'Accidental' anti-angiogenic drugsanti-oncogene directed signal transduction inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutic agents as examples

European Journal of Cancer

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 2000, Pages 1248-1257

  Kerbel, R S ^a,b   Viloria Petit, A ^a   Klement, G ^a   Rak, J ^a  

^a SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; THALIDOMIDE; TRASTUZUMAB; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; BLOOD VESSEL; CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS; HUMANS; LYMPHOKINES; MICE; MICE, SCID; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; NEUROBLASTOMA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS; VINBLASTINE;

EID: 0034131079     PISSN: 09598049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00092-7     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (107)

1. Kerbel RS. Tumor angiogenesis: past, present, and the near future. Carcinogenesis 2000, in press.
2. Folkman J. Anti-angiogenesis. new concept for therapy of solid tumors Ann. Surg. 175:1972;409-416.
3. Ferrara N., Alitalo K. Clinical applications of angiogenic growth factors and their inhibitors. Nat. Med. 5:1999;1359-1364.
4. Presta L.G., Chen H., O'Connor S.J.et al. Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res. 57:1997;4593-4599.
5. Witte L., Hicklin D.J., Zhu Z.et al. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the VEGF receptor-2 (Flk1/KDR) as an anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17:1998;155-161.
6. Prewett M., Huber J., Li Y.et al. Antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor (fetal liver kinase 1) monoclonal antibody inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth of several mouse and human tumors. Cancer Res. 59:1999;5209-5218.
7. Fong T.A., Shawver L.K., Sun L.et al. SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types. Cancer Res. 59:1999;99-106.
8. Lin P., Polverini P., Dewhirst M., Shan S., Rao P.S., Peters K. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis using a soluble receptor establishes a role for Tie2 in pathologic vascular growth. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;2072-2078.
9. Boehm T., Folkman J., Browder T., O'Reilly M.S. Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature. 390:1997;404-407.
10. Kaban L.B., Mulliken J.B., Ezekowitz R.A.et al. Antiangiogenic therapy of a recurrent giant cell tumor of the mandible with interferon Alfa-2a. Pediatrics. 103:1999;1145-1149.
11. Kerbel R.S. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis as a strategy to circumvent acquired resistance to anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Bio Essays. 13:1991;31-36.
12. Kerbel R.S. Acquired drug resistance driven by tumor cell genetic instability. circumvention by direct acting anti-angiogenic vascular targeting agents Ehrlich M. DNA Alterations in Cancer. Genetic and Epigenetic Changes:1999;Biotechniques Books, Natick, MA, USA.
13. Yuan F., Chen Y., Dellian M., Safabakhsh N., Ferrara N., Jam R.K. Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;14765-14770.
14. Mauceri H.J., Hanna N.N., Beckett M.A.et al. Combined effects of angiostatin and ionizing radiation in antitumour therapy. Nature. 394:1998;287-291.
15. Benjamin L.E., Golijanin D., Itin A., Pode D., Keshet E. Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. J. Clin. Invest. 103:1999;159-165.
16. Kerbel R.S., Viloria-Petit A.M., Okada F., Rak J.W. Establishing a link between oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis. Mol. Med. 4:1998;286-295.
17. Tannock I.F., Hayashi S. The proliferation of capillary endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 32:1972;77-82.
18. Tannock I.F. Population kinetics of carcinoma cells, capillary endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in a transplanted mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 30:1970;2470-2476.
19. Denekamp J. Angiogenesis, neovascular proliferation and vascular pathophysiology as targets for cancer therapy. Br. J. Radiol. 66:1993;181-196.
20. Denekamp J. Endothelial cell proliferation as a novel approach to targeting tumor therapy. Br. J. Cancer. 45:1982;136-139.
21. Steiner R. Angiostatic activity of anticancer agents in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CHE-CAM) assay. Steiner R., Weiss P.S., Langer R. Angiogenesis. Key Principles - Science - Technology - Medicine:1992;449-454 Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.
22. Belotti D., Vergani V., Drudis T.et al. The microtubule-affecting drug paclitaxel has antiangiogenic activity. Clin. Cancer Res. 2:1996;1843-1849.
23. O'Leary J.J., Shapiro R.L., Ren C.J., Chuang N., Cohen H.W., Potmesil M. Antiangiogenic effects of camptothecin analogues 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin, topotecan, and CPT-11 studied in the mouse cornea model. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;181-187.
24. Baguley B.C., Holdaway K.M., Thomsen L.L., Zhuang L., Zwi L.J. Inhibition of growth of colon 38 adenocarcinoma by vinblastine and colchicine. evidence for a vascular mechanism Eur. J. Cancer. 27A:1991;482-487.
25. Browder T, Butterfield CE, Kraling BM, Marshall B, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J. Antiangiogenic scheduling of chemotherapy improves efficacy against experimental drug-resistant cancer. Cancer Res 2000, in press.
26. Hirata S., Matsubara T., Saura R., Tateishi H., Hirohata K. Inhibition of in vitro vascular endothelial cell proliferation and in vivo neovascularization by low-dose methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 32:1989;1065-1073.
27. Alon T., Hemo I., Itin A., Pe'er J., Stone J., Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nature Med. 1:1995;1024-1028.
28. Jain R.K., Safabakhsh N., Sckell A.et al. Endothelial cell death, angiogenesis, and microvascular function after castration in an androgen-dependent tumor. role of vascular endothelial growth factor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;10820-10825.
29. Klement G, Baruchel S, Rak J, et al. Chronically sustained regressions of human tumor xenografts in the absence of overt toxicity by continuous low-dose vinblastine and anti-VEGF receptor-2 antibody therapy. J Clin Invest, 2000, in press.
30. Stram D.O., Matthay K.K., O'Leary M.et al. Consolidation chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation versus continued chemotherapy for metastatic neuroblastoma. a report of two concurrent Children's Cancer Group studies J. Clin Oncol. 14:1996;2417-2426.
31. Teicher B.A., Sotomayor E.A., Huang Z.D. Antiangiogenic agents potentiate cytotoxic cancer therapies against primary and metastatic disease. Cancer Res. 52:1992;6702-6704.
32. Kakeji Y., Teicher B.A. Preclinical studies of the combination of angiogenic inhibitors with cytotoxic agents. Invest. New Drugs. 15:1997;39-48.
33. Tashiro T., Inaba M., Kobayashi T.et al. Responsiveness of human lung cancer/nude mouse to antitumor agents in a model using clinically equivalent doses. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 24:1989;187-192.
34. Inaba M., Kobayashi T., Tashiro T.et al. Evaluation of antitumor activity in a human breast tumor/nude mouse model with a special emphasis on treatment dose. Cancer. 64:1989;1577-1582.
35. Vacca A., Iurlaro M., Ribatti D.et al. Antiangiogenesis is produced by nontoxic doses of vinblastine. Blood. 94:1999;4143-4155.
36. Clements M.K., Jones C.B., Cumming M., Daoud S.S. Antiangiogenic potential of camptothecin and topotecan. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 44:1999;411-416.
37. Slaton J.W., Perrotte P., Inoue K., Dinney C.P., Fidler I.J. Interferon-alpha-mediated down-regulation of angiogenesis-related genes and therapy of bladder cancer are dependent on optimization of biological dose and schedule. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;2726-2734.
38. Hainsworth J.D., Burns H.A., Erland J.B., Thomas M., Greco F.A. Phase I trial of docetaxel administered by weekly infusion in patients with advanced refractory cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 16:1998;2164-2168.
39. McLeod H.L., Evans W.E. Oral cancer chemotherapy. the promise and the pitfalls Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;2669-2671.
40. Rocca A, Colleoni M, Nole F, et al. Low dose oral Methotrexate (MTX) and Cyclophosphamide (CTX) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): antitumor activity and correlation with serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1999, 18, 121a (abstract).
41. Fearon E.R., Vogeistein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 61:1990;759-767.
42. Reed J. Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J. Cell Biol. 124:1994;1-6.
43. Boise L.H., Gonzalez-Garcia M., Postema C.E.et al. bcl-x, A bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell. 74:1993;597-608.
44. Miura M., Zhu H., Rotello R., Hartwieg E.A., Yuan J. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1b-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3. Cell. 75:1993;653-660.
45. Chiou S.-K., Rao L., White E. Bcl-2 blocks p53-dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 14:1994;2556-2563.
46. Symonds H., Krail L., Remington L.et al. p53-dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth progression in vivo. Cell. 78:1994;703-711.
47. Kerr J.F.R., Winterford C.M., Harmon B.V. Apoptosis. Cancer. 73:1994;2013-2026.
48. Williams G.T. Programmed cell death. apoptosis and oncogenesis Cell. 65:1991;1097-1098.
49. Isaacs J.T. Advances and controversies in the study of programmed cell death/apoptosis in the development of and therapy for cancer. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:1994;82-89.
50. Bouck N. Tumor angiogenesis. the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes Cancer Cells. 2:1990;179-185.
51. Bouck N., Stellmach V., Hsu S.C. How tumors become angiogenic. Adv. Cancer Res. 69:1996;135-174.
52. Dameron K.M., Volpert O.V., Tainsky M.A., Bouck N. Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1. Science. 265:1994;1582-1584.
53. Hanahan D., Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell. 86:1996;353-364.
54. Folkman J., Klagsbrun M. Angiogenic factors. Science. 235:1987;442-447.
55. Dvorak H.F., Brown L.F., Detmar M., Dvorak A.M. Review. vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis Am. J. Pathol. 146:1995;1029-1039.
56. Thomas K.A. Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent and selective angiogenic agent. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;603-606.
57. Shweiki D., Itin A., Soffer D., Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initated angiogenesis. Nature. 359:1992;843-845.
58. Shweiki D., Neeman M., Itin A., Keshet E. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and by glucose deficiency in multicell spheroids. implications for tumor angiogenesis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;768-772.
59. Ikeda E., Achen M.G., Breier G., Risau W. Hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation and increased mRNA stability of vascular endothelial growth factor in C6 glioma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;19761-19766.
60. Stein I., Neeman M., Shweiki D., Itin A., Keshet E. Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia and hypoglycemia and coregulation with other ischemia-induced genes. Mol. Cell Biol. 15:1995;5363-5368.
61. Kohl N.E., Omer C.A., Conner M.W.et al. Inhibition of farnesyltransferase induces regression of mammary and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice. Nature Med. 1:1995;792-797.
62. Kohl N.E., Mosser S.D., deSolms S.J.et al. Selective inhibition of ras-dependent transformation by a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Science. 260:1993;1934-1942.
63. James G.L., Golstein J.L., Brown M.S.et al. Benzodiazepine peptidomimetics. potent inhibitors of ras farnesylation in animal cells Science. 260:1993;1937-1942.
64. Rak J., Mitsuhashi Y., Erdos V., Huang S.-N., Filmus J., Kerbel R.S. Massive programmed cell death in intestinal epithelial cells induced by three-dimensional growth conditions. suppression by expression of a mutant c-H-ras oncogene J. Cell Biol. 131:1995;1587-1598.
65. Lebowitz P.F., Sakamuro D., Prendergast G.C. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors induce apoptosis of Ras-transformed cells denied substratum attachment. Cancer Res. 57:1997;708-713.
66. Barrington R.E., Subler M.A., Rands E.et al. A farnesyltransferase inhibitor induces tumor regression in transgenic mice harboring multiple oncogenic mutations by mediating alterations in both cell cycle control and apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 18:1998;85-92.
67. Rak J., Mitsuhashi Y., Bayko L., Filmus J., Sasazuki T., Kerbel R.S. Mutant ras oncogenes upregulate VEGF/VPF expression. implications for induction and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis Cancer Res. 55:1995;4575-4580.
68. Grugel S., Finkenzeller G., Weindel K., Barleon B., Marme D. Both v-Ha-ras and v-raf stimulate expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor in NIH 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;25915-25919.
69. Benjamin L.E., Keshet E. Conditional switching of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in tumors. induction of endothelial cell shedding and regression of hemangioblastoma-like vessels by VEGF withdrawal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;8761-8766.
70. Okada F., Rak J., St Croix B.et al. Impact of oncogenes on tumor angiogenesis. mutant K-ras upregulation of VEGF/VPF is necessary but not sufficient for tumorigenicity of human colorectal carcinoma cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;3609-3614.
71. Mazure N.M., Chen E.Y., Yeh P., Laderoute K.R., Giaccia A.J. Oncogenic transformation and hypoxia synergistically act to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cancer Res. 56:1996;3436-3440.
72. Larcher F., Robles A.I., Duran H.et al. Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in mouse skin carcinogenesis correlates with malignant progression state and activated H-ras expression levels. Cancer Res. 56:1996;5391-5396.
73. Volpert O.V., Dameron K.M., Bouck N. Sequential development of an angiogenic phenotype by human fibroblasts progressing to tumorigenicity. Oncogene. 14:1997;1495-1502.
74. Mazure N.M., Chen E.Y., Laderoute K.R., Giaccia A.J. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia is modulated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in Ha-ras-transformed cells through a hypoxia inducible factor-1 transcriptional element. Blood. 90:1997;3322-3331.
75. Lingen M.W., DiPietro L.A., Solt D.B., Bouck N.P., Polverini P.J. The angiogenic switch in hamster buccal pouch keratinocytes is dependent on TGFbeta-1 and is unaffected by ras activation. Carcinogenesis. 18:1997;329-338.
76. Arbiser J.L., Moses M.A., Fernandez C.A.et al. Oncogenic H-ras stimulates tumor angiogenesis by two distinct pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;861-866.
77. Enholm B., Paavonen K., Ristimaki A.et al. Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene. 14:1997;2475-2483.
78. White F.C., Benehacene A., Scheele J.S., Kamps M. VEGF mRNA is stabilized by ras and tyrosine kinase oncogenes, as well as by UV radiation - evidence for divergent stabilization pathways. Growth Factors. 14:1997;199-212.
79. Gu W.Z., Tahir S.K., Wang Y.C.et al. Effect of novel CAAX peptidomimetic farnesyltransferase inhibitor on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Cancer. 35:1999;1394-1401.
80. Viloria-Petit A.M., Rak J., Hung M.-C., Rockwell P., Goldstein N., Kerbel R.S. Neutralizing antibodies against EGF and ErbB-2/neu receptor tyrosine kinases down-regulate VEGF production by tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. angiogenic implications for signal transduction therapy of solid tumors Am. J. Pathol. 151:1997;1523-1530.
81. Goad D.L., Rubin J., Wang H., Tashjian A.H. Jr., Patterson C. Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells and murine osteoblasts induced by insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology. 137:1996;2262-2268.
82. Goldman C.K., Kim J., Wong W.L., King V., Brock T., Gillespie G.Y. Epidermal growth factor stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by human malignant glioma cells. a model of glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology Mol. Biol. Cell. 4:1993;121-133.
83. Ellis L.M., Staley C.A., Liu W.et al. Down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in a human colon carcinoma cell line transfected with an antisense expression vector specific for c-src. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;1052-1057.
84. Kraemer M., Tournaire R., Dejong V.et al. Rat embryo fibroblasts transformed by c-Jun display highly metastatic and angiogenic activities in vivo and deregulate gene expression of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Cell Growth Differ. 10:1999;193-200.
85. Saez E., Rutberg S.E., Mueller E.et al. c-fos is required for malignant progression for skin tumors. Cell. 82:1995;721-732.
86. Lopez-Ocejo O, Bequet-Romero M, Viloria-Petit AM, Rak J, Mukhopadhyay D, Kerbel RS. Oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis: the HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein activates the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene promoter in a p53 independent manner. J Biol Chem 2000, in press.
87. Iberg N., Rogelj S., Fanning P., Klagsbrun M. Purification of 18- and 22-kDa forms of basic fibroblast growth factor from rat cells transformed by the ras oncogene. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;19951-19955.
88. Zabrenetzky V., Hams C.C., Steeg P.S., Roberts D.D. Expression of the extracellular matrix molecule thrombospondin inversely correlates with malignant progression in melanoma, lung and breast carcinoma cell lines. Int. J. Cancer. 59:1994;191-195.
89. Sheibani N., Frazier W.A. Repression of thrombospondin-1 expression, a natural inhibitor of angiogenesis, in polyoma middle T transformed NIH3T3 cells. Cancer Lett. 107:1996;45-52.
90. Singh R.K., Gutman M., Bucana C.D., Sanchez R., Llansa N., Fidler I.J. Interferons a and b down-regulate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in human carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;4562-4566.
91. Ezekowitz A., Mulliken J., Folkman J. Additional corrections. interferon for hemangiomas of infancy N. Engl. J. Med. 333:1995;595-596.
92. Ezekowitz R.A., Mulliken J.B., Folkman J. Interferon alfa-2a therapy for life-threatening hemangiomas of infancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 326:1992;1456-1463.
93. Mukhopadhyay D., Knebelmann B., Cohen H.T., Ananth S., Sukhatme V.P. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product interacts with Sp1 to repress vascular endothelial growth factor promoter activity. Mol. Cell Biol. 17:1997;5629-5639.
94. Siemeister G., Weindel K., Mohrs K., Barleon B., Martiny-Baron G., Marme D. Reversion of deregulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human renal carcinoma cells by von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein. Cancer Res. 56:1996;2299-2301.
95. Saphir A. Angiogenesis. the unifying concept in cancer? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89:1997;1658-1659.
96. Gorski D.H., Beckett M.A., Jaskowiak N.T.et al. Blockage of the vascular endothelial growth factor stress response increases the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 59:1999;3374-3378.
97. Presta M., Rusnati M., Belleri M., Morbidelli L., Ziche M., Ribatti D. Purine analogue 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside inhibits early and late phases of the angiogenesis process. Cancer Res. 59:1999;2417-2424.
98. Klauber N., Parangi S., Flynn E., Hamel E., D'Amato R.J. Inhibition of angiogenesis and breast cancer in mice by the microtubule inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and taxol. Cancer Res. 57:1997;81-86.
99. Schimming R., Hunter N.R., Mason K.A., Milas L. Inhibition of tumor neo-angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis as properties of docetaxel (taxotere). Mund. Kiefer. Gesichtschir. 3:1999;210-212.
100. Maragoudakis M.E., Peristeris P., Missirlis E., Aletras A., Andriopoulou P., Haralabopoulos G. Inhibition of angiogenesis by anthracyclines and titanocene dichloride. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 732:1994;280-293.
101. Schirner M., Hoffmann J., Menrad A., Schneider M.R. Antiangiogenic chemotherapeutic agents. characterization in comparison to their tumor growth inhibition in human renal cell carcinoma models Clin. Cancer Res. 4:1998;1331-1336.
102. Arbiser J.L., Moses M.A., Fernandez C.A.et al. Oncogenic H-ras stimulates tumor angiogenesis by two distinct pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;861-866.
103. Przybyszewska M., Miloszewska J., Janik P. Angiogenesis induced by urothelial cells (HCV-29) and their v-ras and v-raf transfectants. Cancer Lett. 131:1998;157-161.
104. Tober K.L., Cannon R.E., Spalding J.W.et al. Comparative expression of novel vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor transcripts in skin, papillomas, and carcinomas of v-Ha-ras Tg.AC transgenic mice and FVB/N mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247:1998;644-653.
105. Feleszko W., Balkowiec E.Z., Sieberth E.et al. Lovastatin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha exhibit potentiated antitumor effects against Ha-ras-transformed murine tumor via inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Int. J. Cancer. 81:1999;560-567.
106. Charvat S., Duchesne M., Parvaz P., Chignol M.C., Schmitt D., Serres M. The up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in mutated Ha-ras HaCaT cell lines is reduced by a farnesyl transferase inhibitor. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;557-561.
107. Chin L., Tam A., Pomerantz J.et al. Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance. Nature. 400:1999;468-472.