Renewal of photoreceptor outer segments and their phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 196, Issue , 2000, Pages 245-313

  Nguyen Legros, Jeanine ^a   Hicks, David ^a  

^a INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Biological rhythms; Cell signalization; Disc shedding; Gene control; Neuromodulators; Pigment epithelium phagocytosis; Receptors; Retina

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE; ADRENALIN; CALCIUM; CD36 ANTIGEN; CELL PROTEIN; CYCLIC AMP; CYTOKINE; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCOPROTEIN; GROWTH FACTOR; INTEGRIN RECEPTOR; LIPOFUSCIN; MANNOSE RECEPTOR; MELATONIN; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITRIC OXIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE; RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN;

CELL RENEWAL; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CYTOPLASM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EXPLANT; HUMAN; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; MONOLAYER CULTURE; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHAGOSOME; PHOTORECEPTOR; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RETINA CONE; RETINA ROD OUTER SEGMENT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE;

EID: 0034098575     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)96006-6     Document Type: Review

References (382)

1. Ahmed, J., and Engbretson, G. A. (1993). Disk shedding in the absence of a pigment epithelium in the lizard parietal eye. Vision Res. 33, 2637-2643.
2. Allen, D. M. (1995). Thermal control of rod outer segment length and shedding in a fish, Fundulus zebrinus. Exp. Eye Res. 61, 165-171.
3. Alliegro, M. C., and Linz, L. A. (1997). Novel characteristics of a myosin isolated from mammalian retinal pigment epithelium and endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 227, 8759-8763.
4. Allikmets, R., Shroyer, N. F., Singh, N., Seddon, J. M., Lewis, R. A., Bernstein, P. S., Peiffer, A., Zabriskie, N. A., Li, Y., Hutchinson, A., Dean, M., Lupski, J. R., and Leppert, M. (1997). Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science 277, 1805-1807.
5. Ammar, D. A., Hughes, B. A., Thompson, D. A. (1998). Neuropeptide Y and the retinal pigment epithelium: Receptor subtypes, signaling and bioelectrical responses. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1870-1878.
6. Anderson, D. H., and Fisher, S. K. (1975). The photoreceptors of diurnal squirrels: Outer segment structure, disc shedding, and protein renewal. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55, 119-141.
7. Anderson, D. H., and Fisher, S. K. (1979). The relationship of primate foveal cones to the pigment epithelium. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 67, 23-32.
8. Anderson, D. H., Fisher, S. K., and Steinberg, R. H. (1978). Mammalian cones: Disc shedding, phagocytosis, and renewal. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 17, 117-133.
9. Anderson, D. H., Fisher, S. K., Erickson, P. A., and Tabor, G. A. (1980). Rod and cone disc shedding in the rhesus monkey retina: A quantitative study. Exp. Eye Res. 30, 559-574.
10. Anderson, D. H., Stern, W. H., Fisher, S. K., Erickson, P. A., and Borgula, G. A. (1983). Retinal detachment in the cat. The pigment epithelial-photoreceptor interface. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24, 906-926.
11. Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., and Hagemann, G. S. (1995). Vitronectin receptor expression and distribution at the photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial interface. J. Comp. Neurol. 306, 1-16.
12. Araki, M. (1984). Immunocytochemical study of photoreceptor cell differentiation in the cultured retina of the chick. Dev. Biol. 103, 313-319.
13. Arikawa, K., Molday, L. L., Molday, R. S., and Williams, D. S. (1992). Localization of peripherin/rds in the disk membranes of cone and rod photoreceptors: Relationship to disk membrane morphogenesis and retinal degeneration. J. Cell Biol. 116, 659-667.
14. Bairati, A. Jr., and Orzalesi, N. (1963). The ultrastructure of the pigment epithelium and of the photoreceptor pigment epithelium junction in the human retina. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 9, 484-496.
15. 3H-fucose technique. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 23, 319-331.
16. Basu, P. K., Sarkar, P., Menon, I., Carré, F., and Persad, S. (1983). Bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro: Growth characteristics, morphology, chromosomes, phagocytosis ability, tyrosinase activity and effect of freezing. Exp. Eye Res. 36, 671-683.
17. Becquet, F., Courtois, Y., and Goureau, O. (1994a). Nitric oxide decreases in vitro phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 159, 256-263.
18. Becquet, F., Goureau, O., Soubrane, G., Coscas, G., Courtois, D., and Hicks, D. (1994b). Superoxide inhibits proliferation and phagocytic internalization of photoreceptor outer segments by bovine retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 212, 374-382.
19. Beitz, E., Völkel, H., Guo, Y., and Schultz, J. E. (1998). Adenylyl cyclase type 7 is the predominant isoform in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Acta Anat. 162, 157-162.
20. Bennett, C. F., and Crooke, S. T. (1987). Purification and characterization of a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from guinea pig uterus. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 13789-13797.
21. Bernstein, P. S., Lloyd, M. B., O'Day, W. T., and Bok, D. (1992). Effect of phytanic acid on cultured retinal pigment epithelium: An in vitro model for Refsum's disease. Exp. Eye Res. 55, 869-878.
22. Besharse, J. C. (1986). Photosensitive membrane turnover: Differentiated membrane domains and cell-cell interaction. In "The Retina" (R. Adler and D. Farber, Eds.), pp. 297-352. Academic Press, London.
23. Besharse, J. C., and Defoe, D. N. (1998). The role of retinal pigment epithelium in photorecep-tor membrane turnover. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (M. F. Marmor and T. J. Wolfensberger, Eds.), pp. 152-172. Oxford University Press, New York.
24. Besharse, J. C., and Dunis, D. A. (1982). Rod photoreceptor disc shedding in vitro: Inhibition by cytochalasins and activation by colchicine. In "The Structure of the Eye" (J. G. Hollyfield, Ed.), pp. 85-96. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
25. Besharse, J. C., and Dunis, D. A. (1983). Methoxyindoles and photoreceptor metabolism: Activation of rod shedding. Science 219, 1341-1343.
26. Besharse, J. C., and Iuvone, P. M. (1983). Circadian clock in Xenopus eye controlling serotonin-N-acetyltransferase. Nature 305, 133-135.
27. Besharse, J. C., and Spratt, G. (1988). Excitatory amino acids and rod photoreceptor disc shedding: Analysis using specific antagonists. Exp. Eye Res. 47, 609-620.
28. Besharse, J. C., Spratt, G., and Forester, D. M. (1986). Light-induced and kainic acid-induced disc shedding by rod photoreceptors: Differential sensitivity to extracellular calcium. J. Comp. Neurol. 251, 185-197.
29. Birkle, D. L., Rossowska, M., Woodland, J., and Bazan, N. G. (1989). Increased levels of leukotrienes C2 in retinal pigment epithelium are correlated with early events in photorecep-tor shedding in Xenopus laevis. Curr. Eye Res. 8, 557-561.
30. Blazynski, C. (1990). Discrete distribution of adenosine receptors in mammalian retina. J. Neurochem. 54, 648-655.
31. 2 receptors in bovine RPE membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 56, 595-599.
32. Blazynski, C., and Perez, M. T. R. (1991). Neuroregulatory functions of adenosine in the retina. Prog. Retinal Res. 11, 293-332.
33. Boesze-Battaglia, K., Albert, A. D., Frye, J. S., and Yeagle, P. L. (1996). Differential membrane protein phosphorylation in bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membranes as a function of disk age. Biosci. Rep. 16, 289-297.
34. Bok, D., and Hall, M. O. (1971). The role of the pigment epithelium in the etiology of inherited dystrophy in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 49, 664-682.
35. Bok, D., and Young, R. W. (1979). Phagocytic properties of the retinal pigment epithelium. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (K. M. Zinn and M. F. Marmor, Eds.), pp. 148-174. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
36. Bondy, S. C., Ali, S. F., Hong, J. S., Wilson, W. E., Fletcher, T., and Chader, G. (1983). Neurotransmitter-related features of the retinal pigment epithelium. Neurochem. Int. 5, 285-290.
37. Boulton, M. (1991). Ageing of the retinal pigment epithelium. Prog. Retinal Res. 11, 125-151.
38. Bourne, M. C., Campbell, D. A., and Tansley, K. (1938). Hereditary degeneration of the rat retina. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 22, 613-623.
39. Bronstein, J. M., Wasterlain, C. G., Bok, D., Lasher, R., and Farber, D. B. (1988). Localization of retinal calmodulin kinase. Exp. Eye Res. 47, 391-403.
40. Bruinink, A., Dawis, S., Niemeyer, G., and Lichtensteiger, W. (1986). Catecholamine binding sites in cat retina, pigment epithelium and choroid. Exp. Eye Res. 43, 147-151.
41. Bubenik, G. A., and Purtill, R. A. (1980). The role of melatonin and dopamine in retinal physiology. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 58, 1457-1462.
42. Bugnon, O., Schaad, N. E., and Schorderet, M. (1994). Nitric oxide modulates endogenous dopamine release in bovine retina. NeuroReport 5, 401-404.
43. Bugra, K., Olivier, L., Jacquemin, E., Laurent, M., Courtois, Y., and Hicks, D. (1993). Acidic fibroblast growth factor is expressed abundantly by photoreceptors within the developing and mature rat retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 1586-1595.
44. Burke, J., and Skumatz, C. M. B. (1998). Autofluorescent inclusions in long-term post confluent cultures of retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1478-1486.
45. Burke, J., and Soref, C. (1988). Topographical variation in growth in cultured bovine retinal pigmented epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 29, 1784-1788.
46. Burnside, M. B. (1976). Possible role of microtubules and actin filaments in retinal pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 23, 257-275.
47. Burnside, M. B. (1998). Molecular motors of the RPE. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), 684a.
48. Burnside, M. B., and Bost-Usinger, L. (1998). The retinal pigment epithelium cytoskeleton. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (M. F. Marmor and T. J. Wolfensberger, Eds.), pp. 41-67. Oxford University Press, New York.
49. Burnside, M. B., and Laties, D. M. (1976). Actin filaments in apical projections of the primate pigmented epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 15, 570-578.
50. Cabral, L., Unger, W., Boulton, M., and Marshall, J. (1988). A microsystem to study lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 7, 1097-1104.
51. Cahill, G. M., and Besharse, J. C. (1995). Circadian rhythmicity in vertebrate retinas: Regulation by a photoreceptor oscillator. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 14, 267-291.
52. Caldwell, R. B. (1989). Extracellular matrix alterations precede vascularization of the retinal pigment epithelium in dystrophic rats. Curr. Eye Res. 8, 907-921.
53. Chader, G. J. (1985). Cyclic nucleotides of the retina and pigment epithelium. Metabolism, control mechanisms, and involvement in physiological processes. In "Retinal Transmitters and Modulators: Models for the Brain" (W. W. Morgan, Ed.), pp. 1-63. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
54. Chaitin, M. H., and Hall, M. O. (1983). Distribution of actin in cultured normal and dystrophic rat pigmented epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24, 821-830.
55. Chaitin, M. H., Schneider, B. G., Hall, M. O., and Papermaster, D. P. (1984). Actin in the photoreceptor connecting cilium: Immunocytochemical localization to the site of outer segment disk formation. J. Cell Biol. 99, 239-247.
56. Chang, C.-W., Roque, R. S., Defoe, D. M., and Caldwell, R. B. (1991). An improved technique for isolation and culture of pigment epithelial cells from rat retina. Curr. Eye Res. 10, 1081-1086.
57. Chang, C.-W., Defoe, D. M., and Caldwell, R. B. (1997). Retinal pigment epithelial cells from dystrophic rats form normal tight junctions in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 188-195.
58. Clark, V. M. (1991). Normal and dystrophic rat retinal pigment epithelia display different sensitivities to plant lectins. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 32, 327-335.
59. Clark, V. M. (1986). The cell biology of the retinal pigment epithelium. In "The Retina. A Model for Cell Biology Studies," Part II, (R. Adler and D. Farber, eds.) pp. 129-168. Academic Press, London.
60. Clancy, R. M., Leszczynska-Piziak, J., and Abramson, S. B. (1993). Nitric oxide stimulates the ADP-ribosylation of actin in human neutrophils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 191, 847-852.
61. Colley, N. J., and Hall, M. O. (1986). Phagocytosis of light- and dark-adapted rod outer segments by cultured RPE cells: A reassessment. Exp. Eye Res. 42, 323-329.
62. Colley, N. J., Clark, V. M., and Hall, M. O. (1987). Surface modification of retinal pigment epithelial cells: Effects on phagocytosis and glycoprotein composition. Exp. Eye Res. 44, 377-392.
63. Coulombre, A. J. (1979). Roles of the retinal pigment epithelium in the development of ocular tissue. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (M. F. Marmor and K. M. Zinn, Eds.), pp. 33-57. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
64. Curcio, C. A., Millican, C. L., Allen, K. A., and Kalina, R. E. (1993). Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: Evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34, 3278-3296.
65. Custer, N. V., and Bok, D. (1975). Pigment epithelium photoreceptor interactions in the normal and dystrophic rat retina. Exp. Eye Res. 21, 153-166.
66. Da Prada, M. (1977). Dopamine content and synthesis in retina and nucleus accumbens septi: Pharmacology and light-induced modifications. In "Advance in Biochemical Psychopharmacology," Vol. 16, (E. Costa and G. L. Gessa, Eds.), pp. 311-319. Raven Press, New York.
67. Das, S. R., Bhardwaj, N., Kjeldbye, H., and Gouras, P. (1992). Müller cells of chicken retina synthesize II-cas retinol. Biochem. J. 285, 907-913.
68. Davis, A. A., Bernstein, P. S., Bok, D., Turner, J., Nachtigal, M., and Hunt, R. C. (1995). A human retinal pigment epithelial cell line that retains epithelial characteristics after prolonged culture. Invest. Opthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, 955-964.
69. Defoe, D. M., Matsumoto, B., and Besharse, J. C. (1992). Reconstitution of the photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interface: L-Glutamate stimulation of adhesive interactions and rod disc shedding after recombination of dissociated Xenopus laevis eyecup. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 903-911.
70. Del Cerro, M., Notter, M. F., Wiegand, S. J., Jiang, L. Q., and Del Cerro, C. (1988). Intraretinal transplantation of fluorescently labeled retinal cell suspensions. Neurosci. Lett. 92, 21-26.
71. Del Cerro, M. (1990). Retinal transplants. Prog. Retina Res. 9, 229-272.
72. 1 dopamine receptors in the retina of adult and senescent rats. Physiological and pharmacological modulation. In "Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Vision" (I. Bodis-Wollner and M. Piccolino, Eds.), pp. 71-93. Liss, New York.
73. Djamgoz, M. B. A., Cunningham, J. R., Davenport, S. L., and Neal, M. J. (1995). Nitric oxide inhibits depolarization-induced release of endogenous dopamine in the rabbit retina. Neurosci. Lett. 198, 33-36.
74. Do Nascimento, J. L. M., Kubrusly, R. C. C., Reis, R. A. M., De Mello, M. C. F., and De Mello, F. G. (1998). Atypical effect of dopamine in modulating the functional inhibition of NMDA receptors of cultured retina cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 98, 103-110.
75. Dowling, J. D., and Sidman, R. L. (1962). Inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat. J. Cell Biol. 14, 73-109.
76. Droz, B. (1963). Dynamic condition of proteins in the visual cells of rats and mice as shown by radioautography with labeled amino acids. Anat. Rec. 145, 157-168.
77. 35S] -méthionine au niveau de la rétine de souris. C. R. Soc. Biol. CLVII, 2136-2140.
78. Dubocovich, M. L. (1988). Role of melatonin in retina. Prog. Retina Res. 8, 129-151.
79. Eckmiller, M. S. (1997). Morphogenesis and renewal of cone outer segments. Prog. Retina Eye Res. 16, 402-441.
80. Edwards, R. B. (1981). The isolation and culturing of retinal pigment epithelium of the rat. Vision Res. 21, 147-150.
81. Edwards, R. B. (1983). The use of tissue culture techniques to study normal and diseased retinal pigment epithelium. Prog. Retinal Res. 2, 51-66.
82. Edwards, R. B., and Bakshian, S. (1980). Phagocytosis of outer segments by cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium: Reduction by cAMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19, 1184-1187.
83. Edwards, R. B., and Flaherty, P. M. (1986). Association of changes in intracellular cyclic AMP with changes in phagocytosis in cultured rat pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 5, 19-26.
84. Edwards, R. B., and Szamier, R. B. (1977). Defective phagocytosis of isolated rod outer segments by cultured rat pigment epithelial cells. Science, 197, 1001-1003.
85. Eisenfeld, A. J., Bunt-Milam, A. H., and Sarthy, P. V. (1984). Müller cell expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein after genetic and experimental photoreceptor degeneration in the rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 25, 1321-1328.
86. Eldred, G. E. (1993). Biochemical ageing in the retina and RPE. Prog. Retinal Res. 12, 101-131.
87. El Hifnawi, E. (1987). Pathomorphology of the retina and its vasculature in hereditary retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat retina. In "Research in Retinitis Pigmentosa," Vol. 62 (E. Zrenner, H. Krastel, and H.-H. Goebel, Eds.), Advances in the Biosciences series, pp. 417-434. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
88. Einer, V. M., Schaffer, T., Taylor, K., and Glasgow, S. (1981). Immunophagocytic properties of RPE cells. Science 211, 74-76.
89. Ershov, A. V., and Bazan, N. G. (1998). ROS phagocytosis regulated gene expression in RPE cells. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), S. 162.
90. Ershov, A. V., and Stroeva, O. G. (1989). Retinal pigment epithelium of newborn rats is capable of phagocytosis of rod outer segments in vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 49, 459-468.
91. Ershov, A. V., Lukiw, W. J., and Bazan, N. G. (1996). Selective transcription factor induction in retinal pigment epithelial cells during photoreceptor phagocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 28458-28462.
92. Fain, G. L., and Lisman, J. E. (1993). Photoreceptor degeneration in vitamin A deprivation and retinitis pigmentosa: The equivalent light hypothesis. Exp. Eye Res. 57, 335-340.
93. Faktorovich, E. G., Steinberg, R. H., Yasumura, D., Matthes, M. T., and LaVail, M. M. (1990). Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature 347, 83-86.
94. Farber, D. B., Flannery, J. G., and Bowes-Rickman, C. (1994). The rd mouse story: Seventy years of research on an animal model of inherited retinal degeneration. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 13, 31-64.
95. Fariss, R. N., Molday, R. S., Fisher, S. K., and Matsumoto, B. (1997). Evidence from normal and degenerating photoreceptors that two outer segment integral membrane proteins have separate transport pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 387, 148-156.
96. Farrar, G. J., Kenna, P., Jardan, S. A., Kumar-Singh, R., Humphries, M. M., Sharp, E. M., Shells, D. M., and Humphries, P. (1991). A three-base pair deletion in the peripherin/rak gene in one form of retinitis pigmentosa. Nature 354, 478-480.
97. 2+ influx: How many mechanisms for how many channels? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15, 77-83.
98. Feldman, E. L., and Randolph, A. E. (1993). Peptide stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34, 431-437.
99. Feldman, E. L., Randolph, A. E., Johnston, G. C., DelMonte, M. A., and Greens, D. A. (1991). Receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human retinal pigment epithelium. J. Neurochem. 56, 2094-2100.
100. Feeney, L. (1978). Lipofuscin and melanin of the human retinal pigment epithelium: Fluorescence, enzyme cytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 17, 583-600.
101. Feeney, L., and Mixon, R. N. (1976). An in vitro model of phagocytosis in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 22, 533-548.
102. Ferré, S., Fredholm, B. B., Morelli, M., Popoli, P., and Fuxe, K. (1997). Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 20, 482-487.
103. 5 integrin mediated phagocytosis pathway of RPE cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 3388a.
104. Fisher, S. K., Pfeffer, B. A., and Anderson, D. H. (1983). Both rod and cone disc shedding are related to light onset in the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24, 844-855.
105. Flood, M. T., Gouras, P., Kjeldbye, H. (1980). Growth characteristics and ultrastructure of human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19, 1309-1320.
106. Frambach, D. A., Fain, G. I., Farber, D. B., and Bok, D. (1990). Beta-adrenergic receptors on cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 31, 1767-1772.
107. Fredholme, B. B., Abbracchio, M. P., Daly, J. W., Harden, T. K., Jacobson, K., A., Leff, P., and Williams, P. (1994). Nomenclature and classification of purinoreceptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 46, 143-156.
108. Friedman, Z., Hackett, S. F., and Campochiaro, P. A. (1987). Characterization of adenylate cyclase in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 44, 471-479.
109. Friedman, Z., Hackett, S. F., and Campochiaro, P. A. (1988). Human pigment epithelial cells possess muscarinic receptors coupled to calcium mobilization. Brain Res. 446, 11-16.
110. 2-adenosine receptors. Brain Res. 492, 29-35.
111. Friedman, Z., Delahunty, T. M., Linden, J., and Campochiaro, P. A. (1991). Human retinal pigment epithelial cells possess Vi vasopressin receptors. Curr. Eye Res. 10, 811-816.
112. Funahashi, M., Okisaka, S., and Kuwabara, T. (1976). Phagocytosis by the monkey pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 23, 217-225.
113. Furukawa, T., Morrow, E. M., and Cepko, C. L. (1997). Crx, a novel otx-like homeobox gene, shows photoreceptor-specific expression and regulates photoreceptor differentiation. Cell 91, 531-541.
114. Gaur, V. P., Liu, Y., and Turner, J. E. (1992). RPE-conditioned medium stimulates photoreceptor cell survival, neurite outgrowth and differentiation in vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 645-659.
115. Gekakis, N., Staknis, D., Nguyen, H. B., Davis, F. G., Wilsbacher, L. D., King, D. P., Takahashi, J. S., and Weitz, C. J. (1998). Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science 280, 1584-1589.
116. Goldberg, A. F., and Molday, R. S. (1996a). Defective subunit assembly underlies a digenic form of retinitis pigmentosa linked to mutations in peripherin/rds and rom-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13726-13730.
117. Goldberg, A. F., and Molday, R. S. (1996b). Sub-unit composition of the peripherin/rds-rom-1 disk rim complex from rod photoreceptors: Hydrodynamic evidence for a tetrameric quaternary structure. Biochemistry 35, 6144-6149.
118. Goldberg, A. F., Moritz, O. L., and Molday, R. S. (1995). Heterologous expression of photoreceptor peripherin/rds and Rom-1 in COS-1 cells: Assembly, interactions, and localization of multisubunit complexes. Biochemistry 34, 14213-14219.
119. Goldberg, A. F., Loewen, C. J., and Molday, R. S. (1998). Cysteine residues of photoreceptor peripherin/rds: Role in subunit assembly and autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Biochemistry 37, 680-685.
120. Goldman, A. I., and O'Brien, P. J. (1978). Phagocytosis in retinal pigment epithelium of the RCS rat. Science 201, 1023-1025.
121. Gordon, W. C. and Keith, M. E. (1987). Tubocurarine chloride inhibits rod outer segment shedding in the frog retina. Invest. Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 28, 1030-1032.
122. Goureau, O., Lepoivre, M., and Courtois, Y. (1992). Lipopolysaccharide and cytokines induce a macrophage-type nitric oxide synthase in bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 854-859.
123. Grace, M. S., Wang, L. A., Pickard, G. E., Besharse, J. C., and Menaker, M. (1996). The tau mutation shortens the period of rhythmic photoreceptor outer segment disk shedding in the hamster. Brain Res. 735, 93-100.
124. Greenberg, S. (1995). Signal transduction of phagocytosis. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 93-99.
125. Greenberger, L. M., and Besharse, J. C. (1985). Stimulation of photoreceptor disc shedding by glutamate, aspartate and other amino acids. J. Comp. Neurol. 239, 361-372.
126. Gregory, C. Y., and Hall, M. O. (1992). The phagocytosis of ROS by RPE cells is inhibited by an antiserum to rat RPE cell plasma membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 843-851.
127. Gregory, C. Y., Converse, C., and Foulds, W. (1990). Effects of glycoconjugates on rod outer segment phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelial explants in vitro by a specific double radioimmunoassay procedure. Curr. Eye Res. 9, 65-76.
128. 2 adenosine receptors inhibits the ingestion of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 819-825.
129. Griffin, P. M., Griffin, J. A., Leider, J. E., and Silverstein, S. C. (1975). Studies on the mechanism of phagocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 142, 1263-1283.
130. Gundersen, D., Powell, S. K., and Rodriguez-Boulan, E. (1993). Apical polarization of N-CAM in retinal pigment epithelium is dependent on contact with the neural retina. J. Cell Biol. 121, 335-343.
131. Hadjiconstantinou, M., Mariani, A. P., Panula, P., Joh, T. H., and Neff, N. H. (1984). Immuno-histochemical evidence for epinephrine-containing retinal amacrine cells. Neuroscience 13, 547-551.
132. Hageman, G. S., and Johnson, L. V. (1990). Structure, composition and function of the retinal interphotoreceptor matrix. Prog. Retinal Res. 10, 207-249.
133. Haley, J. E., Flood, H. T., Gouras, P., and Kjeldbye, H. M. (1983). Proteins from human retinal pigment epithelial cells: Evidence that a major protein is actin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24, 803-811.
134. Hall, M. O., and Abrams, T. A. (1987). Kinetic studies of the rod outer segment binding and ingestion by cultured rat RPE cells. Exp. Eye Res. 45, 907-922.
135. Hall, M. O., and Abrams, T. A. (1991). RPE cells from normal rats do not secrete a factor which enhances the phagocytosis of ROS by dystrophic rat RPE cells. Exp. Eye Res. 52, 461-464.
136. Hall, M. O., and Quon, D. S. (1981). Tissue culture of rat pigment epithelium on different supporting media. Vision Res. 21, 127-132.
137. Hall, M. O., Burgess, B. L., Arakawa, H., and Fliesler, S. J. (1990). The effect of inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis on the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Glycobiology 1, 51-61.
138. Hall, M. O., Abrams, T. A., and Mittag, T. W. (1991). ROS ingestion by RPE cells is turned off by increased protein kinase C activity and by increased calcium. Exp. Eye Res. 52, 591-598.
139. Hall, M. O., Abrams, T. A., and Mittag, T. W. (1993). The phagocytosis of rod outer segments is inhibited by drugs linked to cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34, 2392-2401.
140. Hall, M. O., Burgess, B. L., Abrams, T. A., Ershov, A. V., and Gregory, C. Y. (1996). Further studies on the identification of the phagocytosis receptor of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 63, 255-264.
141. Hall, M. O., Burgess, B. L., and Abrams, T. A. (1998). Molecular studies of a candidate receptor for outer segment phagocytosis. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), S.163.
142. Hamel, C., and Marlhens, F. (1998). Des mutations de gènes contrôlant le métabolisme des rétinoïdes 11-cis responsables de dystrophies rétiniennes sévères. Med. Sci. 14, 754-757.
143. Hanoune, J., Pouille, Y., Tzavara, E., Shen, T., Lipskaya, L., Miyamoto, N., Suzuki, Y., and Defer, N. (1997). Adenylyl cyclases: Structure, regulation, and function in an enzyme superfamily. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 128, 179-194.
144. Hasegawa, M., and Cahill, G. M. (1998). Cyclic AMP resets the circadian clock in cultured Xenopus retinal photoreceptor layers. J. Neurochem. 70, 1523-1531.
145. Hayashi, A., Nakae, K., Naka, H., Ohji, M., and Tano, Y. (1996). Cytokine effects on phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells of normal and dystrophic rats. Curr. Eye Res. 15, 487-499.
146. Hayes, K. C., Lindsey, S., Stephan, Z. F., and Brecker, D. (1989). Retinal pigment epithelium possesses both LDL and scavenger receptor activity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 30, 225-232.
147. Herron, W. L., Riegel, B. W., Meyers, D. E., and Rubin, M. L. (1969). Retinal dystrophy in the rat: A pigment epithelial disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. 8, 595-604.
148. Heth, C. A., and Marescalchi, P. A. (1994). Inositol triphosphate generation in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 409-416.
149. Heth, C. A., and Schmidt, S. Y. (1988). Protein phosphorylation in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium. Effects of protein kinase C activation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 29, 1794-1799.
150. Heth, C. A., and Schmidt, S. Y. (1991). Phagocytic challenge induces changes in phosphorylation of retinal pigment epithelium proteins. Curr. Eye Res. 10, 1049-1057.
151. Heth, C. A., and Schmidt, S. Y. (1992). Protein phosphorylation in retinal pigment epithelium of Long Evans and RCS rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 2839-2847.
152. Heth, C. A., Yankauckas, M. A., Adamian, M., and Edwards, R. B. (1987). Characterization of retinal pigment epithelial cells cultured on microporous filters. Curr. Eye Res. 6, 1007-1019.
153. Heth, C. A., Marescalchi, P. A., and Ye, L. (1995). IP3 generation increases rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured RCS rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, 984-989.
154. Hjelmeland, L. M. (1999). Senescence of the retinal pigmented epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 40, 1-2.
155. 3H]butyric acid from cultured amacrine-like neurons mediated by different excitatory amino acid receptors. J. Neurochem. 56, 923-932.
156. Hogan, M. J., Wood, I., and Steinberg, R. H. (1974). Phagocytosis by pigment epithelium of human retinal cones. Nature 252, 305-307.
157. Hollyfield, J. G. (1976). Phagocytic capabilities of the pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 22, 457-468.
158. Hollyfield, J. G., and Basinger, S. F. (1978). Photoreceptor shedding can be initiated within the eye. Nature 274, 794-796.
159. Hollyfield, J. G., and Rayborn, M. E. (1979). Photoreceptor outer segment development: Light and dark regulate the rate of membrane addition and loss. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 18, 117-132.
160. Hollyfield, J. G., and Ward, A. (1974). Phagocytic activity in the retinal pigment epithelium of the frog Rana pipiens. I. Uptake of polystyrene spheres. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 46, 327-338.
161. Hollyfield, D.H., and Witkovsky, P. (1974). Pigment retinal epithelium involvement in photore-ceptor development and function. J. Exp. Zool. 189, 357-378.
162. Hollyfield, D. H., Besharse, J. C., and Rayborn, M. E. (1977). Turnover of rod photoreceptor outer segments: Membrane addition and loss in relation to temperature. J. Cell Biol. 75, 490-506.
163. Hughes, B. A., Gallemore, R. P., and Miller, S. S. (1998). Transport mechanisms in the retinal pigment epithelium. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (M. F. Marmor and T. J. Wolfensberger, Eds.), pp. 103-134. Oxford University Press, New York.
164. Humphries, M. M., Rancourt, D., Farrar, G. J., et al. (1997). Retinopathy induced in mice by targeted disruption of the rhodopsin gene. Nat. Genet. 15, 216-219.
165. Hunt, R. C. (1994). Intermediate filaments and other cytoskeletal structures in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 13, 125-145.
166. Hynes, R. O. (1992). Integrins: Versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69, 11-25.
167. Ignarro, L., Lint, T., and George, W. (1974). Hormonal control of lysosomal enzyme release from human neutrophils. Effects of autonomic agents on enzyme release, phagocytosis and cyclic nucleotide levels. J. Exp. Med. 139, 1395-1414.
168. Ishikawa, T., and Yamada, E. (1970). The degradation of the photoreceptor outer segments within the pigment epithelial cell of rat retina. J. Electron Microsc. 19, 85-91.
169. Jluvone, P. M. (1996). Circadian rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis in retinal photoreceptor cells. Signal transduction, interaction with dopamine, and speculation on the role in cell survival. In "Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration" (S. Kato, N. N. Osborne, and M. Tamai, Eds.), pp. 3-13. Kugler Publishers, Amsterdam.
170. 1 dopamine receptors in cultured chick retinal neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 2179-2185.
171. Jiang, L. Q., and Hamasaki, D. (1994). Corneal electroretinogram function rescued by normal retinal pigment epithelial grafts in retinal degenerative Royal College of Surgeons rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 4300-4309.
172. Jiang, M., Pandey, S., Tran, V. T., and Fong, H. K. W. (1991). Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3907-3911.
173. Jones, G. J., Crouch, R. K., Wiggert, B., Cornwall, M. C., and Chader, G. J. (1989). Retinoid requirements for recovery of sensitivity after visual pigment-bleaching in isolated photore-ceptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 9606-9610.
174. Kaplan, M. W., Iwata, R. T., and Sterrett, C. B. (1990). Retinal detachment prevents normal assembly of disk membranes in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 31, 1-8.
175. Katz, M. L., and Robison, W. G. (1984). Age-related changes in the retinal pigment epithelium of pigmented rats. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 137-151.
176. Katz, M. L., Stone, W. L., and Dratz, E. A. (1978). Fluorescent pigment accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium of antioxidant-deficient rats. Invest. Opthalmol. Visual Sci. 17, 1049-1058.
177. Katz, M. L., Kutryb, M. J., Norberg, M., Gao, C.-L., White, R. H., and Stark, W. S. (1991). Maintenance of opsin density in photoreceptor outer segments of retinoid-deprived rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 32, 1968.
178. Katz, M. L., Norberg, M., and Stientjes, H. J. (1992). Reduced phagosomal content of the retinal pigment epithelium in response to retinoid deprivation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 2612-2618.
179. Katz, M. L., Gao, C.-L., and Rice, L. M. (1996). Formation of lipofuscin-like fluorophores by reaction of retinal with photoreceptor outer segments and liposomes. Mechan. Ageing Dev. 92, 2-3.
180. Katz, M. L., Siakotos, A. N., Gao, Q., Freiha, B., and Chin, D. T. (1997). Late infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis: Lysine methylation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c from lysosomal storage bodies. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1361, 66-74.
181. Katz, M. L., Rice, L. M., and Gao, C.-L. (1999). Reversible accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 40, 175-181.
182. Kennedy, C. J., Rakoczy, P. E., Robertson, T. A., Papadimitriou, J. M., and Constable, I. J. (1994). Kinetic studies on phagocytosis and lysosomal digestion of rod outer segments by human pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Exp. Cell Res. 210, 209-214.
183. Kikuchi, T, and Mizuno, K. (1978). Phagocytic activity in the ischemic retinal pigment epithelial cells. Graefes Arch. Klin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 207, 83-90.
184. Kinney, M. S., and Fisher, S. K. (1978). Photoreceptors and pigment epithelium of the larval Xenopus retina: Morphogenesis and outer segment renewal. Proc. R. Soc. London B 201, 149-167.
185. Koh, S. W. M., and Chader, G. J. (1989). Retinal pigment epithelium in culture demonstrates a distinct β-adrenergic receptor. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 7-15.
186. Koh, S. W. M., Yue, B. Y. J. T., Edwards, R. B., Newkirk, C., and Resau, J. H. (1995). Evidence for a functional VIP receptor in cultured retinal pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 14, 1009-1014.
187. Kohler, K., Hartmann, J., Fischer, S., and Zrenner, E. (1997). Degenerative processes in the inner retina of the RCS rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 173.
188. Kornberg, L., and Juliano, R. L. (1992). Signal transduction from the extracellular matrix: The integrin tyrosine kinase connection. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 13, 93-95.
189. Kosaka, J., Watanabe, K., and Eguchi, G. (1992). Transdifferentiation of chicken retinal pigmented epithelial cells in serum-free culture. Exp. Eye Res. 55, 261-267.
190. Kroll, A. J., and Machemer, R. (1968). Experimental retinal detachment in the owl monkey. III. Electron microscopy of retina and pigment epithelium. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 60, 410-427.
191. Kumar, J. P., Bowman, J., O'Tousa, J. E., and Ready, D. F. (1997). Rhodopsin replacement rescues photoreceptor structure during a critical developmental window. Dev. Biol. 188, 43-47.
192. Kunz, Y. W. (1990). Ontogeny of retinal pigment epithelium-photoreceptor complex and development of rhythmic metabolism under ambient light conditions. Prog. Retinal Res. 9, 135-196.
193. Kuriyama, S., Hall, M. O., Abrams, T. A., and Mittag, T. W. (1995). Isoproterenol inhibits rod outer segment phagocytosis by both cAMP-dependent and independent pathways. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, 730-736.
194. Kurtz, M. J., Edwards, R. B., and Schmidt, S. Y. (1987). Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in cultured normal and RCS rat pigment epithelium: Kinetics of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP hydrolysis. Exp. Eye Res. 45, 67-75.
195. Kvanta, A., Seregard, S., Sejersen, S., Kull, B., and Fredholm, B. B. (1997). Localization of adenosine receptor messenger RNAs in the rat eye. Exp. Eye Res. 65, 595-602.
196. Laird, D. W., and Molday, R. S. (1988). Evidence against the role of rhodopsin in rod outer segment binding to RPE cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 29, 419-428.
197. Lane, C. M., Boulton, M., Marshall, J., and Bird, A. C. (1988). Growth of pure cultures of retinal pigment epithelial cells using chorioretinal biopsies from the pig. Exp. Eye Res. 46, 813-817.
198. LaVail, M. M. (1973). Kinetics of rod outer segment renewal in the developing mouse retina. J. Cell Biol. 58, 650-661.
199. LaVail, M. M. (1980). Circadian nature of rod outer segment disc shedding in the rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 19, 407-411.
200. Layer, P. G., Rothermal, A., Hering, H., Wolf, B., Degrip, W., Hicks, D., and Willbold, E. (1997). Pigmented epithelium sustains cell proliferation and decreases expression of opsins and acetylcholinesterase in reaggregated chicken retinospheroids. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1795-1803.
201. Layer, P. G., Rothermel, A., and Willbold, E. (1998). Inductive effects of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) on histogenesis of the avian retina as revealed by retinospheroid technol-ogy. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 9, 257-262.
202. Li, L. X., and Turner, J. E. (1988). Inherited retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat: Prevention of photoreceptor degeneration by pigment epithelial cell transplantation. Exp. Eye Res. 47, 911-917.
203. Lima, L., and Urbina, M. (1998). Serotonergic projections to the retina of rat and goldfish. Neurochem. Int. 32, 133-141.
204. 5 participates in the binding of photoreceptor rod outer segments during phagocytosis by cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1703-1712.
205. Liu, L., Cheng, S.-H., Jiang, L-Z., Hansmann, G., and Layer, P. G. (1988). The pigmented epithelium sustains cell growth and tissue differentiation of chicken retinal explants in vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 46, 801-812.
206. Lo, W. K., and Bernstein, M. H. (1981). Daily pattern of the retinal pigment epithelium. Microperoxisomes and phagosomes. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 1-10.
207. Logan, A., and Logan, S. D. (1991). Studies on the mechanisms of signalling and inhibition by pertussis toxin of fibroblast growth factor-stimulated mitogenesis in BALB/C 3T3 cells. Cell. Signal. 3, 215-223.
208. Lopez-Colomé, A. M., Salceda, R., and Fragoso, G. (1993). Specific interaction of glutamate with membranes from cultured retinal pigment epithelium. J. Neurosci. Res. 34, 454-461.
209. Lopez-Colomé, A. M., Fragoso, G., Wright, C. E., and Sturman, J. A. (1994). Excitatory amino acid receptors in membranes from cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 13, 553-560.
210. Lund, R. D., Coffey, P. J., Sauvé, Y., and Lawrence, J. M. (1997). Intraretinal transplantation to prevent photoreceptor degeneration. Ophthalmic Res. 29, 305-319.
211. Lund, R. D., Lawrence, J. M., Villegas-Pérez, M. P., Litchfield, T. M., Sauvé, Y., Whiteley, S. J. L., and Coffey, P. J. (1998). Retinal degeneration and transplantation in the Royal College of Surgeons rat. Eye 12, 597-604.
212. Lutty, G., Ikeda, K., Chandler, C., and McLeod, D. S. (1991). Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-beta in human photoreceptors. Curr. Eye Res. 10, 61-74.
213. Lutz, D. A., Guo, Y., and McLaughlin, B. I. (1995). Natural high-mannose glycoproteins inhibit ROS binding and ingestion by RPE cell cultures. Exp. Eye Res. 61, 487-493.
214. Ma, J., Xu, L., Othersen, D. K., Redmond, T. M., and Crouch, R. K. (1998). Cloning and isolation of RPE65 mRNA in salamander cone photoreceptor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 26, 255-261.
215. Malecaze, F., Mascarelli, F., Bugra, K., Fuhrmann, G., Courtois, Y., and Hicks, D. (1993). Fibroblast growth factor receptor deficiency in dystrophic retinal pigment epithelium. J. Cell. Physiol. 154, 631-642.
216. Manenti, S., Malecaze, F., and Darbon, J. M. (1996). Étude du statut de MARCKS, un substrat physiologique de la PKC, dans le processus de phagocytose des segments externes de bâtonnets par les cellules de l'épithélium pigmentaire de la rétine. Coll. Assoc. Fr. Retinitis Pigmentosa, Paris, pp. 57-58.
217. Manenti, S., Malecaze, F., and Darbon, J. M. (1997). The major myristoylated PKC substrate (MARCKS) is involved in cell spreading, tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, and focal contact formation. FEBS Lett. 419, 95-98.
218. Mannagh, J., Ayra, D. V., and Irvine, A. R. (1973). Tissue culture of human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. 12, 52-64.
219. Mariani, A. P., Neff, N. H., and Hadjiconstantinou, M. (1986). 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment decreases dopamine and increases lipofuscine in mouse retina. Neurosci. Lett. 72, 221-226.
220. Marshall, J., and Ansell, P. L. (1971). Membranous inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium: Phagosomes and myeloid bodies. J. Anat. 110, 91-104.
221. Marshburn, P. B., and Iuvone, P. M. (1981). The role of GABA in the regulation of the dopamine/tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons of the rat retina. Brain Res. 214, 335-354.
222. Masri, H., Goureau, O., Hecquet, C., Simon, A., and Nguyen-Legros, J. (1996). Dopamine slows rod phagocytosis by the bovine retinal pigment epithelium in vitro through a DI receptor. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 319, 687-691.
223. Matsumoto, B., and Besharse, J. C. (1985). Light and temperature modulated staining of the rod outer segment distal tips with Lucifer Yellow. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26, 628-635.
224. Matsumoto, B., Defoe, D. M., and Besharse, J. C. (1987). Membrane turnover in rod photore-ceptors: Ensheathment and phagocytosis of outer segment distal tips by pseudopodia of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc. R. Soc. London B 230, 339-354.
225. Mayerson, P. L., and Hall, M. O. (1986). Rat pigment epithelial cells show specificity of phagocytosis in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 103, 299-308.
226. Mayerson, P. L., Hall, M. O., Clark, V., and Abrams, T. (1985). An improved method for isolation and culture of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26, 1599-1609.
227. 2 receptors in bovine rod outer segments. J. Neurochem. 62, 992-997.
228. McKechnie, N. M., Keegan, W. A., Converse, C. A., and Foulds, W. S. (1986). Short-term organ culture of retinal pigment epithelium in microtitration plates: Ultrastructural studies. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 224, 40-46.
229. McLaren, M. J., Sasabe, T., Li, C. Y., Brown, M. E., and Inana, G. (1993). Spontaneously arising immortal cell line of rat retinal pigmented cells. Exp. Cell Res. 204, 311-320.
230. McLaren, M. J. (1996). Kinetics of rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Relationship to cell morphology. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 37, 1213-1224.
231. McLaren, M. J., and Inana, G. (1997). Inherited retinal degeneration: Basic FGF induces phagocytic competence in cultured RPE cells from RCS rats. FEBS Lett. 412, 21-29.
232. McLaren, M. J., Inana, G., and Li, C. Y. (1993a). Double fluorescent vital assay of phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34, 317-326.
233. McLaren, M. J., Sasabe, T., Li, C. Y., Brown, M. E., and Inana, G. (1993b). Spontaneously arising immortal cell line of rat retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 204, 311-320.
234. McLaren, M. J., An, W., Brown, M. E., and Inana, G. (1996). Analysis of basic flbroblast growth factor in rats with inherited retinal degeneration. FEBS Lett. 387, 63-70.
235. McLaughlin, B. J., Cooper, N. G. F., and Shepherd, V. L. (1994). How good is the evidence to suggest that phagocytosis of ROS by RPE is receptor mediated? Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 13, 147-164.
236. Miceli, M. V., and Newsome, D. A. (1994). Insulin stimulation of retinal outer segment uptake by cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells determined by a flow cytometric method. Exp. Eye Res. 59, 271-280.
237. Miceli, M. V., and Newsome, D. A. (1996). Effects of extracellular matrix and Bruch's membrane on retinal outer segment phagocytosis by cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 15, 17-26.
238. Miceli, M. V., Newsome, D. A., and Tate, D. J. (1997a). Phagocytosis of rod outer segments by RPE cells is coupled to diverse transmembrane signaling pathways. Invest. Opthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 1540A.
239. Miceli, M. V., Newsome, D. A., and Tate, D. J. (1997b). Vitronectin is responsible for the serum-stimulated uptake of rod outer segments by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 1588-1597.
240. Miceli, M. V., Newsome, D. A., and Tate, D. J. Jr. (1998). The participation of integrins in the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), S.163.
241. Mitrofanis, J., and Stone, J. (1988). Distribution of cholinergic amacrine cells in the retinas of normally pigmented and hypopigmented strains of rat and cat. Visual Neurosci. 1, 367-376.
242. Molday, R. S. (1994). Peripherin/rds and rom-1: Molecular properties and role in photoreceptor cell degeneration. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 13, 271-299.
243. Molday, R. S., Hicks, D., and Molday, L. L. (1987). Peripherin: A rim-specific membrane protein of rod outer segment disks. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 28, 50-61.
244. Moody, R. F., and Robertson, J. D. (1964). The fine structure of some retinal photoreceptors. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 7, 87-92.
245. Moritz, O. L., and Molday, R. S. (1996). Molecular cloning, membrane topology, and localization of bovine rom-1 in rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 37, 352-362.
246. Morrow, E. M., Furukawa, T., and Cepko, C. L. (1998). Vertebrate photoreceptor cell development and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 8, 353-358.
247. Moyer, F. H. (1969). Development, structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium. In "The Retina" (B. R. Straatsma, M. O. Hall, R. A. Allen, and F. Crescitelli, Eds.), pp. 1-30. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
248. Mullen, R. J., and LaVail, M. M. (1976). Inherited retinal dystrophy: A primary defect in pigment epithelium determined with experimental rat chimeras. Science 192, 799-801.
249. Mund, M. L., and Rodrigues, M. M. (1979). Embryology of the human eye. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (K. M. Zinn and M. F. Marmor, Eds.), pp. 45-57. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
250. Nagai, H., and Kalnins, V. I. (1995). Normally occurring single cells and repair of resulting defects in retinal pigment epithelium in situ. Exp. Eye Res. 62, 55-61.
251. Nash, M. S., and Osborne, N. N. (1995a). Agonist-induced effects on cyclic AMP metabolism are affected in pigment epithelial cells of the Royal College of Surgeons rat. Neurochem. Int. 27, 253-262.
252. Nash, M. S., and Osborne, N. N. (1995b). Pertussis toxin-sensitive melatonin receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase associated with cultured human and rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, 95-102.
253. Nash, M. S., and Osborne, N. N. (1996). Cell surface receptors associated with the retinal pigment epithelium: The adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C signal transduction pathways. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 15, 501-546.
254. 1A receptors associ-ated with human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 510-519.
255. Nash, M., Wood, J. P. M., and Osborne, N. N. (1997). Protein kinase C activation by serotonin potentiates agonist-induced stimulation of cAMP production in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 64, 249-255.
256. Neal, M. J. (1983). Cholinergic mechanisms in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Retinal Res. 2, 191-212.
257. Nguyen-Legros, J. (1978). Fine structure of the pigment epithelium in the vertebrate retina. Int. Rev. Cytol. suppl. 7, 287-328.
258. Nguyen-Legros, J., and Durand, J. (1974). Ultrastructure de l'épithélium pigmentaire du Protée, Urodèle cavernicole. Relations fonctionnelles avec les photorécepteurs. Ann. Spéléol. 29, 671-674.
259. 2-like receptor subtype in the rat retina: Biochemical and histochemical evidence. J. Neurochem. 67, 2614-2620.
260. Nicolaissen, B., Armstrong, D., Stratton, R. D., Dawson, W. W., Kelley, K. K., Ellis, A., and Webb, A. I. (1985). Culture of retinal pigment epithelium from chorio-retinal biopsies. Arch. Ophthalmol. 63, 129-134.
261. 3H]-dopamine release from rabbit retina evoked by light, potassium, and electrical stimulation. Med. Sci. Res. 16, 1073-1075.
262. O'Day, W. T., and Young, R. W. (1978). Rhythmic daily shedding of outer segment membranes by visual cells in the goldfish. J. Cell Biol. 76, 593-604.
263. Ogino, N., Matsumura, M., Shirakawa, H., and Tsukahara, I. (1983). Phagocytic activity of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells from chick embryo. Inhibition by melatonin and cyclic AMP, and its reversal by taurine and cyclic GMP. Ophthalmic Res. 15, 72-89.
264. Olianas, M. C., Ingianni, A., Sogos, V., and Onali, P. (1997). Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide PACAP receptors and PACAP in human fetal retina. J. Neurochem. 69, 1213-1218.
265. Osborne, N. N., and Patel, S. (1985). The presence of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-like enzyme in the vertebrate retina. Neurochem. Int. 7, 51-56.
266. Osborne, N. N., FitzGibbon, F., and Schwartz, G. (1991). Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated phosphoinositide turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Vision Res. 31, 1119-1127.
267. 2 receptor mediated phosphoinositide turnover and mobilization of cal-cium in cultured rat retinal pigment epithelium cells. Vision Res. 33, 2171-2179.
268. Owaribe, K. (1988). The cytoskeleton of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Prog. Retinal Res. 8, 23-49.
269. Papermaster, D. S., Schneider, B. G., and Besharse, J. C. (1985). Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi apparatus toward the the rod outer segment. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26, 1386-1404.
270. Pautler, E. L., and Beezley, D. (1990). The effects of retina-derived factors on the electrical and ultrastructural properties of the bovine pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 9, 617-625.
271. Perez, M. T. R., Larsson, B., Alm, P., Anderson, K. E., and Ehinger, B. (1995). Localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat and rabbit retinas. Exp. Brain Res. 104, 207-217.
272. Perlman, J. I., Piltz, J., Korte, G., and Tsai, G. (1989). Endocytosis in the rat RPE. Acta Anat. 135, 354-360.
273. Pfeffer, B. A. (1991). Improved methodology for cell culture of human and monkey retinal pigment epithelium. Prog. Retinal Res. 10, 251-291.
274. Philp, N. J., and Bernstein, M. H. (1981). Phagocytosis by retinal pigment epithelium expiants in culture. Exp. Eye Res. 33, 47-53.
275. Philp, N. J., and Nachmias, V. T. (1985). Components of the cytoskeleton in the retinal pigment epithelium of the chick. J. Cell Biol. 101, 358-362.
276. Philp, N. J., Nachmias, V. T., Lee, D., Stramm, L., and Buzdygon, B. (1988). Is rhodopsin the ligand for receptor-mediated phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium? Exp. Eye Res. 46, 21-28.
277. Porter, K. R., and Yamada, E. (1960). Studies on the endoplasmic reticulum. V. Its form and differentiation in pigment epithelial cells of the frog retina. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 181-205.
278. 3H]-glycine from the isolated retina of the rat. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 78, 395-404.
279. Rakoczy, P. E., Humphrey, M. F., Cavaney, D. M., Chu, Y., and Constable, I. J. (1993). Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in the retina of Royal College of Surgeons rats. Invt. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34, 1845-1852.
280. Rakoczy, P. E., Mann, K., Cavaney, D. M., Robertson, T., Papadimitreou, J., and Constable, I. J. (1994). Detection and possible functions of a cysteine protease involved in digestion of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 4100-4108.
281. Rakoczy, P. E., Lai, M., and Constable, I. J. (1998). Genetic manipulation of lysosomal enzymes and their effects on the phagocytosis and digestion of rod outer segments. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), S.163.
282. Raymond, S., and Jackson, I. (1995). The retinal pigmented epithelium is required for development and maintenance of the mouse neural retina. Curr. Biol. 5, 1286-1295.
283. Redmond, T. M., Yu, S., Lee, E., Bok, D., Hamasaki, D., Chen, N., Goletz, P., Ma, J.-X., Crouch, R. K., and Pfeifer, K. (1998). RPE65 is necessary for production of 11-cis vitamin A in the retinal visual cycle. Nat. Genet. 20, 344-351.
284. Reh, T. A., Nagy, T., and Gretton, H. (1987). Retinal pigmented epithelial cells induced to differentiate to neurons by laminin. Nature 330, 68-71.
285. Reich-d' Almeida, F. B., and Hockley, D. J. (1975). In situ reactivity of the retinal pigment epithelium. I. Phagocytosis in the normal rat. II. Phagocytosis in the dystrophic rat. Exp. Eye Res. 21, 333-358.
286. Reid, M. D., Laird, D. W., and Molday, R. S. (1992). Characterization and application of an in vitro detection system for studying the binding and phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 775-783.
287. Reinboth, J. J., Gautschi, K., Munz, K., Eldred, G. E., and Remé, C. E. (1997). Lipofuscin in the retina: Quantitative assay for an unprecedented autofluorescent compound (pyridinium bis-retinoid, A2-E) of ocular age pigment. Exp. Eye Res. 65, 639-643.
288. Reiter, R. J., Richardson, B. A., Matthews, S. A., Lane, S. J., and Ferguson, B. N. (1983). Rhythms in immunoreactive melatonin in the retina and Harderian gland of rats: Persistence after pinealectomy. Life Sci. 32, 1229-1236.
289. Remé, C. E., and Young, R. W. (1977). The effects of hibernation on cone visual cells in the ground squirrel. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 16, 815-840.
290. Remé, C. E., Wirz-Justice, A., Aeberhard, B., and Rhyner, A. (1984). Chronic chlorgyline dampens rat retinal rhythms. Brain Res. 298, 99-106.
291. Remé, C. E., Wirz-Justice, A., Rhyner, A., and Hofmann, S. (1986). Circadian rhythm in the light response of rat retinal disk shedding and autophagy. Brain Res. 369, 356-360.
292. Remé, C. E., Wirz-Justice, A., and Terman, M. (1991). The visual input stage of the mammalian circadian pacemaker system. I. Is there a clock in the mammalian eye? J. Biol. Rhythms 6, 5-29.
293. Ren, Y., Silverstein, R. L., Allen, J., and Savill, J. (1995). CD36 gene transfer confers capacities for phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1513-1522.
294. Rizzolo, L. J., and Heiges, M. (1991). The polarity of the retinal pigment epithelium is developmentally regulated. Exp. Eye Res. 53, 549-553.
295. Rizzolo, L. J., Zhou, S., and Li, Z. Q. (1994). The neural retina maintains integrins in the apical membrane of the RPE early in devlopment. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 2567-2576.
296. Robison, W. G. Jr., and Kuwabara, T. (1976). Light-induced alterations of retinal pigment epithelium in black, albino, and beige mice. Exp. Eye Res. 22, 549-557.
297. Rodriguez, A. B., Ortega, E., Lea, R. W., and Barriga, C. (1997). Melatonin and the phagocytic process of heterophils from the ring dove (Steptopelia risoria). Mol. Cell. Biochem. 168, 185-190.
298. Rodriguez De Turco, E. B., Gordon, W. C., and Bazan, N. G. (1992). Light stimulates in vivo inositol lipid turnover in frog retinal pigment epithelial cells at the onset of shedding and phagocytosis of photoreceptor membranes. Exp. Eye Res. 55, 719-726.
299. 2-like receptors in the chick retina, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Brain Res. 695, 110-116.
300. Roque, R. S., and Caldwell, R. B. (1990). Müller cell changes precede vascularization of the pigment epithelium in the dystrophic rat retina. Glia, 3, 464-475.
301. Ryeom, S. W., Silverstein, R. L., Scotto, A., and Sparrow, J. R. (1996a). Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20536-20539.
302. Ryeom, S. W., Sparrow, J. R., and Silverstein, R. L. (1996b). CD36 participates in the phagocy-tosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium. J. Cell Sci. 109, 387-395.
303. Salceda, R. (1994). Muscarinic receptor binding in retinal pigment epithelium during rat development. Neurochem. Res. 19, 1207-1210.
304. Salceda, R., and Saldana, M. R. (1993). Glutamate and taurine uptake by retinal pigment epithelium during rat development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104C, 311-316.
305. Schmidt, S. Y. (1978). Taurine flux in isolated cat and rat retinas: Effects of illumination. Exp. Eye Res. 26, 529-535.
306. Schmitz, Y., and Witkovsky, P. (1997). Modulation of photoreceptor glutamate release by glutamate uptake blockers and dopamine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, S615.
307. Schütte, M. (1995). Centrifugal innervation of the rat retina. Visual Neurosci. 12, 1083-1092.
308. Seaton, A. D., and Turner, J. E. (1992). RPE transplants stabilize retinal vasculature and prevent neovascularization in the RCS rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 83-91.
309. Seaton, A. D., Sheedlo, H. J., and Turner, J. E. (1994). A primary role for RPE transplants in the inhibition and regression of neovascularization in the RCS rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 162-169.
310. Seyfried-Williams, R., and McLaughlin, B. J. (1983). The use of sugar-coated beads to study phagocytosis in normal and dystrophic retina. Vision Res. 23, 485-494.
311. Sharma, R. K., Bergström, A., and Ehinger, B. (1995) Retinal cell transplants. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 15, 197-229.
312. Sheedlo, H. J., and Turner, J. E. (1995). Photoreceptor survival and development in culture. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 15, 127-137.
313. Shepherd, V. L., Tarnowsky, B. I., and McLaughlin, B. J. (1991). Isolation and characterization of a mannose receptor from human pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 32, 1779-1784.
314. Sheu, S. J., Sakamoto, T., and Osusk, R. (1994). Transforming growth factor β regulates human retinal pigment epithelial cells phagocytosis by influencing a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232, 695-701.
315. Shirakawa, H., Ishiguro, S.-I., Itoh, Y., Plantner, J. J., and Kean, E. L. (1987). Are sugars involved in the binding of rhodopsin membranes by the retinal pigment epithelium? Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 28, 628-632.
316. Silverstein, R. L., Sparrow, J. R., and Ryeom, S. W. (1998). CD36: A receptor for rod outer segments on retinal epithelium. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1) S.163.
317. Sjöstrand, F. S. (1953). The ultrastructure of the outer segments of rods and cones of the eye as revealed by the electron microscope. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 42, 15-44.
318. Sparrow, J. R., Ryeom, S. W., Abumbad, N. A., Ibrahimi, A., and Silverstein, R. L. (1997). CD36 expression is altered in retinal pigment epithelial cells of the RCS rat. Exp. Eye Res. 64, 45-56.
319. Spira, A. W., and Huang, P. T. (1978). Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments during retinal development in utero. Am. J. Anat. 152, 523-528.
320. Spitznas, M., and Hogan, M. J. (1970). Outer segments of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Arch. Ophthalmol. 84, 810-819.
321. 2+ wave propagation is found among cultured RPE cells from dystrophic RCS rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1493-1502.
322. Starkey, S. J. (1996). Melatonin and 5-hydroxytryptamine phase-advance the rat circadian clock by activation of nitric oxide synthesis. Neurosci. Lett. 211, 199-202.
323. Steinberg, R. H., and Wood, I. (1979). The relationship of the retinal pigment epithelium to photoreceptor outer segments in human retina. In "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium" (K. M. Zinn and M. F. Marmor, Eds.), pp. 32-44. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
324. Steinberg, R. H., Fisher, S. K., and Anderson, D. H. (1980). Disc morphogenesis in vertebrate photoreceptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 190, 501-518.
325. Stossel, T. P. (1976). The mechanism of phagocytosis. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 19, 237-245.
326. Tabor, G. A., Fisher, S. K., and Anderson, D. H. (1980). Rod and cone disc shedding in light-entrained tree squirrels. Exp. Eye Res. 30, 545-557.
327. Tamai, M., and Chader, G. J. (1979). The early appearance of disc shedding in the rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 18, 913-917.
328. Tamai, M., and O'Brien, P. J. (1979). Retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat: In vivo and in vitro studies of phagocytic action of the pigment epithelium on the shed rod outer segments. Exp. Eye Res. 28, 399-411.
329. Tamai, M., Teirstein, P., Goldman, A., O'Brien, P., and Chader, G. J. (1978). The pineal gland does not control rod outer segment shedding and phagocytosis in the rat retina and pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 17, 558-562.
330. Tarnowski, B. I., Shepherd, V. L., and McLaughlin, B. J. (1988). Mannose-6-phosphate recep-tors on the plasma membrane of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 29, 291-297.
331. Terman, J. S., Remé, C. E., and Wirz-Justice, A. (1991). The visual input stage of the mamma-lian circadian pacemaking system. II. The effect of light and drugs on retinal function. J. Biol. Rhythms 6, 31-48.
332. Terman, J. S., Remé, C. E., and Terman, M. (1993). Rod outer segment disk shedding in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 605, 256-264.
333. Terstein, P. S., Goldman, A. I., and O'Brien, P. J. (1980). Evidence for both local and central regulation of rat rod outer segment disc shedding. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sd. 19, 1268-1273.
334. Tien, L. F., McLaughlin, B. J., and Cooper, N. G. (1991). Glycoproteins in the retinal pigment epithelium of normal and dystrophic rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 32, 319-326.
335. Tosini, G., and Menaker, M. (1996a). Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science 272, 419-421.
336. Tosini, G., and Menaker, M. (1996b). Mammalian retina: A new model for in vitro circadian studies. U.S./France Joint International Workshop on Chronobiology, Lyon, France.
337. Tosini, G., and Menaker, M. (1998). The clock in the mouse retina: Melatonin synthesis and photoreceptor degeneration. Brain Res. 789, 221-228.
338. Tran, V. T. (1992). Human retinal pigment epithelial cells possess /32-adrenergic receptors. Exp. Eye Res. 55, 413-417.
339. Travis, G. H., Brennan, M. B., Danielson, P. E., Kozak, C. A., and Sutcliffe, J. G. (1989). Identification of a photoreceptor-specific mRNA encoded by the gene responsible for retinal degeneration slow (rds). Nature 338, 70-73.
340. Tso, M. O. M., Albert, D., and Zimmerman, L. E. (1973). Organ culture of human RPE and choroid: A model for the study of cytologic behaviour of RPE in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. 12, 554-566.
341. Tso, M. O. M., Zhang, C., Abler, A. S., Chang, C-J., Wong, F., Chang, G.-Q., and Lam, T. T. (1994). Apoptosis leads to photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy of RCS rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 35, 2693-2699.
342. Ueda, Y., and Steinberg, R. H. (1995). Dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium currents in freshly isolated human and monkey retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, 373-380.
343. 1-like dopamine receptor that couples to activation of phosphoinositide metabolism in brain. J. Neurochem. 62, 2045-2048.
344. Usukura, J., and Obata, S. (1995). Morphogenesis of photoreceptor outer segments in retinal development. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 15, 113-125.
345. Valter, K., Maslim, J., Bowers, F., and Stone, J. (1998). Photoreceptor dystrophy in the RCS rat: Roles of oxygen, debris and bFGF. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 2427-2442.
346. Van der Schaft, T. L., Mooy, C. M., De Bruijn, W. C., Oron, P. G., Mulder, P. G. H., and De Jong, P. T. V. M. (1992). Histologie features of the early stages of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 99, 278-286.
347. Versaux-Botteri, C., Gibert, J.-M., Nguyen-Legros, J., and Vernier, P. (1997). Molecular identification of a dopamine Dlb receptor in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Neurosci. Lett. 237, 9-12.
348. Versaux-Botteri, C., Quintyn, J.-C, Lanteri-Minet, I., Defer, N., Hanoune, J., and Nguyen-Legros, J. (1998). Adenylyl cyclases in the rat neurosensory retina. Exp. Eye Res. 67 (suppl. 1), S.222.
349. Villar, M. J., Vitale, M. L., and Parisi, M. N. (1987). Dorsal raphe serotonergic projections to the retina. A combined peroxidase tracing neurochemical/high performance liquid chro-matography study in the rat. Neuroscience 22, 681-686.
350. Villegas-Pérez, M. P., Vidal-Sanz, M., and Lund, R. D. (1996). Mechanism of retinal ganglion cell loss in inherited retinal dystrophy. NeuroReport 7, 1995-1999.
351. Villegas-Pérez, M. P., Lawrence, J. M., Vidal-Sanz, M., LaVail, M. M., and Lund, R. D. (1998). Ganglion cell loss in the RCS rat retina: A result of compression of axons by contracting intraretinal vessels linked to the pigment epithelium. J. Comp. Neurol. 392, 58-77.
352. Völkel, H., Beitz, E., Klumpp, S., and Schultz, J. E. (1996). Cloning and expression of a bovine adenylyl cyclase type VII specific to the retinal pigment epithelium. FEBS Lett. 378, 245-349.
353. Wagner, H. J., Luo, B. G., Ariano, M. A., Sibley, D. R., and Stell, W. K. (1993). Localization of D2 dopamine receptors in vertebrate retinae with antipeptide antibodies. J. Comp. Neural. 331, 469-481.
354. Wassell, J., Ellis, S., Burke, J., and Boulton, M. (1998). Fluorescence properties of autofluores-cent granules generated by cultured human RPE cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1487-1492.
355. White, M. P., and Fisher, L. J. (1989). Effects of exogenous melatonin on circadian disc shedding in the albino rat retina. Vision Res. 29, 167-179.
356. Whiteley, S. J. O., Litchfield, T. M., Coffey, P. J., and Lund, R. D. (1996). Improvement of the pupillary light reflex of Royal College of Surgeons rats following RPE cell grafts. Exp. Neurol. 140, 100-104.
357. Wiechmann, A. F., and Craft, C. M. (1993). Localization of mRNA encoding the indoleamine synthesizing enzyme, hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in chicken pineal gland and retina by in situ hybridization. Neurosci. Lett. 150, 207-211.
358. Wihlmark, U., Wrigstad, A., Roberg, K., Brunk, U. T., and Nilsson, S. E. G. (1996). Lipofuscin formation in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to photoreceptor outer seg-ment material under different oxygen concentrations. APMIS, 104, 265-271.
359. Williams, D. S., and Fisher, S. K. (1987). Prevention of rod disk shedding by detachment from the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 28, 184-187.
360. Williams, D. S., and Roberts, E. A. (1992). Modification of the daily photoreceptor membrane shedding response in vitro by antioxidants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 3005-3008.
361. Wilt, S. D., Lutz, D. A., Seiler, M., Shepherd, V. L., and McLaughlin, B. I. (1995). Develop-mental expression of a phagocytic receptor during onset of ROS phagocytosis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 36, S550.
362. Wirz-Justice, A., Da Prada, M., and Remé, C. (1984). Circadian rhythm in rat retinal dopamine. Neurosci. Lett. 45, 21-25.
363. Witkovsky, P., and Dearry, A. (1992). Functional roles of dopamine in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Retinal Res. 11, 247-292.
364. Wolfrum, U., Liu, X., Schmitt, A., Udovichenko, I. P., and Williams, D. S. (1998). Myosin Vila as a common component of cilia and microvilli. Cell Motil. Cytoskel 40, 261-271.
365. Wrigstad, A., Brunk, U. T., and Nilsson, S. E. G. (1997). The phagocytic activity of cultured retinal pigment epithelium cells is reduced by lipofuscin accumulation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, B330.
366. Wood, J. G., and Napier-Marshall, L. (1985). Differential effects of protease digestion on photoreceptor lectin binding sites. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33, 642-646.
367. Wood, P. M., and Osborne, N. N. (1998). Expression of protein kinase C isoenzymes in cultured hooded rat retinal pigment epithelial cells: Comparison with dystrophic RCS rat. Curr. Eye Res. 17, 757-760.
368. Yamamoto, S., Du, J., Gouras, P., and Kjeldebye, H. (1993) Retinal pigment epithelial trans-plants and retinal function in RCS rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 34, 3068-3075.
369. Yan, F., Cooper, N. G., and McLaughlin, H. I. (1997). Which RPE plasma membrane proteins mediate binding and ingestion of ROS? Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, B332.
370. Yew, D. T., Hui, B. S. W., Lau, K. P., and Wong, K. H. (1983). The phagocytic activity of the pigment epithelium in development and after optic nerve sectioning in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 54, 257-261.
371. Young, R. W. (1971a). An hypothesis to account for a basic distinction between rods and cones. Vision Res. 11, 1-5.
372. Young, R. W. (1971b). The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the rhesus monkey. J. Cell Biol. 49, 303-318.
373. Young, R. W. (1976). Visual cells and the concept of renewal. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sd. 15, 700-725.
374. Young, R. W. (1977). The daily rhythm of shedding and degradation of cone outer segment membranes in the lizard retina. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 61, 172-185.
375. Young, R. W. (1978). The daily rhythm of shedding and degradation of rod and cone outer segment membranes in the chick retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 17, 105-116.
376. Young, R. W. (1982). Biological renewal, applications to the eye. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 102, 42-75.
377. Young, R. W., and Bok, D. (1969). Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. J. Cell Biol. 42, 392-403.
378. Yu, H. S. (1993). Melatonin in the eye: Functional implications. In "Melatonin, Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Clinical Applications" (H. S. Yu and R. Reiter, Eds.), pp. 365-393. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
379. Zawilska, J. (1994). The role of dopamine in the regulation of melatonin biosynthesis in vertebrate retina. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 54, 47-56.
380. Zhao, S., Rizzolo, L. J., and Barnstable, C. J. (1997). Differentiation and transdifferentiation of the retinal pigment epithelium. Int. Rev. Cytol. 171, 225-266.
381. Zimmerman, W. F., and Godchaux III, W. (1982). Preparation and characterization of sealed bovine rod cell outer segments. Methods Enzymol. 81, 52-57.
382. Zinn, K. M., and Marmor, M. F. (1979). "The Retinal Pigment Epithelium." Harvard Univer-sity Press, Cambridge, Ma.