Application of field emitter arrays to microwave power amplifiers

IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 727-747

  Whaley, David R ^a   Gannon, Bartley M ^a   Smith, Carl R ^a   Armstrong, Carter M ^a   Spindt, Capp A ^b  

^a NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION   (United States)

^b SRI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATHODES; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CURRENT DENSITY; ELECTRON SOURCES; ION BOMBARDMENT; MAGNETIC FIELDS; POWER AMPLIFIERS; TRAVELING WAVE TUBES; VACUUM APPLICATIONS;

BEAM CONTROL; FIELD EMITTER ARRAYS; MICROWAVE POWER AMPLIFIERS; RADIO FREQUENCY MODULATION;

MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS;

EID: 0034197667     PISSN: 00933813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/27.887712     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. K. E. Jensen, "Field emitter arrays for plasma and microwave source applications," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 6, pp. 2241-2253, 1999.
2. A. V. Haeff, "An ultrahigh frequency power amplifier of novel design," Electron., vol. 12, pp. 30-32, 1939.
3. A. V. Haeff and E. S. Nergaard, "A wideband inductive output amplifier," Proc IRE. vol. 28, pp. 126-130, 1940.
4. R. I. Sarbacher and W. A. Edson, Hyper and Ultrahigh Engineering. New York, NY: Wiley, 1943.
5. A. J. Eichtenberg, "Prebunched beam traveling wave tube studies," IRE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-9, pp. 345-351, 1962.
6. F. M. Charbonnier, J. P. Barbour, E. F Garrett, and W. P. Dyke, "Basic and applied studies of field emission at microwave frequencies," Proc. IEEE. vol. 51, pp. 991-1004, 1963.
7. G. A. Haas and R. E. Thomas, Techniques of Metals Research. R. F Bunshah, Ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 1972, pt. 1, vol. VI.
8. S. Flügge, Practical Quantum Mechanics. New York: Springer, 1974.
9. A. Reau, F. H. Head, and J. N. H. Brunt, "The charge-density method of solving electrostatic problems with and without the inclusion of space charge," J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., vol. 15, p. 347, 1982.
10. D. A. Kirkpatrick, A. Mankofsky, and K. T. Tsang, "Analysis of field emission from three-dimensional structures," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2065-2067, 1992.
11. D. W. Jenkins, "Emission area of a field emitter array," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 40, pp. 666-672, 1993.
12. E. G. Zaidman, "Simulation of field emission microtrides," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 40, pp. 1009-1016, 1993.
13. K. E. Jensen and A. K. Ganguly, "Numerical simulation of field emission from silicon," J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B. vol. 11, pp. 371-378, 1993.
14. D. Nicolaescu, "Physical basis for applying the Fowler-Nordheim J-E relationship to experimental I-V data," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. vol. 11, pp. 392-395, 1993.
15. Y Y Eau and Y. Eiu, "Electron emission: From the Fowler-Nordheim relation to the Child-Eangmuir law," Phys. Plasmas, vol. 1, pp. 2082-2085, 1994.
16. D. Nicolaescu and V. Avramescu, "Field emission diode characterization through model parameters extraction from current-voltage experimental data," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. vol. 12, pp. 749-753, 1994.
17. K. L. Jensen and E. G. Zaidman, "Analytic expressions for emission characteristics as a function of experimental parameters in sharp field emitter devices," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 13, pp. 511-515, 1995.
18. K. L. Jensen, "Improved Fowler-Nordheim equation for field emission from semiconductors," J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B, vol. 13, pp. 516-521, 1995.
19. J. W. Luginsland, A. Valfells, and Y. Y. Lau, "Effect of a series resistor on electron emission for a file emitter," Appt. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 2770-2772, 1996.
20. K. L. Jensen, P. Mukhopadhyay-Phillips, E. G. Zaidman, K. Nguyen, M. A. Kodis, L. Malsawma, and C. Hor, "Electron emission from a single Spindt-type field emitter: Comparison of theory with experiment," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 111, pp. 204-212, 1997.
21. K. L. Jensen, M. A. Kodis, R. A. Murphy, and E. G. Zaidman, "Spacecharge effects on the current-voltage characteristic of field emitter arrays," J. Appl Phys., vol. 82, pp. 845-854, 1997.
22. K. L. Jensen, "An analytical model for an emission gated Twystrode using afield emitter array," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 83, pp. 7982-7992, 1998.
23. K. L. Jensen, J. E. Yater, E. G. Zaidman, M. A. Kodis, and A. Shih, "Advanced emitters for next generation RF amplifiers," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 16, pp. 2038-2048, 1998.
24. S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics. New York: Wiley, 1965.
25. D. Stephani and J. Eibl, "Fabrication of densely packed sharp silicon field emitters using dry etching," Inst Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 99, pp. 9-12, 1989.
26. H. G. Kosmahl, "A wide bandwidth high-gain small size distributed amplifier with field emission trides for the 10 to 300 GHz frequency range," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-36, pp. 2728-2737, 1989.
27. R. E. Neidert, P. M. Phillips, S. T. Smith, and C. A. Spindt, "Field emission triodes," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 38, pp. 661-665, 1991.
28. J. P. Calame, H. F. Gray, and J. L. Shaw, "Analysis and design of microwave amplifiers employing field emitter arrays," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 73, pp. 1485-1504, 1993.
29. Y Liu and Y Y Lau, "An evaluation of the intrinsic emittance of a field emitter," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 14, pp. 2126-2129, 1996.
30. R. M. Mobley and J. E. Boers, "Computer simulation of micro-triode performance," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 38, pp. 2383-2388, 1991.
31. C. M. Tang, T. A. Swyden, and A. C. Ting, "Planar lenses for field emitter arrays," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 13, pp. 571-575, 1995.
32. C. M. Tang, T. A. Swyden, and K. A. Thomason, "Emission measurements and simulation of silicon field emitter arrays with linear planar lenses," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 14, pp. 3455-3460, 1996.
33. P. M. Phillips, C. Hor, L. Malsawma, K. L. Jensen, and E. G. Zaidman, "Design and construction of apparatus for characterization of gated field emitter array electron emission," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 67, pp. 2387-2393, 1996.
34. B. Goplen, L. Ludeking, D. Smithe, and G. Warren, "User-configurable MAGIC code for electromagnetic PIC simulations," Comp. Phys. Commun., vol. 87, pp. 54-86, 1995.
35. D. Smithe, G. Warren, and B. Goplen, "A helix polarization model for 2D particle-in-cell simulation of helix traveling wave tubes," Bull Am. Phys. Soc., vol. 37, p. 6, 1992.
36. M. A. Kodis, K. L. Jensen, E. G. Zaidman, B. Goplen, and D. N. Smithe, "Operation and optimization of gated field emission arrays in inductive output amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, pp. 970-981, 1996.
37. S. G. Bandy, M. C. Green, C. A. Spindt, M. A. Hollis, W. D. Palmer, B. Goplen, and E. G. Wintucky, "Application of gated field emitter arrays in microwave amplifier tubes," in Proc. Conf. Dig. llth Int. Vacuum Microelectron. Conf., Ashville, NC, 1998, p. 132.
38. C. A. Spindt, C. E. Holland, P. R. Schwoebel, and I. Brodie, "Field emitter array development for microwave applications," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 14, pp. 1986-1989, 1996.
39. "Field emitter array development for microwave applications," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 16, pp. 758-761, 1998.
40. H. Makishimia, H. Imura, M. Takahashi, H. Fukui, and A. Okamoto, "Remarkable improvements of microwave electron tubes through the development of cathode materials," in Tech. Dig. of the 10th Int. Vacuum Microelectronics Conf. Aug. 17-21, 1997 Kyongju, Korea, EDIRAK Seoul, 1997, pp. 194-199.
41. D. R. Whaley, C. M. Armstrong, B. Gannon, M. A. Basten, P. Mukhopadhyay-Phillips, C. A. Spindt, and C. E. Holland, "PPM focused TWT using a field emitter array cold cathode," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Plasma Sci., Piscataway, NJ, 1998.
42. "PPM focused TWT using a field emitter array cold cathode," in Proc. 1998 Microw. Vac. Electron Dev. Conf. New York: Palisades Institute for Research Services, 1998.
43. H. Makishimi, S. Miyano, H. Imura, J. Matsuoka, H. Takemura, and A. Okamoto, "Design and performance of traveling-wave tubes using field emitter array cathodes," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 146, pp. 230-233, 1999.
44. D. Goebel, Personal communication.
45. C.-M. Tang, Personal communication.
46. T. M. Antonsen Jr. and B. Levush, NRL Memo Rep. NRL/FR/6840-97-9845, 1997.
47. T. M. Antonsen Jr. and B. Levush, "Traveling wave tube devices with nonlinear dielectric elements," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 26, pp. 774-786, 1998.
48. D. R. Whaley, C. M. Armstrong, B. Gannon, G. Groshart, E. Hurt, M. Roscoe, T. M. Antonsen Jr., and B. Levush, "Sixty-percent-efficient miniature C-band vacuum power booster for the microwave power module," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 26, pp. 912-920, 1998.
49. C. A. Spindt, "A thin film field emission cathode," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 39, pp. 3504-3505, 1968.
50. D. Temple, W. D. Palmer, L. N. Yadon, J. E. Mancusi, D. Vellenga, and G. E. McGuire, "Silicon field emitter cathodes: Fabrication, performance, and applications," J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A, vol. 16, pp. 1980-1990, 1998.