Biological and therapeutic aspects of infant leukemia

Blood

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 24-33

  Biondi, Andrea ^a   Cimino, Giuseppe ^b   Pieters, Rob ^b   Pui, Ching Hon ^b  

^a SAN GERARDO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ASPARAGINASE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; PREDNISONE; VINCRISTINE;

CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; CHROMOSOME 11Q; CLINICAL TRIAL; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; INFANT; INFANT DISEASE; LEUKEMIA; META ANALYSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; STEROID THERAPY;

EID: 0034235115     PISSN: 00064971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.1.24     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Pui CH, Kane JR, Crist WM. Biology and treatment of infant leukemia. Leukemia, 1995;9:762-769.
2. Greaves MF. Infant leukemia biology, aetiology and treatment. Leukemia. 1996;10:372-377.
3. Chessells JM. Leukaemia in the young child. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1992;18:S54-S57.
4. Birch JM, Blair V. The epidemiology of infant cancers. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1992;18:S2-S4.
5. Pui CH, Raimondi SC, Murphy SB, Ribeiro RC, Kalwinsky DK, Dahl GV. An analysis of leukemic cell chromosomal features in infants. Blood. 1987;69:1289-1293.
6. Greaves M. A natural history for pediatric acute leukemia. Blood. 1993;82:1043-1051.
7. Rosner F, Lee SL. Down's syndrome and acute leukemia: myloblastic or lymphoblastic? report of forty-three cases and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1972;53:203-218.
8. Van den Berghe H, Fryns JP, Verresen H. Congenital leukaemia with 46, XX, t(Bq+, Cq) cells. J Med Genet. 1972;9:468-470.
9. Litz CE, Davies S, Brunning RD, et al. Acute leukemia and the transient myeloproliferative disorder associated with Down syndrome: morphologic, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic manifestations. Leukemia. 1995;9:1432-1439.
10. H joining in young children with B precursor lymphoblastic leukemia as evidence for an in utero transforming event. J Exp Med. 1992;176: 1577-1581.
11. Sansone R, Negri D. Cytogenetic features of neonatal leukemias. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1992; 63:56-61.
12. Hunger SP, McGavran L, Maltesen L, Parker NB, Kassenbrock CK, Bitter MA. Oncogenesis in utero: fetal death due to acute myelogenous leukaemia with an MLL translocation. Br J Haematol. 1998;103:539-542.
13. Ford AM, Ridge SA, Cabrera ME, et al. In utero rearrangements in the trithorax-related oncogene in infant leukaemias. Nature. 1993;363:358-360.
14. Gill Super HJ, Rothberg PG, Kobayashi H, Freeman AI, Diaz MO, Rowley JD. Clonal, nonconstitutional rearrangements of the MLL gene in infant twins with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia: in utero chromosome rearrangement of 11q23. Blood. 1994;83:641-644.
15. Mahmoud HH, Ridge SA, Behm FG, et al. Intrauterine monoclonal origin of neonatal concordant acute lymphoblastic leukemia in monozygotic twins, Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;24:77-81.
16. Campbell M, Cabrera ME, Legues ME, Ridge S, Greaves M. Discordant clinical presentation and outcome in infant twins sharing a common clonal leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1996;93:166-169.
17. Richkind KE, Loew T, Meisner L, Harris C, Wason D. Identical cytogenetic clones and clonal evolution in pediatric monozygotic twins with acute myeloid leukemia: presymptomatic disease detection by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998;20:264-267.
18. Gale KB, Ford AM, Repp R, et al. Backtracking leukemia to birth: identification of clonotypic gene fusion sequences in neonatal blood spots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:13950-13954.
19. Ford AM, Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, McCarthy KP, et al. Monoclonal origin of concordant T-cell malignancy in identical twins. Blood. 1997;89:281-285.
20. Ford AM, Bennett CA, Price CM, Bruin MCA, Van Wering ER, Greaves M. Fetal origins of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in identical twins with leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:4584-4588.
21. Wiemels JL, Ford AM, Van Wering R, Postma A, Greaves M. Protracted and variable latency of acute lymphoblastic leukemia after TEL-AML1 gene fusion in utero. Blood. 1999;94:1057-1062.
22. Wiemels JL, Cazzaniga G, Daniotti M, et al. Prenatal origin of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. Lancet. 1999;354:1499-1503.
23. Severson RK, Buckley JD, Woods WG, Benjamin D, Robison LL. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by parents of children with acute myeloid leukemia: an analysis within morphological subgroups - a report from Childrens Cancer Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993; 5:433-439.
24. van Duijn CM, van Steensel-Moll HA, Coebergh JW, van Zanen GE. Risk factors for childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: an association with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:457-460.
25. Shu XO, Ross JA, Pendergrass TW, Reaman GH, Lampkin B, Robison LL. Parental alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of infant leukemia: a Childrens Cancer Group study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:24-31.
26. Ross JA, Perentesis JP, Robison LL, Davies SM. Big babies and infant leukemia: a role for insulin-like growth factor-1? Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:553-559.
27. Ross JA, Potter JD, Shu XO, Reaman GH, Lamkin B, Robison LL. Evaluating the relationships among material reproductive history, birth characteristics, and infant leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:172-179.
28. Westergaard T, Andersen PK, Pedersen JB, et al. Birth characteristics, sibling patterns and acute leukemia risk in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:939-947.
29. Wertelecki W, Mantel N. Increased birthweight in leukemia. Pediatr Res. 1973;7:132-138.
30. Kaye SA, Robison LL, Smithson WA, Gunderson P, King FL, Neglia JP. Maternal reproductive history and birth characteristics in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1991;68:1351-1355.
31. Cnattingius S, Zack MM, Ekbom A, et al. Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for childhood lymphatic leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:908-914.
32. Ross JA, Potter JD, Reaman GH, Pendergrass TW, Robison LL. Maternal exposure to potential inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase-II and infant leukemia (United States): a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:581-590.
33. Ross JA, Potter JD, Robison LL. Infant leukemia, topoisomerase-II inhibitors, and the MLL gene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86:1678-1680.
34. Ross JA. Maternal diet and infant leukemia: a role for DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors? Int J Cancer Suppl. 1998;11:26-28.
35. Pui CH, Relling MV, Rivera GK, et al. Epipodophyllotoxin-related acute myeloid leukemia: a study of 35 cases. Leukemia. 1995;9:1990-1996.
36. Rowley J.D. The critical role of chromosome translocations in human leukemias. Annu Rev Genet. 1998;32:495-519.
37. Greaves M. Aetiology of acute leukemia. Lancet. 1997;349:344-349.
38. Yamashita Y, Kawada SZ, Nakano H. Induction of mammalian topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage by nonintercalative flavonoids, genistein and orobol. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990;39:737-744.
39. Wiemels JL, Pagnamenta A, Taylor GM, Eden OB, Alexander FE, Greaves MF, and the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators. A lack of function NAD(P)H:quinone oxudoreductase allele is selectively associated with pediatric leukemias that have MLL fusions. United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators. Cancer Res. 1999;59:4095-4099.
40. Powis G. Free radical formation by antitumor quinones. Free Radic Biol Med. 1989;6:63-101.
41. Chen H, Eastmond DA. Topoisomerase inhibition by phenolic metabolites: a potential mechanism for benzene's clastogenic effects. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16:2301-2307.
42. Frydman B, Marton LJ, Sun JS, et al. Induction of topoisomerase-II mediated DNA cleavage by beta-lactone and related naphthoquinones. Cancer Res. 1997;57:620-627.
43. Biondi A, Garte S, Crosti F, et al. Parental exposure and susceptibility factors in the etiology of infant leukemia. Blood. 1998;92:391a.
44. Petridou E, Trichopoulos D, Dessypris N, et al. Infant leukaemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl. Nature. 1996;382:352-353.
45. Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1006-1012.
46. Michaelis J, Kaletsch U, Burkart W, Grosche B. Infant leukemia after Chernobyl accident. Nature. 1997;387:246.
47. Ziemin-van der Poel S, McCabe N, Gill HJ, et al. Identification of a gene, MLL, that spans the breakpoint in 11q23 translocations associated with human leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:10735-10739.
48. Cimino G, Moir DT, Canaani O, et al. Cloning of ALL-1, the locus involved in leukemias with the t(4;11)(q21;q23), t(9;11)(p22;q23), and t(11;19) (q23;p13) chromosome translocations. Cancer Res. 1991:51:6712-6739.
49. Gu Y, Nakamura T, Alder H. et al. The t(4;11) chromosome translocation of human acute leukemias fuses the ALL-1 gene, related to Drosophila trithorax, to the AF-4 gene. Cell. 1992;71:701-708.
50. Tkachuk DC, Kohler S, Cleary ML. Involvement of a homolog of Drosophila trithorax by 11q23 chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Cell. 1992;71,691-700.
51. Djabali M, Selleri L, Parry P, Bower M, Young BD, Evans GA. A trithorax-like gene is interrupted by chromosome 11q23 translocations in acute leukaemias. Nat Genet. 1993;4:431.
52. Cimino G, Nakamura T, Gu Y, et al. An altered 11-kb transcript in leukemic cell lines with t(4;11) (q21;q23) chromosome translocation. Cancer Res. 1992;52:3811-3813.
53. Rasio D, Schichman SA. Negrini M, Canaani E, Croce CM. Complete exon structure of the ALL1 gene. Cancer Res. 1996;56:1766-1769.
54. Nilson I, Löchner NK, Siegler G, et al, Exon/intron structure of the human ALL1(MLL) gene involved in translocations to chromosomal region 11q23 and acute leukaemias. Br J Haematol. 1996;93: 966-972.
55. Ingham PW. Genetic control of the spatial pattern of selector gene expression in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;50:201-208.
56. Wedeen C, Harding K, Levine M. Spatial regulation of Antennapoedia and bithorax gene expression of the Polycomb locus in Drosophila. Cell. 1986;44:739-748.
57. Yu BD, Hess JL, Horning SE, Brown GA, Korsmeyer SJ. Altered Hox expression and segmental identity in Mll-mutant mice. Nature. 1995;378: 505-508.
58. Akasaka T, Kanno M, Balling R, Mieza MA, Taniguchi M, Koseki H. A role for mel-18, a Polycomb group-related vertebrate gene, during the anteroposterior specification of the axial skeleton. Development. 1996;134:1513-1522
59. Core N, Bel S, Gaunt SJ, et al. Altered cellular proliferation in polycomb-M33-deficient mice. Development. 1997;124:721-729.
60. Yu BD, Hanson RD, Hess JL, Horning SE, Korsmeyer SJ. MLL, a mammalian trithorax-group gene, functions as a transcriptional maintenance factor in morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:10632-10636.
61. Nakamura T, Alder H, Gu Y, et al. Genes on chromosomes 4, 9, and 19 involved in 11q23 abnormalities in acute leukemia share sequence homology and/or common motifs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:4631-4635.
62. Morissey J, Tkachuck DC, Milatovich A, Francke U, Link M, Cleary ML. A serine-proline rich protein is fused to HRX in t(4:11) acute leukemias. Blood. 1993;81:1124-1131.
63. Prasad R, Gu Y, Alder H, et al. Cloning of the ALL1 fusion partner, the AF6 gene, involved in acute leukemias with t(6;11) chromosome translocation. Cancer Res. 1993;53:5624-5628.
64. Rubnitz JE, Morissey J, Savage PA, Cleary ML. ENL, the gene fused with HRX in t(11;19) leukemias, encodes a nuclear protein with transcriptional activation potential in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Blood. 1994;84:1747-1752.
65. Thirman MJ, Levitan DA, Kobayashi L, Simon MC, Rowley J. Cloning of ELL, a gene that fuses to MLL in a t(11;19)(q23:p13.1) in acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91: 12110-12114.
66. Prasad R, Leshkowitz D, Gu Y, et al. Leucine zipper dimerization motif encoded by the AF17 gene fused to ALL-1 (MLL) in acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:8107-8111.
67. Corral J, Forster A, Thompson S, et al. Acute leukemias of different lineages have similar MLL gene fusions encoding related chimeric proteins resulting from chromosomal translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:8538-8542.
68. Parry P, Wei Y, Evans G. Cloning and characterization of the t(X;11) breakpoint from a leukemic cell line identify a new member of the forkhead gene family. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1994; 11:79-84.
69. Tse W, Zhu W, Chen HS, Cohen A. A novel gene, AF1q fused to MLL in t(1;11)(q21;q23), is specifically expressed in leukemic and immature hematopoietic cells. Blood. 1995;85:650-656.
70. Bernard OA, Mauchauffe M, Mecucci C, Van den Berghe H, Berger R. A novel gene, AF-1p, fused to HRX in t(1;11)(p32;q23), is not related to AF-1. AF-9 nor ENL. Oncogene. 1994;9:1039-1045.
71. Taki T, Sako M, Tsuchida M, Hayashi Y. The t(11;16)(q23;p13) translocation in myelodysplastic syndrome fuses the MLL gene to the CBP gene. Blood. 1997;89:3945-3950.
72. Chaplin T, Ayton P, Bernard OA, et al. A novel class of zinc finger-leucine zipper genes identified from the molecular cloning of the t(10;11) translocation in acute leukemia. Blood. 1995;85:1435-1441.
73. So CW, Caldas C, Liu MM, et al. EEN encodes for a member of a new family of proteins containing an Src homology 3 domain and is the third gene located on chromosome 19p13 that fuses to MLL in human leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:2563-2568.
74. Megonigal M, Rappaport EF, Jones DH, et al. t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) in acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins fuses MLL with hCDCrel, a cell division cycle gene in the genomic region of deletion in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:6413-6418.
75. Taki T, Shibuya N, Taniwaki M, et al. AB1-1, a human homolog to mouse Abl-interactor 1, fuses the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia with t(10;11)(p11.2;q23). Blood. 1998;92:1125-1130.
76. Osaka M, Rowley JD, Zeleznik-Le NJ. MSF (MLL septin-like fusion), a fusion partner gene of MLL, in a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;17)(q23;q25). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:6428-6433.
77. Hillion J, Le Coniat M, Jonveaux P, Berger R, Bernard OA. AF6q21, a novel partner of the MLL gene in t(6;11)(q21;q23), defines a forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily. Blood. 1997;90:3714-3719.
78. Schichman SA, Caligiuri MA, Strout MP, et al. ALL-1 tandem duplication in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype involves homologous recombinations between Alu elements. Cancer Res. 1994:54:4277-4280.
79. Shichman SA, Caligiuri MA, Gu Y, et al. ALL-1 partial duplication in acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:6236-6239.
80. Löchner K, Siegler G, Führer M, et al. A specific deletion in the breakpoint cluster region of the ALL-1 gene is associated with acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemias. Cancer Res. 1996;56:2171-2177.
81. Slany RK, Lavau C, Cleary ML. The oncogenic capacity of HRX-ENL requires the transcriptional transactivation activity of ENL and the DNA binding motifs of HRX. Mol Cell Biol. 1998;18:122-129.
82. Corral J, Lavenir I, Impey H, et al. An MII-AF9 fusion gene made by homologous recombination causes acute leukemia in chimeric mice: a method to create fusion oncogenes. Cell. 1996; 85:853-861.
83. Cui X, De Vivo I, Slany R, Miyamoto A, Firestein R, Cleary ML. Association of SET domain and myotubularin-related proteins modulates growth control. Nat Genet. 1998;18:331-337.
84. Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rozovskaia T, Bukarov D, et al. The C-terminal SET domains of ALL1 and TRITHORAX interact with the INI1 and SNR1 proteins, components of the SW1/SNF complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:4152-4157.
85. Arakawa H, Nakamura T, Zhadanov AB, et al. Identification and characterization of the ARP1 gene, a target for the human acute leukemia ALL1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95: 4573-4578.
86. Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, et al. Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19:7050-7050.
87. Hess JL, Yu BD, Li B, Hanson R, Korsmeyer JS. Defects in yolk sac hematopoiesis in MLL-null embryos. Blood. 1997;90:1799-1806.
88. Cimino G, Lo Coco F, Biondi A, et al. ALL-1 gene at chromosome 11q23 is consistently altered in acute leukemia of early infancy. Blood. 1993;82: 544-546.
89. Bower M, Parry P, Carter M, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlations of MLL gene rearrangements in AML-M4/5. Blood. 1994;84:3776-3780.
90. Cimino G, Rapanotti MC, Elia L, et al. ALL-1 gene rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia: association with M4-M5 French-American-British classification subtypes and young age. Cancer Res, 1995;55:1625-1628.
91. Poirel H, Rack K, Delabesse E, et al. Incidence and characterization of MLL gene (11q23) rearrangements in acute myeloid leukemia M1 and M5. Blood. 1996;87:2496-2505.
92. Felix CA, Lange BJ, Hosler MR, Fertala J, Bjornsti MA. Chromosome band 11q23 translocation breakpoints are DNA topoisomerase II cleavage sites. Cancer Res. 1995;55:4287-4292.
93. Broeker PL, Super HG, Thirman MJ, etal. Distribution of 11q23 breakpoints within the MLL breakpoint cluster region in de novo acute leukemia and in treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia: correlation with scaffold attachment regions and topoisomerase II consensus binding sites. Blood. 1996;87:1912-1922.
94. Gu Y, Cimino G, Alder H, et al. The t(4;11)(q21; q23) chromosome translocations in acute leukemias involve the VDJ recombinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:10464-10468.
95. Gu Y, Alder H, Nakamura T, et al. Sequence analysis of the breakpoint cluster region in the ALL-1 gene involved in acute leukemia. Cancer Res. 1994;54:2326-2330.
96. Ross JA, Davies SM, Potter JD, Robison LL. Epidemiology of childhood leukemia with a focus on infants. Epidemiol Rev. 1994;16:243-272.
97. Buckley JD, Robison LL, Swotinsky R, et al. Occupational exposures of parents of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Cancer Res. 1989;49:4030-4037.
98. Aplan PD, Chervinsky DS, Stanulla M, Burhans WC. Site-specific DNA cleavage within the MLL breakpoint cluster region induced by topoisomerase II inhibitors. Blood. 1996;87:2649-2658.
99. Gillert E, Leis T, Repp R, et al. A DNA damage repair mechanism is involved in the origin of chromosomal translocations t(4;11) in primary leukemic cells. Oncogene. 1999;18:4663-4671.
100. Cimino G, Rapanotti MC, Biondi A, et al. Infant acute leukamias show the same biased distribution of ALL1 gene breaks as topoisomerase II related secondary acute leukemias. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2879-2883.
101. Reaman G, Zeltzer P, Bleyer A, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants less than one year of age: a cumulative experience of the Children's Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:1513-1521.
102. Chessells JM, Eden OB, Bailey CC, Lilleyman JS, Richards SM. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in infancy: experience in MRC UKALL trials report from the Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia. Leukemia. 1994; 8:1275-1279.
103. Alvarado CS, Austin GE, Borowitz MJ, et al. Myeloperoxidase gene expression in infant leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Leuk Lymphoma. 1998;29:145-160.
104. Hu M, Krause D, Greaves M, at al. Multilineage gene expression precedes commitment in the hemopoietic system. Genes Dev. 1997;11:774-785.
105. Basso G, Rondelli R, Covezzoli A, Putti MC. The role of immunophenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of infanl age. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994; 15:51-60.
106. Ferster A, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y, et al. Improved survival for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in infancy: the experience of EORTC-Childhood Leukaemia Cooperative Group. Br J Haematol .1994; 86:284-290.
107. Heerema NA, Arthur DC, Sather H, et al. Cytogenetic features of infants less than 12 months of age at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: impact of the 11q23 breakpoint on outcome: a report of the Childrens Cancer Group. Blood. 1994;83:2274-2284.
108. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, et al. Chemotherapy in 998 unselected childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients: results and conclusions of the multicenter trial ALL-BFM 86. Blood. 1994;84:3122-3133.
109. Cimino G, Rapanotti MC, Rivolta A, et al. Prognostic relevance of ALL-1 gene rearrangement in infant leukernias. Leukemia. 1995;9:391-395.
110. Hilden JM, Frestedt JL, Moore RO, et al. Molecular analysis of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: MLL rearrangement and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for t(4;11)(q21; q23). Blood. 1995;86:3876-3882.
111. Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, Campana D, et al. Prognostic factors in the acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias of infants. Leukemia. 1996;10:952-956.
112. Reaman GH, Sposto R, Sensel MG, et al. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors for infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on two consecutive trials of the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:445-455.
113. Basso G, Putti MC, Cantu-Rajnoldi A, et al. The immunophenotype in infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: correlation with clinical outcome, an Italian multicentre study (AIEOP). Br J Haematol. 1992;81:184-191.
114. Pui CH, Behm FG, Downing JR, et al. 11q23/MLL rearrangement confers a poor prognosis in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:909-915.
115. Rubnitz JE, Link MP, Shuster JJ, et al. Frequency and prognostic significance of HRX rearrangements in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood. 1994;2: 570-573.
116. Chen CS, Sorensen PHB, Domer PH, et al. Molecular rearrangements on chromosome 11q23 predominate in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia and are associated with specific biologic variables and poor outcome. Blood. 1993;81:2386-2393.
117. Taki T, Ida K, Bessho F, et al. Frequency and clinical significance of the MLL gene rearrangements in infant acute leukemia. Leukemia. 1996;10: 1303-1307.
118. Heerema NA, Sather HN, Ge J, et al. Cytogenetic studies of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: poor prognosis of infants with t(4;11): a report of the Children's Cancer Group. Leukemia. 1999;13: 679-686.
119. Rubnitz JE, Camitta BM, Mahmoud H, et al. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the MLL-ENL fusion and t(11;19) (q23;p13.3) translocation. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:191-196.
120. Pui CH, Frankel LS, Carroll AJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the t(4;11) (q21;q23): a collaborative study of 40 cases. Blood. 1991;77:440-447.
121. Johansson B, Moorman AV, Haas OA, et al. Haematologic malignancies with t(4;11)(q21;q23): a cytogenetic, morphologic, immunophenotypic and clinical study of 183 cases. Leukemia. 1998; 12:779-787.
122. Dördelmann M, Reiter A, Borkhardt A, et al. Prednisone response is the strongest predictor of treatment outcome in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1999;94:1209-1217.
123. Vormoor J, Ritter J, Creutzig U, et al. Acute myelogenous leukaemia in children under 2 years: experiences of the West German AML studies BFM-78, -83 and -87. AML-BFM Study Group. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1992;S63-S67.
124. Satake N, Maseki N, Nishiyama M, et al. Chromosome abnormalities and MLL rearrangement in acute myeloid leukemia of infants. Leukemia. 1999;13:1013-1017.
125. Sorensen PH, Chen CS, Smith FO, et al. Molecular rearrangements of the MLL gene are present in most cases of infant acute myeloid leukemia and are strongly correlated with monocytic or myelomonocytic phenotypes. J Clin Invest. 1994;93: 429-437.
126. Lie SO, Jonmundsson G, Mellander L, Siimes MA, Yssing M, Gustafsson G. A population-based study of 272 children with acute myeloid leukaemia treated on two consecutive protocols with different intensity: best outcome in girls, infants, and children with Down's syndrome. Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Br J Haematol. 1996;94:82-88.
127. Grier HE, Gelber RD, Camitta BM, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1026-1032.
128. Pui C-H, Raimondi SC, Srivastava DK, et al. Prognostic factors in infants with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2000;14:684-687.
129. Kumagai M, Manabe A, Pui CH, et al. Stroma-supported culture in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells predicts treatment outcome. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:755-760.
130. Uckun FM, Sather H, Reaman G, et al. Leukemic cell growth in SCID mice as a predictor of relapse in high-risk B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1995;85:873-878.
131. Kersey JH, Wang D, Oberto M. Resistance of t(4;11) (MLL-AF4 fusion gene) leukemias to stress-induced cell death: possible mechanism for extensive extramedullary accumulation of cells and poor prognosis. Leukemia. 1998;12:1561-1564.
132. Pieters R, den Boer ML, Durian M, et al. Relation between age, immunophenotype and in vitro drug resistance in 395 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: implications for treatment of infants. Leukemia. 1998;12:1344-1348.
133. Pieters R, Huismans DR, Loonen AH, et al. Relation of cellular drug resistance to long-term clinical outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet. 1991;338:399-403.
134. Kaspers GJ, Veerman AJ, Pieters R, et al. In vitro cellular drug resistance and prognosis in newly diagnosed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1997;90:2723-2729.
135. Hongo T, Yajima S, Sakurai M, Horitoshi Y, Hanada R. In vitro drug sensitivity testing can predict induction failure and early relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1997; 89:2959-2965.
136. Silverman LB, McLean TW, Gelber RD, et al. Intensified therapy for infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): results from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium. Cancer. 1997;80:2285-2295.
137. Ludwig WD, Rieder H, Bartram CR, et al. Immunophenotypic and genotypic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of adult pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the German Multicenter trials GMALL 03/87 and 04/89. Blood. 1998;92:1898-1909.
138. Friis-Hansen B. Body composition during growth: in vivo measurements and biochemical data correlated to differential anatomical growth. Pediatrics. 1971(suppl 2);47:264.
139. Stewart CF, Hampton, EM. Effect of maturation on drug disposition in pediatric patients. Clin Pharm. 1987;6:548-564.
140. Pelkonen O, Kaltiala EH, Larmi TKI, Karki N. Comparison of activities ot drug-metabolizing enzymes in human fetal and adult livers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1973;14:840-846.
141. Aranda JV, Macleod SM, Renton KE, Eade NR. Hepatic microsomeal drug oxidation and electron transport in newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1974;85: 534-542.
142. Siegel SE, Moran RG. Problems in the chemotherapy of cancer in the neonate. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1981;3:287-296.
143. Milsap RL and Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetics in the infant. Environ Health Perspect. 1994;102: 107-110.
144. Bleyer WA. Clinical pharmacology ot intrathecal methotrexate, II: an improved dosage regimen derived from age-related pharmacokinetics. Cancer Treat Rep. 1977;61:1419-1425.
145. McLeod HL, Relling MV, Crom WR, et al. Disposition of antineoplastic agents in the very young child. Br J Cancer Suppl. 1992;66:S23-S29.
146. Allen JC. The effects of cancer therapy on the nervous system. J Pediatr. 1978;93:903-909.
147. Woods WG, O'Leary M, Nesbit ME. Life-threatening neuropathy and hepatotoxicity in infants during induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr. 1981;98:642-645.
148. Pui CH, Evans WE. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:605-615.
149. Ishii E, Okamura J, Tsuchida M, et al. Infant leukemia in Japan: clinical and biological analysis of 48 cases. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1991;19:28-32.
150. Reaman GH, Steinherz PG, Gaynon PS, et al. Improved survival of infants less than 1 year of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with intensive multiagent chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:1033-1038.
151. Lauer SJ. Camitta BM, Leventhal BG, et al. Intensive alternating drug pairs after remission induction for treatment of infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998;20: 229-233.
152. Frankel LS, Ochs J, Shuster JJ. et al. Therapeutic trial for infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the Pediatric Oncology Group experience (POG 8493). J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1997,19:35-42.
153. Dreyer ZE, Steuber CP, Bowman WP, et al. High risk infant ALL and improved survival with intensive chemotherapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1998;17:529a.
154. Rivera GK, Raimondi SC, Hancock ML, et al. Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with reinforced early treatment and rotational combination chemotherapy. Lancet. 1991;337:61-66.
155. Kaleita TA, Reaman GH, MacLean WE, Sather HN, Whitt JK. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group report. Cancer. 1999;85: 1859-1865.
156. Pui CH, Evans WE. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:438-440.
157. Grier HE,Gelber RD, Camitta BM, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1026-1032.
158. Amadori S, Ceci A, Comelli A, et al. Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in children: results of the Italian Cooperative Study AIEOP/LAM 8204. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1356-1363.
159. Pui CH, Kalwinsky DK, Schell MJ, Mason CA, Mirro J Jr, Dahl GV. Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in infants: clinical presentation and outcome. J Clin Oncol. 1988;6:1008-1013.
160. Buckley JD, Chard RL, Baehner RL, et al. Improvement in outcome for children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. Cancer. 1989;63: 1467-1465.
161. Ravindranath Y, Steuber CP, Krischer J, et al. High-dose cytarabine for intensification of early therapy of childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:572-580.
162. Ravindranath Y, Yeager AM, Chang MN, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1428-1434.
163. Béhar C, Suciu S, Benoit Y, et al. Mitoxantrone-containing regimen for treatment of childhood acute leukemia (AML) and analysis of prognostic factors: results of the EORTC Children Leukemia Cooperative Study 58872. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:173-179.
164. Woods WG, Kobrinsky N, Buckley JD, et al. Timed-sequential induction therapy improves postremission outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood. 1996;87:4979-4989.
165. Stevens RF, Hann IM, Wheatley K, Gray RG. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:130-140.
166. Creutzig U, Zimmermann M, Ritter J, et al. Definition of a standard-risk group in children with AML. Br J Haematol. 1999;104:630-639.
167. Wells RJ, Woods WG, Buckley JD, et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: a Childrens Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2367-2377.
168. Odom LF, Gordon EM. Acute monoblastic leukemia in infancy and early childhood: successful treatment with an epipodophyllotoxin. Blood. 1984;64:875-882.
169. Nishikawa A, Nakamura Y, Nobori U, et al. Acute monocytic leukemia in children: response to VP-16-213 as a single agent. Cancer. 1987;60:2146-2149.
170. Carroll A, Civin C, Schneider N, et al. The t(1;22) (p13;q13) is nonrandom and restricted to infants with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood. 1991;78:748-752.
171. Lion T, Haas OA, Harbott J, et al. The translocation t(1;22) (p13;q13) is a nonrandom marker specifically associated with acute megakaryocytic leukemia in young children. Blood. 1992;79:3325-3330.
172. Johnson FL, Sanders JE, Ruggiero M, Chard RL Jr, Thomas ED. Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in children aged less than 2 years. Blood. 1988;71:1277-1280.
173. Emminger W, Emminger-Schmidmeier W, Haas OA, et al. Treatment of infant leukemia with busulfan, cyclophosphamide ± etoposide and bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1992;9:313-318.