Human skin: An independent peripheral endocrine organ

Hormone Research

Volumn 54, Issue 5-6, 2000, Pages 230-242

  Zouboulis, Christos C ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Endocrinology; Hormone activity; Hormone metabolism; Hormone receptors; Hormone synthesis

Indexed keywords

CALCITRIOL; CAROTENOID; CATECHOLAMINE DERIVATIVE; CHOLESTEROL; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; FATTY ACID DERIVATIVE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HORMONE RECEPTOR; ICOSANOID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; MELANOCORTIN; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; RETINOID; SEX HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; STEROID HORMONE; STEROID RECEPTOR; THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VITAMIN D;

AUTOCRINE EFFECT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; ENDOCRINE GLAND; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE METABOLISM; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PARACRINE SIGNALING; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SKIN; SKIN CELL; STEROIDOGENESIS;

ENDOCRINE GLANDS; HORMONES; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 0034583277     PISSN: 03010163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000053265     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (117)

1. The hormonal control of hair growth
2. Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin
3. Binding of melanocortin hormones to the melanocortin receptor MC1R on human melanocytes stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis
4. Corticotropin releasing hormone and propiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress
5. The SAHA syndrome
6. Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development
7. Control of hair follicle cycling
8. Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin
9. The role of IGF-I in human skin and its appendages: Morphogen as well as mitogen?
10. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-3 production by fibroblasts of patients with Turner's syndrome in culture
11. Differential regulation of tissue insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGF-I and IGF type 1 receptor mRNA levels, and serum IGF-I and IGFBP concentrations by growth hormone and IGF-I
12. The role of melanocortins in skin homeostasis
13. The pilosebaceous unit is part of the skin immune system
14. The role of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in skin fibroblast and mast cell functions
15. Expression of functional melanocortin receptors and proopiomelanocortin peptides by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells
16. Human dermal fibroblast cells express prolactin in vitro
17. Human skin expresses growth hormone but not the prolactin gene
18. Increased monoamine oxidase A activity in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo
19. Hormones regulate corticotropin releasing hormone receptor levels in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro
20. Epidermal HMG CoA reductase activity in essential fatty acid deficiency: Barrier requirements rather than eicosanoid generation regulate cholesterol synthesis
21. Lipogenesis in isolated human sebaceous glands
22. The skin as steroidogenic tissue: Enzymes and cofactors involved in the initial steps of steroidogenesis are expressed in human skin and rat preputial sebocytes
23. Prednicarbate biotransformation in human foreskin keratinocytes and fibroblasts
24. Skin is an autonomous organ in synthesis, two-step activation and degradation of vitamin D(3): CYP27 in epidermis completes the set of essential vitamin D(3)-hydroxylases
25. A novel pathway for hormonally active calcitriol
26. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation
27. Characterization of retinol metabolism in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes
28. Biological activity of all-trans-retinol requires metabolic conversion to all-trans-retinoic acid and is mediated through activation of nuclear receptors in human keratinocytes
29. Retinoid signaling by all-trans retinoic acid and all-trans retinoyl-β-D-glucuronide is attenuated by simultaneous exposure of human keratinocytes to retinol
30. Enhanced keratinocyte prostaglandin synthesis after UV injury is due to increased phospholipase activity
31. Secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) regulate the long-term cytokine-induced eicosanoid production in human keratinocytes
32. Parathyroid hormone receptors in human dermal fibroblasts: Structural and functional characterization
33. Cultured human fibroblasts and not cultured human keratinocytes express a PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA
34. Cloning and sequencing of complete thyrotropin receptor transcripts in pretibial fibroblast culture cells
35. Expression of melanocortin receptors in human sebocytes in vitro and in situ
36. The melanocortin 5 receptor is expressed in human sebaceous glands and rat preputial cells
37. Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide on isolated human sweat glands
38. Expression of neuropeptide receptors by human sebocytes and stimulatory effect of their agonists on cytokine production
39. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in allergic contact dermatitis: An immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay study
40. The effect of neuropeptides/hormones on Langerhans cells
41. Maintenance of human skin in organ culture: Role for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor
42. Localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in skin
43. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: An immunohistochemical study
44. Glucocorticoid receptor localization in human epidermal cells
45. Characterization of the glucocorticoid receptor in human skin
46. Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in human skin using monoclonal antibodies against the androgen receptor
47. Human genital melanocytes as androgen target cells
48. In vitro main pathways of steroid action in cultured hair follicle cells: Vascular approach
49. Expression of progesterone receptor in human keratinocytes
50. Glucocorticoid receptors in cultured human skin fibroblasts: Evidence for down-regulation of receptor by glucocorticoid hormone
51. Age-related changes in glucocorticoid and androgen receptors of cultured human pubic skin fibroblasts
52. Detection of mRNA transcripts for retinoic acid, vitamin D3, and thyroid hormone(c-erb-A) nuclear receptors in human skin using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction
53. Thyroid hormone receptors in human cultured fibroblasts: Evidence for cellular T4 transport and nuclear T3 binding
54. Estrogen receptor β is present in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland in male human skin
55. Identification of estrogen receptor beta RNA in human breast and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue
56. Effects of estrogen and estrogen receptor in normal human melanocytes
57. Expression of retinoid-X receptors (α, β, γ) and retinoic acid receptors (α, β, γ) in normal human skin: An immunohistological evaluation
58. Natural retinoids: Metabolism and transport in human epidermal cells
59. Biochemical and retinoid receptor activities in human sebaceous cells
60. 13-Cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors
61. In situ detection of retinoid-X receptor expression in normal and psoriatic human skin
62. Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in normal and psoriatic skin
63. Immuno-reactivity of six monoclonal antibodies directed against 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 receptors in human skin
64. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and skin development
65. Molecular pathology and mechanism of action of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR
66. Evidence of heterogeneity and quantitative differences of the type 1 5α-reductase expression in cultured human skin cells. Evidence of its presence in melanocytes
67. Aromatase expression in the human male
68. Immunohistochemical localization of steroid sulfatase in acne lesions: Implications for the contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the pathogenesis of acne
69. Human skin levels of retinoic acid and cytochrome P-450-derived 4-hydroxyretinoic acid after topical application of retinoic acid in vivo compared to concentrations required to stimulate retinoic acid receptor-mediated transcription in vitro
70. Biosynthesis of 3,4-didehydroretinol from retinol by human skin keratinocytes in culture
71. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors have different effects on sebaceous cell growth and differentiation
72. Whole hair follicle culture
73. The human sebocyte culture model provides new insights into development and management of seborrhoea and acne
74. Up-regulation of putative hyaluronan synthase mRNA by basic fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in human skin fibroblasts
75. Hormonal changes in aging men: A therapeutic indication?
76. Alpha-MSH and the regulation of melanocyte function
77. α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone down-regulates differentiation-driven heat shock protein 70 expression in keratinocytes
78. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone modulates activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and secretion of interleulin-8 in human dermal fibroblasts
79. β-endorphin stimulates cytokeratin 16 expression and downregulates μ-opiate receptor expression in human epidermis
80. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulates cell proliferation and adenylate cyclase activity of cultured human keratinocytes
81. α-melanocyte stimulating hormone induces collagenase/matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts
82. Intracrinology and the skin
83. The 5α-reductase system and its inhibitors: Recent development and its perspective in treating androgen-dependent skin disorders
84. Control of human sebocyte proliferation in vitro by testosterone and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone is dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands
85. Spironolactone directly inhibits proliferation of cultured human facial sebocytes and acts antagonistically to testosterone and 5-α-dihydrotestosterone in vitro
86. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human sebaceous gland cell line (SZ95)
87. Mechanism of action of androgens in dermal papilla cells
88. Androgens affect the activity of human sebocytes in culture in a manner dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands and their effect is antagonized by spironolactone
89. The improved organ maintenance of the human sebaceous gland: Modeling in vitro the effects of epidermal growth factor, androgens, estrogens, 13-cis retinoic acid, and phenol red
90. Mechanisms of androgen induction of sebocyte differentiation
91. 5α-dihydrotestosterone and testosterone induce apoptosis in human dermal papilla cells by downregulation of the bcl-2 pathway
92. Skin manifestations of Cushing disease in children and adolescents before and after the resolution of hypercortisolemia
93. Novel mechanism of steroid action in skin through glucocorticoid receptor monomers
94. Metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid by cultured human epidermal keratinocytes
95. Retinoids
96. Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro
97. Altered proliferation, synthetic activity, and differentiation of cultured human sebocytes in the absence of vitamin A and their modulation by synthetic retinoids
98. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the growth-promoting activity of autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor ligands in keratinocytes
99. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates estrogen metabolism in cultured keratinocytes
100. Human keratinocytes express transcripts for three isoforms of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), but not for the parathyroid hormone/PTHrP receptor: Effects of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3
101. Dermal fibroblasts are one of the therapeutic targets for topical application of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: The possible involvement of transforming growth factor-beta induction
102. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in human hair follicles and in vitro effect of L-triiodothyronine on cultured cells of hair follicles and skin
103. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes during the differentiation of human keratinocytes
104. Modulation of keratinocyte gene expression and differentiation by PPAR-selective ligands and tetradecylthioacetic acid
105. Troglitazone improves psoriasis and normalizes models of proliferative skin disease: Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibit keratinocyte proliferation
106. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) expression in human sebaceous glands
107. PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ) is present in sebaceous glands from normal and acne patient human skin
108. Linoleic acid induces accumulation of neutral lipids in undifferentiated human sebocytes and reduces spontaneous IL-8 secretion
109. Estrogen-induced production of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand in a PPAR γ-expressing tissue
110. Pro-inflammatory levels of interleukin-1 α-like bioactivity are present in the majority of open comedones in acne vulgaris
111. Inflammation in acne vulgaris: Failure of skin micro-organisms to modulate keratinocyte interleukin-1 α production in vitro
112. Messenger RNAs for the multifunctional cytokines interleukin-1 α, interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor-α are present in adnexal tissues and in dermis of normal human skin
113. The PPARα-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control
114. Ligand selectivity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
115. 155-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and inhibits proliferation in PC3 prostate carcinoma cells
116. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 expression in benign and neoplastic sebaceous glands and other cutaneous adnexa
117. An oral 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor reduces inflammatory lesions, and total and pro-inflammatory sebum lipids in acne vulgaris