farshori P., Kachar B. Redistribution and phosphorylation of occludin during opening and resealing of tight junction junctions in cultured epithelial cells. J. Membr. Biol. 170:1999;147-156.
155. Ratcliffe M.J., Rubin L.L., Staddon J.M. Dephosphorylation of cadherin-associated p100/p120 proteins in response to activation of protein kinase C in epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;31894-31901.
156. Ratcliffe M.J., Smales C., Staddon J.M. Dephosphorylation of the catenins p120 and p100 in endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. Biochem. J. 338:1999;471-478.
157. Hirase T., Staddon J.M., Saitou M., Ando-Akatsuka Y., Itoh M., Furuse M., Fujimoto K., Tsukita S., Rubin L.L. Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 110:1997;1603-1613.
158. Moroi S., Saitou M., Fujimoto K., Sakakibara A., Furuse M., Yoshida O., Tsukita S. Occludin is concentrated at tight junctions of mouse/rat but not human/guinea pig Sertoli cells in testes. Am. J. Physiol. 274:1998;C1708-C1717.
159. Saitou M., Fujimoto K., Doi Y., Itoh M., Fujimoto T., Furuse M., Takano H., Noda T., Tsukita S. Occludin-deficient embryonic stem cells can differentiate into polarized epithelial cells bearing tight junctions. J. Cell Biol. 141:1998;397-408.
160. 2+ resorption. Science. 285:1999;103-106.