Composite tissue allotransplantation: A comprehensive review of the literature - Part III

Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 235-251

  Jensen, John N ^a   Mackinnon, Susan E ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LYMPHOBLAST ANTIBODY; MERCAPTOPURINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS;

CHIMERA; COMPOSITE GRAFT; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; MOUSE; NERVE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REINNERVATION; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOGS; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE; HUMANS; PAPIO; PROGNOSIS; RATS; TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSPLANTATION CHIMERA; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 0034110349     PISSN: 0743684X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (251)

1. Foucher G. Prospects for hand transplantation. Lancet 1999; 353:1286
2. Dubernard J-M, Owen E, Herzberg G, Lanzetta, Martin X, Kapila H, Dawahra M, Hakim NS. Human hand allograft: Report on first 6 months. Lancet 1999;353:1315
3. Hewitt CW, Puglisi RN, Black KS. Current state of composite tissue and limb allo-transplantation: Do present data justify clinical application? Transplant Proc 1995;27:1414
4. Llull R, Beko KR, Black KS, Hewitt CW. Composite tissue allotransplantation: Perspectives concerning eventual clinical exploitation. Transplant Rev 1992;6:175
5. Randolph MA, Yaremchuk MJ, Moore JR, et al. Experimental vascularized bone allografting. Microsurg 1987;8:210
6. Porter BB, Lance EM. Limb and joint transplantation, a review of research and clinical experience. Clin Orthop 1974:249
7. Anthony JP, Allen DB, Trabulsy PP, et al. Canine laryngeal transplantation: Preliminary studies and a new heterotopic allotransplantation model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:197
8. Gold ME, Randzio J, Kniha H, et al. Transplantation of vascularized composite mandibular allografts in young cynomolgous monkeys. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:125
9. Gilbert R. Transplant is successful with a cadaver forearm. Medical Tribune and Medical News 1964;5:20
10. Anon. Hand transplanted from cadaver is reamputated. Medical Tribune and Medical News, 1964;5:23
11. Carrel A. Results of the transplantation of blood vessels, organs and limbs. JAMA 1908;51:1662
12. Guthrie CC. Some physiologic aspects of blood vessel surgery. JAMA 1908;51:1658
13. Schwind JV. Successful Transplantation of a leg in albino rats with reestablishment of muscular control. Science, 1936;84:355
14. Schwind JV. Leg transplantation in rats. J Exp Zool, 1938;77:337
15. Schwind JV. Homotransplantation by parabiosis. J Surg Res, 1962;2:332
16. Schwind JV. Homotransplantation of extremities by parabiosis. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1962;99:933
17. Schwind JV. Homotransplantation of extremities of rats. Radiology, 1962;78:806
18. Goldwyn RM, Beach PM, Feldman D, Wilson RE. Canine limb homotransplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1966;37:184
19. Reeves B. Studies of vascularised homotransplants of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg 1968;50B:226
20. Reeves B. Studies of vascularised homotransplants of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg 1968;50B:232
21. Reeves B. Orthotopic transplantation of vascularised whole knee-joints in dogs. Lancet 1969;1(7593):500
22. Lance EM, Inglis AE, Figarola F, Veith FJ. Transplantation of the canine hind limb. J Bone Joint Surg 1971;53A:1137
23. Lance EM, Levey RH, Medawar PB, Ruszkiewicz M. Tolerance of rat skin grafts in adult mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci 1979;64:1356
24. Goldberg V, Porter BB, Lance EM. Transplantation of the canine knee joint on vascular pedicles. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55A:1314, J Bone Joint Surg 1980;62A:414
25. Goldberg V, Porter BB, Lance EM. Transplantation of the canine knee joint on vascular pedicles. J Bone Joint Surg 1973;55A:1314, J Bone Joint Surg 1980;62A:414
26. Judet H. Essai sur la greffe des tissus articulaires. Comp Rend Acad Sci 1908;146:600
27. Lexer E. Substitution of whole or half joints from freshly amputated extremities by free plastic operation. Surg Gynec Obstet 1908;6:601
28. Lapchinsky AG, Eingorn AG, Uratkov EF. Homotransplantation of extremities in tolerant dogs observed up to seven years. Transplant Proc 1973;V:773
29. Lapchinsky AG, Medvedeva GV, Gadalina ID, et al. Homotransplantation of skin and mammary glands in rats by parabiosis of the donor and host in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1964;120:435
30. Lapchinsky AG, Medvedeva GV, Gadalina ID. Homoplastic transplantation of extremity to tolerance dogs. In Kovanov BB (ed): Indirection of Tolerance and Homotransplantation. Moscow Press, Moscow, 1966, pp 6-16
31. Poole M, Bowen JE, Batchelor JR. Prolonged survival of rat leg allografts due to immunological enhancement. Transplantation 1976;22:108
32. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Woodard TL, et al. Efforts to enhance survival of limb allografts by prior administration of whole blood in rats using a new survival end-point. J Microsurg 1982;3:162
33. Shapiro RI, Cerra FB. A model for reimplantation and transplantation of a complex organ: The rat hind limb. J Surg Res 1978;24:501
34. Palm J, Black G. Interrelationships of inbred rat strains with respect to Ag-B and non Ag-B antigens. Transplantation 1971;11:184
35. Gill TJ. Report of the first international workshop on alloantigenic systems in the rat. Transplant Proc 1978;X:271
36. Doi K. Homotransplantation of limbs in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;64:613
37. Borel JF, Feurer C, Gubler HU, Stahelin H. Biological effects of cyclosporin A: A new antilymphocytic agent. Agents Actions 1976;6:468
38. Borel JF, Feurer C, Magnee C, Stahelin H. Effects of the new anti-lymphocytic peptide cyclosporin A in animals. Immunology 1977;32:1017
39. Calne RY, White DJ, Rolles K, et al. Prolonged survival of pig orthotopic heart grafts treated with cyclosporin A. Lancet 1978;1(8075):1183
40. Jamieson SW, Burton NA, Bieber CP, et al. Survival of cardiac allografts in rats treated with cyclosporin A. Surg Forum 1979;30:289
41. Jamieson SW, Burton NA, Bieber CP, et al. Cardiac-allograft survival in primates treated with cyclosporin A [letter]. Lancet 1979;1(8115):545
42. Green CJ, Allison AC. Extensive prolongation of rabbit kidney allograft survival after short- term cyclosporin-A treatment. Lancet 1978;1(8075):1182
43. Cosimi AB, Shield CF, Peters C, et al. PS. Prolongation of allograft survival by cyclosporin A. Surg Forum 1979;30:287
44. Homan WP, Fabre JW, Williams KA, et al. Studies on the immunosuppressive properties of cyclosporin a in rats receiving renal allografts. Transplantation 1980;29:361
45. Homan WP, French ME, Millard P, et al. Studies on the effects of cyclosporin A upon renal allograft rejection in the dog. Surgery 1980;88:168
46. Calne RY, White DJ, Pentlow BD, et al. Cyclosporin A: Preliminary observations in dogs with pancreatic duodenal allografts and patients with cadaveric renal transplants. Transplant Proc 1979;11:860
47. Garvey JF, McShane P, Poole MD, et al. The effect of cyclosporin A on experimental pancreas allografts in the rat. Transplant Proc 1980;12:266
48. Rynasiewicz JJ, Sutherland DE, Kawahara K, et al. Cyclosporin A prolongation of segmental pancreatic and islet allograft function in rats. Transplant Proc 1980;12:270
49. Norin AJ, Veith FJ, Emeson EE, et al. Improved survival of transplanted lungs in mongrel dogs treated with cyclosporin A. Transplantation 1981;32:259
50. Reitz BA, Burton NA, Jamieson SW, et al. Heart and lung transplantation: Autotransplantation and allotransplantation in primates with extended survival. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:360
51. Reznick RK, Craddock GN, Langer B, et al. Structure and function of small bowel allografts in the dog: Immunosuppression with cyclosporin A. Can J Surg 1982;25:51
52. Shepherd WF, Coster DJ, Fook TC, et al. Effect of cyclosporin A on the survival of corneal grafts in rabbits. Br J Ophthalmol 1980;64:148
53. Borel JF, Meszaros J. Skin transplantation in mice and dogs. Effect of cyclosporin A and dihydrocyclosporin C. Transplantation 1980;29:161
54. Zalewski AA, Gulati AK. Survival of nerve and Schwann cells in allografts after cyclosporin A treatment. Exp Neurol 1980;70:219
55. Watt DJ, Partridge TA, Sloper JC. Cyclosporin A as a means of preventing rejection of skeletal muscle allografts in mice. Transplantation 1981;31:266
56. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Fraser LA, et al. Cosmas and Damian in the laboratory. N Engl J Med 1982;306(6):368
57. Harashina T; Buncke HJ. Study of washout solutions for microvascular replantation and transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975;56:542
58. Hewitt CS, Black KS, Fraser LA, et al. Cyclosporin-A (CyA) is superior to prior donor-specific blood (DSB) transfusion for the extensive prolongation of rat limb allograft survival. Transplant Proc 1983;XV:514
59. Furnas DW, Black KS, Hewitt CW, et al. Cyclosporine and long-term survival of composite tissue allografts (limb transplants) in rats (with historical notes on the role of plastic surgeons in allotransplantation). Transplant Proc 1983;XV(suppl 1):3063
60. Hewitt CW, Black KS, Fraser LA, et al. Composite tissue (limb) allografts in rats I: Dose-dependent increase in survival with cyclosporine. Transplantation 1985;39:360
61. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Fraser LA, et al. Composite tissue (limb) allografts in rats II: Indefinite survival using low-dose cyclosporine. Transplantation 1985;39:365
62. Hewitt CW, Black KS, Gonzalez GA, et al. Long-term residual cyclosporine levels following short-term administration in various allograft models demonstrating extensive survival prolongation. Transplant Proc 1987;XIX:1244
63. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Hwang JS, et al. Dose response of cyclosporine-treated composite tissue allografts in a strong histoincompatible rat model. Transplant Proc 1988; XX:266
64. Press BHJ, Sibley RK, Shons AR. Modification of experimental limb allograft rejection with cyclosporine and prednisone: A preliminary report. Transplant Proc 1983;XV (suppl. 1):3057
65. Kim SK, Aziz S, Oyer P, Hentz VR. Use of cyclosporin A in allotransplantation of rat limbs. Ann Plast Surg 1984;12:249
66. Press BHJ, Sibley RK, Shons AR. Limb allotransplantation in the rat: Extended survival and return of nerve function with continuous cyclosporin/prednisone immunosuppression. Ann Plast Surg 1986;16:313
67. Walter P, Menger MD, Thies J, et al. Prolongation of graft survival in allogeneic limb transplantation by 15-deoxyspergualin. Trans Proc 1989;21:3186
68. Benhaim P, Anthony JP, Lin LY-T, et al. A long-term study of allogeneic rat hindlimb transplants immunosuppressed with RS-61443. Transplantation 1993;56:911
69. Fealy MJ, Umansky WS, Bickel KD, et al. Efficacy of rapamycin and FK 506 in prolonging rat hind limb allograft survival. Ann Surg 1994;219:88
70. van den Helder TBM, Benhaim P, Anthony JP, et al. Mathes SJ. Efficacy of RS-61443 in reversing acute rejection in a rat model of hindlimb allotransplantation. Transplantation 1994;57:427
71. Inceoglu S, Siemionow M, Chick L, et al. The effect of combined immunosuppression with systemic low-dose cyclosporin and topical fluocinolone acetonide on the survival of rat hind-limb allografts. Ann Plast Surg 1994;33:57
72. Benhaim P, Anthony JP, Ferreira L, et al. Use of combination of low-dose cyclosporine and RS-61443 in a rat hindlimb model of composite tissue allotransplantation. Transplantation 1996;61:527
73. Yeh L-S, Gregory CR, Theriault BR, et al. A functional model for whole limb transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1999, in press
74. Lipson RA, Kawano H, Halloran PF, et al. Vascularized limb transplantation in the rat I: Results with syngeneic grafts. Transplantation 1983;35:293
75. Lipson RA, Kawano H, Halloran PF, et al. Vascularized limb transplantation in the rat II: Results with allogeneic grafts. Transplantation 1983;35:300
76. Halloran PF, Bushuk M, Stewart JA. Effects of cyclosporine on the healing of vascularized and nonvascularized bone allografts in rodents. Transplant Proc 1983;XV (suppl. 1): 3053
77. Fritz WD, Swartz WM, Rose S, et al. Limb allografts in rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A. Ann Surg 1984;199:211
78. Kuroki H, Ikuta Y, Akiyama M. Experimental studies of vascularized allogeneic limb trarsplantation in the rat using a new immunosuppressive agent, FK-506: Morphological and immunological analysis. Transplant Proc 1989;21: 3187
79. Kuroki H, Bean MA, Ikuta Y, Burgess EM. Synergistic effect of FK 506 and donor-specific blood transfusion on rat skin but not on composite tissue (limb) allograft survival. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3282
80. Kuroki H, Bean MA Ikuta Y, et al. Effect of FK 506 and donor-specific blood transfusion on the rat composite tissue limb allograft and the mechanism of long-term graft survival. Transplant Proc 1993;25:658
81. Arai K, Hotokebuchi T, Miyahara H, et al. Prolonged limb allograft survival with short-term treatment with FK-506 in rats. Transplant Proc 1989;21:3191
82. Hotokebuchi T, Arai K, Takagishi K, et al. Limb allografts in rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporine: As a whole-joint allograft. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:1027
83. Min Z, Jones NF. Limb transplantation in rats: Immunosuppression with FK-506. J Hand Surg 1995;20A:77
84. Muramatsu K, Doi K, Akino T, Shigetomi M, Kawai S. Longer survival of rat limb allograft: Combined immunosuppression of FK-506 and 15-deoxyspergualin. Acta Orthop Scan 1997;68:581
85. Muramatsu K, Doi K, Shigetomi M, et al. A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, prolongs limb allograft survival in rats. Ann Plast Surg 1998;40:160
86. Arai K, Hotokebuchi T, Miyahara H, et al. Limb allografts in rats immunosuppressed with FK506 I: Reversal of rejection and indefinite survival. Transplantation 1989;48:782
87. Tsuchida Y, Usui M, Naitoh T, et al. Limb allografts in rats treated with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies. J Reconstr Microsurg 1997;13:107
88. Tsuchida Y, Usui M, Murakami M, Uede T. Vascularized bone marrow allotransplantation in rats prolongs a simultaneous skin allograft. Transplant Proc 1997;29:1732
89. Hebebrand D, Jones NF, Zohman G, et al. Limb xenotransplantation using FK506 and RS61443 immunosuppression. J Reconstr Microsurg 1998;14:191
90. Slome D, Reeves B. Experimental homotransplantion of the knee-joint. Lancet 1966;2(7456):205
91. Doi K, DeSantis G, Singer DI, et al. The effect of immunosuppression on vascularised allografts. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71B:576
92. Rosso R, Schfer D, Fricker R, et al. Functional and morphological outcome of knee joint transplantation in dogs depends on control of rejection. Transplantation 1997;63:1723
93. Yaremchuk MJ, Sedacca T, Schiller AL, May JW. Vascular knee allograft transplantation in a rabbit model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983;71:461
94. Siliski JM, Simpkin S, Green CJ. Vascularized whole knee joint allografts in rabbits immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1984;103:26
95. Yaremchuk MJ, Nettelblad H, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. Vascularized bone allograft transplantation in a genetically defined rat model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75:355
96. Paskert JP, Yaremchuk MJ, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. The role of cyclosporin in prolonging survival in vascularized bone allografts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;80:240
97. Lee WPA, Pan Y-C, Kesmarsky S, et al. Experimental orthotopic transplantation of vascularized skeletal allografts: Functional assessment and long-term survival. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:336
98. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Grisham GR, et al. Two new composite tissue allograft models in rats to study neuromuscular functional return. Transplant Proc 1987;XIX:1118
99. Kniha H, Randzio J, Gold ME, et al. Growth of forelimb allografts in young rabbits immunosuppressed with cyclosporine. Ann Plast Surg 1989;22:135
100. Randzio J, Kniha H, Gold ME, et al. Growth of vascularized composite mandibular allografts in young rabbits. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:140
101. Yeh LS, Hou SM, Lin AC, Lin J. A modified free gracilis flap in the rat. Microsurgery 1994;15:322
102. Yeh L-S, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al. Effects of leflunomide and cyclosporine on myocutaneous allograft survival in the rat. Transplantation 1996;62:861
103. Butler PEM, Lee WPA, Sims CD, et al. Cell transplantation from limb allografts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:161
104. stner ET, Zdichavsky M, Ren X, et al. Long-term composite tissue allograft survival in porcine model with cyclosporine/mycophenolate mofetil therapy. Transplantation 1998;66:1581
105. Lee WPA, Rubin JP, Cober S, et al. Use of swine model in transplantation of vascularized skeletal tissue allografts. Transplant Proc 1998;30:2743
106. Cober S, Rubin P, Davenport T, et al. Development of a large animal model for the induction of tolerance to limb allografts. American Association for Hand Surgery: 29th Annual Meeting, Kamuela, HI, January, 1999
107. Swartz WM, Cha CM, Clowes GHA, Randall HT. The effect of prolonged ischemia on high energy phosphate metabolism in skeletal muscle. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978;147: 872
108. Eckert P, Schnackerz K. Ischemic tolerance of human skeletal muscle. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:77
109. Hicks TE, Boswick JA, Solomons CC. The effects of perfusion on an amputated extremity. J Trauma 1980;20:632
110. Kihira M, Miura T, Ishiguro N. Preservation of skeletal muscle in tissue transfers using rat hindlimbs. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:275
111. Arai K, Hotokebuchi T, Miyahara H, et al. Successful long-term storage of rat limbs: The use of simple immersion in Euro-Collins solution. Int Orthoped 1993;17:389
112. Norden MA, Rao VK, Southard JH. Improved preservation of rat hindlimbs with the University of Wisconsin solution and butanedione monoxime. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100:957
113. Stringham JC, Paulsen KI, Soouthard JH. Improved myocardial preservation by modification of UW solution with 2,3-butanedione monoxime and calcium. Presented at the 14th International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Paris, France, 1992
114. Weiss AC, Moore JR, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. Preventing oxygen free-radical injury in ischemic revascularized bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;82:486
115. Weiss AC, Carey LA, Randolph MA, et al. Oxygen radical scavengers improve vascular patency and bone-muscle cell survival in an ischemic extremity replant model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;84:117
116. Elves MW. Newer knowledge of the immunology of bone and cartilage. Clin Orthop 1976;120:232
117. Doerrler J, Goering H, Gossmann R, et al. Limb allograft survival under cyclosporine treatment. Transplant Proc 1986; XVIII:431
118. Ochiai T, Nakajima K, Nagata M, et al. Effect of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506, on heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation in the rat. Transplant Proc 1987;19:1284
119. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Miyata S, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1987;40:1256
120. Sawada S, Suzuki G, Kawase Y, Takaku F. Novel immunosuppressive agent, FK-506: In vitro effects on cloned T cell activation. J Immunol 1987;139:1797
121. Collier DS, Calne R, Thiru S, et al. FK-506 in experimental renal allografts. Transplant Proc 1987;19:3975
122. Tanaka H, Kuroda A, Marusawa H, et al. Physicochemical properties of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):11
123. Kino T, Inamura N, Sakai F, et al. Effect of FK-506 on human mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro. Transplant Proc 1987;19(Suppl 6):36
124. Goto T, Kino T, Hatanaka H, et al. Discovery of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):4
125. Ochiai T, Nagata M, Nakajima K, et al. Prolongation of canine renal allograft survival by treatment with FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):53
126. Collier DS, Thiru S, Calne R. Kidney transplantation in the dog receiving FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):62
127. Ochiai T, Nagata M, Nakajima K, et al. Effects of FK-506 on xenotransplantation of the heart and skin in a mouse-rat combination. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):79
128. Makowka L, Chapman F, Qian S, et al. The effect of FK-506 on hyperacute rejection in presensitized rats. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):79
129. Todo S, Podesta L, Chap P, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation in dogs receiving FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;(5 Suppl 6):64
130. Ochiai T, Nakajima K, Nagata M, et al. Studies of the induction and maintenance of long-term graft acceptance by treatment with FK-506 in heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation in rats. Transplantation 1987;44:734
131. Thiru, S, Collier DS, Calne R. Pathological studies in canine and baboon renal allograft recipients immunosuppressed with FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):98
132. Ochiai T, Hamaguchi K, Isono K. Histopathologic studies in renal transplant recipient dogs receiving treatment with FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):98
133. Murase N, Todo S, Lee PH, et al. Heterotopic heart transplantation in the rat receiving FK-506 alone or with cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):71
134. Lim AM, Thiru S, White DJ. Heterotopic heart transplantation in the rat receiving FK-506. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):68
135. Calne R, Collier DS, Thiru S. Observation about FK-506 in primates. Transplant Proc 1987;19(5 Suppl 6):63
136. Llull R, Murase N, Ye Q, et al. Chimerism, graft-vs.-host disease, rejection, and their association with reciprocal donor heart immune reactions after cell, organ, and composite tissue transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997;29: 1203
137. Iwasawa H, Kondo S, Ikeda D, et al. Synthesis of (-)-15-deoxyspergualin and (-)spergualin-15-phosphate. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1982;35:1665
138. Umeda Y, Moriguchi M, Kuroda H, et al. Synthesis and antitumor activity of spergualin analogues. I. Chemical modification of 7-guanidino-3-hydroxyacyl moiety. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1985;38:886
139. Dickneite G, Schorlemmer HU, Walter P, et al. The influence of (±)-15-deoxyspergualin on experimental transplantation and its immunopharmacological mode of action. Behring Inst Mitt 1986;80:93
140. Suzuki S, Kanashiro M, Amemiya H. Effect of a new immunosuppressant, 15-deoxyspergualin, on heterotopic rat heart transplantation, in comparison with cyclosporine. Transplantation 1987;44:483
141. Schubert G, Stoffregen C, Timmermann W, et al. Comparison of the new immunosuppressive agent, 15-deoxyspergualin, and cyclosporine A after highly allogeneic pancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc 1987;19:3978
142. Walter P, Dickneite G, Feifel G, Thies J. Deoxyspergualin induces tolerance in allogeneic kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1987;19:3980
143. Walter B, Bernhard U, Seitz G, et al. Xenogeneic heart transplantation with 15-deoxyspergualin: Prolongation of graft survival. Transplant Proc 1987;19:3993
144. Amemiya H. 15-deoxyspergualin, a newly developed immunosuppressive agent and its mechanism of action and clinical effect: A review. Japan Collaborative Transplant Study Group for NKT-01. Artif Organs 1996;20:832
145. Hao L, Lafferty KJ, Allison AC, Eugui EM. RS-61443 allows islet allografting and specific tolerance induction in adult mice. Transplant Proc 1990;22:876
146. Morris RE, Hoyt EG, Murphy MP, et al. Mycophenolic acid morpholineothylester (RS-61443) is a new immunosuppressant that prevents and halts allograft rejection by selective inhibition of T- and B-cell purine synthesis. Transplant Proc 1990;22:1659
147. Platz KP, Sollinger HW, Hullett DA, et al. RS-61443 - a new potent immunosuppressive agent. Transplantation 1991;51:27
148. Morris RE, Wang J. Comparison of the immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid adn the morpholineothyl ester of mycophenolic acid (RS-61443) in recipients of heart allografts. Transplant Proc 1991;23(1 Pt 1):493
149. Platz KP, Eckhoff DE, Hullett DA, Sollinger HW. Prolongation of dog renal allograft survival by RS-61443, a new, potent immunosuppressive agent. Transplant Proc 1991;23(1 Pt 1):497
150. Shaffer D, Blakely ML, Gottschalk R, Monaco AP. Small bowl transplantation in rats using RS-61443: Effect on GVHD and rejection. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1159
151. Coulombe M, Hao L, Calcinaro F, et al. Tolerance induction in adult animals: Comparison of RS-61443 and anti-CD4 treatment. Transplant Proc 1991;23(2 Suppl 2):31
152. Platz KP, Bechstein WO, Eckhoff DE, et al. RS-61443 reverses acute allograft rejection in dogs. Surgery 1991;110:736 (discussion 740)
153. Sollinger HW, Deierhoi MH, Belzer FO, et al. RS-61443 - A phase I clinical trial and pilot rescue study. Transplantation 1992;53:428
154. Vezina C, Kudelski A, Sehgal SN. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1975;28:721
155. Calane RY, Collier DS, Lim S, et al. Rapamycin for immunosuppression in organ allografting (letter). Lancet 1989; 8656:227
156. Stepkowski MS, Chen H, Daloze P, Kahan BD. Rapamycin, a potent immunosuppressive drug for vascularized heart, kidney, and small bowel transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1991;51:22
157. Fujita T, Inoue K, Yamamoto S, et al. Fungal metabolites. Part II. A potent immunosuppressive activity found in Isaria sinclairii metabolite. J Antibiot 1994;47:208
158. Suzuki S, Enosawa S, Kakefuda T, et al. A novel immunosuppressant, FTY720, with a unique mechanism of action, induces long-term graft acceptance in rat and dog allotransplantation. Transplantation 1996;61:200
159. Suzuki S, Li XK, Shinomiya T, et al. Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis and prolongation of allograft survival by FTY720. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2049
160. Suzuki S, Li XK, Enosawa S, Shinomiya T. A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, induces bel-2-associated apoptotic cell death in human lymphocytes. Immunology 1996;89: 518
161. Aboujaqude M, Chen H, Wu J, et al. Efficacy of rapamycin in limb transplantation in the rat. Clin Invest Med 1991;14: A146
162. Kahan BD, Gibbons S, Tejpal N, et al. Synergistic interactions of cyclosporine and rapamycin to inhibit immune performances of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Transplantation 1991;51:232
163. Stepkowski SM, Kahan BD. Rapamycin and cyclosporine synergistically prolong heart and kidney allograft survival. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3262
164. Yeh L-S, Gregory CR, Griffey SM, et al. Combination leflunomide and cyclosporine prevents rejection of functional whole limb allografts in the rat. Transplantation 1997;64: 919
165. Kuchle CCA, Thoenes GH, Langer KH, et al. Prevention of kidney and skin graft reject on in rats by leflunomide, a new immunomodulating agent. Transplant Proc 1991;23 (1 pt 2):1083
166. Lirtzman RA, Gregory CR, Levitski RE, et al. Combined immunosuppression with leflunomide and cyclosporine prevents MLR-mismatched renal allograft rejection in a mongrel canine model. Transplant Proc 1996;28:945
167. Edelstein J, Tecimer T, Uestuener T, et al. Effect of FK506-versus cyclosporine A-based combination therapy on muscle/tendon and bone rejection in a preclinical composite tissue allograft. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1999
168. Buttemeyer R, Jones NF, Min Z, Rao U. Rejection of the component tissues of limb allografts in rats immunosuppressed with FK-506 and cyclosporine. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;97:139
169. Hotokebuchi T, Arai K, Arita C, et al. Limb allografts in skeletally immature rats with cyclosporin: Behavior of the growth plate. Transplant Proc 1989;21:3183
170. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Howard EB, et al. Diagnosis of rejection and functional analysis of composite tissue (CT) and skin allografts prolonged with cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1983;XV(4 suppl 1):3063
171. Hovius SER, van Adrichem LNA, van der Hiejden PMA, et al. Postoperative monitoring of allogeneic limb transplantation in rats. Ann Plast Surg 1988;21:559
172. Gottfried Y, Yaremchuk MJ, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. Immunologic and ultrastructural changes during early rejection of vascularized bone allografts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:860
173. Gornet MF, Randolph MA, Schofield BH, et al. Immunologic and ultrastructural changes during early rejection of vascularized bone allografts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:860
174. Innis PC, Randolph MA, Paskert JP, et al. Vascularized bone allografts: In vitro assessment of cell-mediated and humoral responses. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:315
175. Mohtai M, Hotokebuchi T, Arai K, Sugioka Y. Changes in growth-plate morphology associated with rejection of rat-limb allografts. J Bone Joint Surg 1992;74A:1375
176. Kuroki H, Ikuta Y. Nerve regeneration of vascularized rat limb allograft and functional recovery of long-term graft survival treated by short course of FK506 or cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1995;27:348
177. Sobrado L, Pollak R, Robichaux WH, et al. The survival and nature of the immune response to soft-tissue and composite-tissue allografts in rats treated with low-dose cyclosporine. Transplantation 1990;50:381
178. Kuroki H, Ishida O, Daisaku H, et al. Association of down-regulation of cytokine activity with rat hind limb allograft survival. Transplantation 1995;59:1475
179. Fealy MJ, Most D, Huie P, et al. Association of down-regulation of cytokine activity with rat hind limb allograft survival. Transplantation 1995;59:1475
180. Lee WPA, Yaremchuk MJ, Pan Y-C, et al. Relative antigenicity of components of a vascularized limb allograft. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:401
181. Ueda A, Ito M, Ishiguro N, et al. THY-1 antigen dendritic cells and rejection of composite tissue limb allografts in rats. Transplantation 1993;56:124
182. Codner MA, Shuster BA, Steinman RM, et al. Migration of donor leukocytes from limb allografts into host lymphoid tissues. Ann Plast Surg 1990;25:353
183. Hoffman LA, Codner MA, Shuster BA, et al. Donor leukocyte migration following extremity transplantation in an experimental model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;90:999
184. Gudemez E, Turegun M, Zins J, Siemionow M. Microvascular permeability following composite tissue transplantation. Ann Plast Surg 1998;41:519
185. Gudemez E, Turegun M, Porvasnik S, et al. Determination of hindlimb transplantation-induced vascular albumin leakage and leukocyte activation during the acute phase of rejection. J Reconstr Microsurg 1999;15:133
186. Ozer K, Adanali G, Zins J, Siemionow M. In vivo microscopic assessment of cremasteric microcirculation during hindlimb allograft rejection in rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:1949
187. Zeevi A. Immunomonitoring after human limb allotransplantation. Transplant Proc 1998;30:2711
188. Guzman-Stein G, Shons AR. Functional recovery in the rat limb transplant model: A preliminary study. Transplant Proc 1987;19:1115
189. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Aniael M, et al. Neuromuscular capabilities in long-term composite tissue allografts. Transplant Proc 1988;20:269
190. Maeda N, Ishiguro N, Inoue G, et al. Nerve regeneration in rat composite tissue allografts. J Reconstr Microsurg 1991;7:297
191. Bain JR, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA. Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal and posterior nerve lesions in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;83:129
192. Hare GMT, Evans PJ, Mackinnon SE. Walking track analysis: A long-term assessment of peripheral nerve recovery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:251
193. Gold BG, Storm-Dickerson T, Austin DR. The immunosuppressant FK506 increases functional recovery and nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Rest Neurol Neurosci 1994;6:298
194. Gold BG, Katoh K, Storm-Dickerson T. The immunosuppressant FK506 increases the rate of axonal regeneration in rat sciatic nerve. J Neurosci 1995;15:7509
195. Doolabh VB, Mackinnon SE. FK506 accelerates functional recovery following nerve grafting in a rat model. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103:1928
196. Meathrel KE, Jensen JN, Doolabh VB, et al. FK506 accelerates functional recovery following neurotmetic injury with delayed repair. 1999, in press
197. Mendez AB, Jensen JN, Doolabh VB, et al. FK506 accelerates axonal regeneration compared to cyclosporin A in a rat allograft model. 1999, in press
198. Nikolic B, Sykes M. Bone marrow chimerism and transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:634
199. Hamawy MM, Knechtle SJ. Strategies for tolerance induction in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:513
200. White DJG, Lim SML. The induction of tolerance by cyclosporine. Transplantation 1988;46(suppl):118S
201. Sykes S, Sachs DH. Bone marrow transplantation as a means of inducing tolerance. Sem Immunol 1990;2:401
202. Talmor M, Steinman RM, Codner MA, et al. Bone marrow-derived chimerism in non-irradiated, cyclosporin-treated rats receiving microvascularized limb transplants: Evidence for donor-derived dendritic cells in recipient lymphoid tissues. Immunology 1995;86:448
203. Hewitt CW, Black KS, Dowdy SF, et al. Composite tissue (limb) allografts in rats. III. Development of donor-host lymphoid chimeras in long-term survivors. Transplantation 1986;41:39
204. Hewitt CW, Black KS, Henson LE, et al. Lymphocyte chimerism in a full allogeneic composite tissue (rat-limb) allograft model prolonged with cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 1988;XX(2 suppl 2):272
205. Grisham GR, Black KS, Hewitt CW, et al. Prior administration of donor-strain epidermal cells or macrophages to enhance survival of rat hind-limb allografts. Transplantation 1987;44:572
206. Paskert JP, Yaremchuk MJ, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. Prolonging survival in vascularized bone allograft transplantation: Developing specific immune unresponsiveness. J Reconstr Microsurg 1987;3:253
207. Lee WPA, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ, Yaremchuk MJ. Prolonged survival of vascularized limb tissue allografts by donor irradiation. J Surg Res 1995;59:578
208. Siemionow M, Ozer K, Yetman R, et al. Combined anti-ICAM-1 and anti-LFA-1 therapy for composite allograft transplantation. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1999
209. Hiotis SP, Wnuk KL, Blumenthals WA, et al. Successful limb transplantation across a multi-minor barrier facilitated by preceding engraftment of T-cell-purged donor and recipient bone marrow. Transplant Proc 1999;31:692
210. Foster RD, Fan L, Niepp M, et al. Donor-specific tolerance induction in composite tissue allografts. Am J Surg 1998; 176:418
211. Foster R, Mathes S. Composite tissue allotransplantation without the use of long-term immunosuppression. Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, Colorado Springs, CO, May, 1999
212. Foster RD, Do H, Ascher N, et al. Composite tissue allotransplantation: Durable multilineage mixed chimerism and tolerance across major and minor histocompatibility barriers. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Pittsburgh, PA, May, 1999
213. Ramsamooj R, Llull R, Tatem LD, et al. Graft-versus-host disease in limb transplantation: Digital image analysis of bone marrow and TGF-beta expression in situ using a novel 3-D microscope. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2029
214. Woolley DS, Hou A, Strande L, et al. Vascularized bone marrow transplantation and graft-versus-host disease: Morphometric analysis of muscle. Transplant Proc 1994;26:3321
215. Hewitt CW, Englesbe MJ, Tatem LD, et al. Graft-versus-host disease in extremity transplantation: Digital image analysis of bone marrow in situ. Ann Plast Surg 1995;35:108
216. Tatem LD, Hirpara S, Dalsey RM, et al. Role of in situ IL-2r and TGF-beta expression in tolerant vascularized bone marrow (limb) transplant chimeras. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:2194
217. Lui LT, Lai YC, Yeh LS, et al. Irradiation or temporal variations in immunosuppressive schedules do not prevent graft-versus-host disease following rat limb allotransplantation. Transplant Proc 1998;30:3960
218. Hewitt CW, Ramsamooj R, Patel MR, et al. Development of stable mixed T-cell chimerism and transplantation tolerance without immune modulation in recipients of vascularized bone marrow allografts. Transplantation 1990;50:766
219. Yazdi B, Patel PT, Ramsamooj R, et al. Vascularized bone marrow transplantation (VBMT): Induction of stable mixed T-cell chimerism and transplantation in unmodified recipients. Transplant Proc 1991;23:739
220. Kabelitz D. Apoptosis, graft rejection, and transplantation tolerance. Transplantation 1998;65:869
221. Gratwohl A, Riederer I, Graf E, Speck B. Cyclosporine toxicity in rabbits. Lab Anim 1986;20:213
222. Gratwohl A, Forster I, Speck B. Skin grafts in rabbits with cyclosporin A: Absence of induction of tolerance and untoward side effects. Transplantation 1981;31:136
223. Egerszegi EP, Samulack DD, Daniel RK. Experimental models in primates for reconstructive surgery utilizing tissue transplants. Ann Plast Surg 1984;13:423
224. Daniel RK, Egerszegi EP, Samulack DD, et al. Tissue transplants in primates for upper extremity reconstruction: A preliminary report. J Hand Surg 1986;11A:1
225. Samulack DD, Dykes RW, Munker BL. Neurophysiologic aspects of allogeneic skin and upper extremity composite tissue transplantation in primates. Transplant Proc 1988;XX(suppl 2):279
226. Skanes SE, Samulack DD, Daniel RK. Tissue transplantation for reconstructive surgery. Transplant Proc 1986; XVIII:898
227. Samulack DD, Munger BL, Dykes RW, Daniel RK. Neuroanatomical evidence of reinnervation in primate allografted (transplanted) skin during cyclosporine immunosuppression. Neurosci Lett 1986;72:1
228. Stark GB, Swartz WM, Narayanan R, Moller A. Hand transplantation in baboons. Transplant Proc 1987;XIX:3968
229. Hovius SER, Stevens HP JD, van Nierop PWM, et al. Allogeneic transplantation of the radial side of the hand in the rhesus monkey. I. Technical aspects. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:700
230. Stevens HP JD, Hovius SER, Vuzevski VD, et al. Immunological aspects of allogeneic partial hand transplantation in the rhesus monkey. Transplant Proc 1990;22:2006
231. Stevens HJ JD, Hovius SER, Heeney JL, et al. Immunologic aspects of complications of composite tissue allografting for upper extremity reconstruction: A study in the rhesus monkey. Transplant Proc 1991;23:623
232. Chiron P, Colombier JA, Tricoire JL, et al. A large vascularized allograft of the femoral diaphysis in man (French). Int Orthop 1990;14:269
233. Hofmann GO, Kirschner MH, Buehren V, Land W. Allogeneic vascularized transplantation of a human femoral diaphysis under cyclosporine A immunosuppression. Transpl Int 1995;8:418
234. Kirschner MH, Wagner FD, Nerlich A, et al. Allogenic grafting of vascularized bone segments under immunosuppression: Clinical results in the transplantation of femoral diaphyses. Transpl Int 1998;11:195
235. Doi K, Akino T, Shigetomi M, et al. Vascularized bone allografts: Review of current concepts. Microsurgery 1994; 15:831
236. Hofmann GO, Kirschner MH, Wagner FD, et al. Allogeneic vascularized grafting of a human knee joint with postoperative immunosuppression. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1997;116:125
237. Hofmann GO, Kirschner MH, Brauns L, et al. Vascularized knee joint transplantation in man: A report on the first cases. Transpl Int 1998;11 suppl 1:S487
238. Hofmann GO, Kirschner MH, Wagner FD, et al. Allogeneic vascularized grafting of human knee joints under postoperative immunosuppression of the recipient. World J Surg 1998;22:818
239. Mackinnon SE. Nerve allotransplantation following severe tibial nerve injury: Case report. J Neurosurg 1996; 84:6;71
240. Mackinnon SE, Hudson AR. Clinical application of peripheral nerve transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;90:695
241. Black KS, Hewitt CW, Henson LE, et al. Cyclosporine-induced long-term allograft survival and its potential in posttrauma tissue replacement. J Burn Care Rehabil 1987;8:531
242. Jones TR, Humphrey PA, Brennan DC. Transplantation of vascularized allogeneic skeletal muscle for scalp reconstruction in a renal transplant patient. Transplant Proc 1998;30:2746
243. Black KS, Hewitt CW. Report: Composite Tissue Transplantation Workshop. Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service. Washington, DC, 1991
244. Barker JH, Jones JW, Breidenbach WC (eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Composite Tissue Allotransplantation (Forward). Transplant Proc 1998;30: 2787
245. Barker JH, Jones JW, Briedenbach WC (eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Composite Tissue Allotransplantation (Closing Remarks). Transplant Proc 1998;30:2787
246. Penn I. Cancers following cyclosporine therapy. Transplantation 1987;43:32
247. First MR, Peddi VR. Malignancies complicating organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998;30:2768
248. Hentz VR, Cooney WP. Hand transplant surgery - ASSH shares its views. ASSH News 1998(Nov);17:4
249. Hojo M, Morimoto T, Maluccio M, et al. Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature 1999;397:530
250. Graham B, Adkins P, Tsai T-M, et al. Major replantation versus revision amputation and prosthetic fitting in the upper extremity: A late functional outcome study. J Hand Surg 1998;23A:783
251. Murray JE. Current evaluation on kidney transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1964;34:93