메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 376-392

Progress in the understanding of cardiac early afterdepolarizations and torsades de pointes: Time to revise current concepts

Author keywords

Arrhythmia (mechanisms); Calcium (cellular); Impulse formation; Long QT syndrome; Membrane potential; SR (function)

Indexed keywords

1,4 DIHYDRO 2,6 DIMETHYL 5 NITRO 4 [2 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL] 3 PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER; ADRENALIN; ALMOKALANT; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; CLOFILIUM; DIGOXIN; DISOPYRAMIDE; FLUNARIZINE; IBUTILIDE; ISOPRENALINE; METHOXAMINE; NISOLDIPINE; NORADRENALIN; OUABAIN; QUINIDINE; RYANODINE RECEPTOR;

EID: 0034077362     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00022-5     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (292)

References (174)
  • 1
    • 0019427457 scopus 로고
    • Cellular mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmias
    • Hoffman B.F., Rosen M.R. Cellular mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmias. Circ Res. 49:1981;1-15.
    • (1981) Circ Res , vol.49 , pp. 1-15
    • Hoffman, B.F.1    Rosen, M.R.2
  • 2
    • 0001862422 scopus 로고
    • Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity: Distinction from automaticity as an arrhythmogenic mechanism
    • H.A. Fozzard, E. Haber, R.B. Jennings, A.M. Katz, & H.E. Morgan. New York: Raven Press
    • Wit A.L., Rosen M.R. Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity: distinction from automaticity as an arrhythmogenic mechanism. Fozzard H.A., Haber E., Jennings R.B., Katz A.M., Morgan H.E. The Heart and Cardiovascular System. 1992;2113-2163 Raven Press, New York.
    • (1992) The Heart and Cardiovascular System , pp. 2113-2163
    • Wit, A.L.1    Rosen, M.R.2
  • 3
    • 0028082351 scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations: Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes
    • Antzelevitch C., Sicouri S. Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations: role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 23:1994;259-277.
    • (1994) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 259-277
    • Antzelevitch, C.1    Sicouri, S.2
  • 4
    • 0021084453 scopus 로고
    • Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • Fabiato A. Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Am J Physiol. 245:1983;C1-C14.
    • (1983) Am J Physiol , vol.245 , pp. 1-C14
    • Fabiato, A.1
  • 5
    • 0021914538 scopus 로고
    • Time and calcium dependence of activation and inactivation of calcium-induced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a skinned canine cardiac Purkinje cell
    • Fabiato A. Time and calcium dependence of activation and inactivation of calcium-induced release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a skinned canine cardiac Purkinje cell. J Gen Physiol. 85:1985;247-289.
    • (1985) J Gen Physiol , vol.85 , pp. 247-289
    • Fabiato, A.1
  • 6
    • 0025272685 scopus 로고
    • Sodium current-induced release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • Leblanc N., Hume J.R. Sodium current-induced release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Science. 248:1990;372-376.
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 372-376
    • Leblanc, N.1    Hume, J.R.2
  • 8
    • 0028009368 scopus 로고
    • Relation between reverse sodium-calcium exchange and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in guinea pig ventricular cells
    • Kohmoto O., Levi A.J., Bridge J.H.B. Relation between reverse sodium-calcium exchange and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in guinea pig ventricular cells. Circ Res. 74:1994;550-554.
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.74 , pp. 550-554
    • Kohmoto, O.1    Levi, A.J.2    Bridge, J.H.B.3
  • 9
    • 0029666021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ influx during the cardiac action potential in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
    • 2+ influx during the cardiac action potential in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 79:1996;194-200.
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.79 , pp. 194-200
    • Grantham, C.J.1    Cannell, M.B.2
  • 11
    • 0032522434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes
    • 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 508:1998;439-451.
    • (1998) J Physiol , vol.508 , pp. 439-451
    • Sipido, K.R.1    Carmeliet, E.2    Van De Werf, F.3
  • 12
    • 0031921188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ channels can contribute to excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac Purkinje cells
    • 2+ channels can contribute to excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac Purkinje cells. Biophys J. 74:1998;1830-1839.
    • (1998) Biophys J , vol.74 , pp. 1830-1839
    • Zhou, Z.1    January, C.T.2
  • 13
    • 0026733599 scopus 로고
    • Theory of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle
    • Stern M.D. Theory of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle. Biophys J. 63:1992;497-517.
    • (1992) Biophys J , vol.63 , pp. 497-517
    • Stern, M.D.1
  • 15
    • 0029038461 scopus 로고
    • Local calcium transients triggered by single L-type calcium channel currents in cardiac cells
    • López-López J.R., Shacklock P.S., Balke C.W., Wier W.G. Local calcium transients triggered by single L-type calcium channel currents in cardiac cells. Science. 268:1995;1042-1045.
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 1042-1045
    • López-López, J.R.1    Shacklock, P.S.2    Balke, C.W.3    Wier, W.G.4
  • 18
    • 0025925187 scopus 로고
    • 2+ transients and contraction
    • 2+ transients and contraction. J Physiol. 432:1991;283-312.
    • (1991) J Physiol , vol.432 , pp. 283-312
    • Cleemann, L.1    Morad, M.2
  • 19
    • 0028981640 scopus 로고
    • 2+ sparks) originate at transverse tubules in rat heart cells
    • 2+ sparks) originate at transverse tubules in rat heart cells. J Physiol. 487:1995;601-608.
    • (1995) J Physiol , vol.487 , pp. 601-608
    • Shacklock, P.S.1    Wier, W.G.2    Balke, C.W.3
  • 21
    • 0032103768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The control of Ca release from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: Regulation versus autoregulation
    • Eisner D.A., Trafford A.W., Díaz M.E., Overend C.L., O'Neill S.C. The control of Ca release from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum: regulation versus autoregulation. Cardiovasc Res. 38:1998;589-604.
    • (1998) Cardiovasc Res , vol.38 , pp. 589-604
    • Eisner, D.A.1    Trafford, A.W.2    Díaz, M.E.3    Overend, C.L.4    O'Neill, S.C.5
  • 22
    • 0030757931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of intra-SR free [Ca] and buffering in rat heart
    • Shannon T.R., Bers D.M. Assessment of intra-SR free [Ca] and buffering in rat heart. Biophys J. 73:1997;1524-1531.
    • (1997) Biophys J , vol.73 , pp. 1524-1531
    • Shannon, T.R.1    Bers, D.M.2
  • 25
    • 0029029280 scopus 로고
    • Fractional SR Ca release is regulated by trigger Ca and SR Ca content in cardiac myocytes
    • Bassani J.W.M., Yuan W., Bers D.M. Fractional SR Ca release is regulated by trigger Ca and SR Ca content in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol. 268:1995;C1313-C1319.
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.268 , pp. 1313-C1319
    • Bassani, J.W.M.1    Yuan, W.2    Bers, D.M.3
  • 26
    • 0022472777 scopus 로고
    • External Na-independent Ca extrusion in cultured ventricular cells: Magnitude and functional significance
    • Barry W.H., Rasmussen C.A.F. Jr., Ishida H., Bridge J.H.B. External Na-independent Ca extrusion in cultured ventricular cells: magnitude and functional significance. J Gen Physiol. 88:1986;393-411.
    • (1986) J Gen Physiol , vol.88 , pp. 393-411
    • Barry, W.H.1    Rasmussen C.A.F., Jr.2    Ishida, H.3    Bridge, J.H.B.4
  • 27
  • 28
    • 0024586495 scopus 로고
    • 2+ exchange current in single guinea-pig ventricular cells
    • 2+ exchange current in single guinea-pig ventricular cells. J Physiol. 410:1989;227-249.
    • (1989) J Physiol , vol.410 , pp. 227-249
    • Ehara, T.1    Matsuoka, S.2    Noma, A.3
  • 30
    • 0024352186 scopus 로고
    • Sodium-calcium exchange current: Dependence on internal Ca and Na and competitive binding of external Na and Ca
    • Miura Y., Kimura J. Sodium-calcium exchange current: dependence on internal Ca and Na and competitive binding of external Na and Ca. J Gen Physiol. 93:1989;1129-1145.
    • (1989) J Gen Physiol , vol.93 , pp. 1129-1145
    • Miura, Y.1    Kimura, J.2
  • 31
    • 0024999258 scopus 로고
    • Influence of electrogenic Na/Ca exchange on the action potential in human heart muscle
    • Schouten V.J.A., ter Keurs H.E.D.J., Quaegebeur J.M. Influence of electrogenic Na/Ca exchange on the action potential in human heart muscle. Cardiovasc Res. 24:1990;758-767.
    • (1990) Cardiovasc Res , vol.24 , pp. 758-767
    • Schouten, V.J.A.1    Ter Keurs, H.E.D.J.2    Quaegebeur, J.M.3
  • 32
    • 0030184353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Na-Ca exchange current in the cardiac action potential
    • Janvier N.C., Boyett M.R. The role of Na-Ca exchange current in the cardiac action potential. Cardiovasc Res. 32:1996;69-84.
    • (1996) Cardiovasc Res , vol.32 , pp. 69-84
    • Janvier, N.C.1    Boyett, M.R.2
  • 33
    • 0031039641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ exchange current in the ferret ventricular action potential
    • 2+ exchange current in the ferret ventricular action potential. J Physiol. 498:1997;611-625.
    • (1997) J Physiol , vol.498 , pp. 611-625
    • Janvier, N.C.1    Harrison, S.M.2    Boyett, M.R.3
  • 34
    • 0025711107 scopus 로고
    • Sodium-calcium exchange in excitable cells: Fuzzy space
    • Lederer W.J., Niggli E., Hadley R.W. Sodium-calcium exchange in excitable cells: fuzzy space. Science. 248:1990;283.
    • (1990) Science , vol.248 , pp. 283
    • Lederer, W.J.1    Niggli, E.2    Hadley, R.W.3
  • 35
    • 0026717056 scopus 로고
    • + in cardiac cells?
    • + in cardiac cells? Cardiovasc Res. 26:1992;433-442.
    • (1992) Cardiovasc Res , vol.26 , pp. 433-442
    • Carmeliet, E.1
  • 36
    • 0031425258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in subsarcolemmal sodium concentration measured by Na-Ca exchanger activity during Na-pump inhibition and β-adrenergic stimulation in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes
    • Main M.J., Grantham C.J., Cannell M.B. Changes in subsarcolemmal sodium concentration measured by Na-Ca exchanger activity during Na-pump inhibition and β-adrenergic stimulation in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Pflügers Arch. 435:1997;112-118.
    • (1997) Pflügers Arch , vol.435 , pp. 112-118
    • Main, M.J.1    Grantham, C.J.2    Cannell, M.B.3
  • 37
  • 39
    • 0030033865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium concentration and movement in the diadic cleft space of the cardiac ventricular cell
    • Langer G.A., Peskoff A. Calcium concentration and movement in the diadic cleft space of the cardiac ventricular cell. Biophys J. 70:1996;1169-1182.
    • (1996) Biophys J , vol.70 , pp. 1169-1182
    • Langer, G.A.1    Peskoff, A.2
  • 40
    • 0031005989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of local calcium movements during L-type calcium channel gating in the cardiac diad
    • Soeller C., Cannell M.B. Numerical simulation of local calcium movements during L-type calcium channel gating in the cardiac diad. Biophys J. 73:1997;97-111.
    • (1997) Biophys J , vol.73 , pp. 97-111
    • Soeller, C.1    Cannell, M.B.2
  • 43
    • 0029781650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium gradients during excitation-contraction coupling in cat atrial myocytes
    • Hüser J., Lipsius S.L., Blatter L.A. Calcium gradients during excitation-contraction coupling in cat atrial myocytes. J Physiol. 494:1996;641-651.
    • (1996) J Physiol , vol.494 , pp. 641-651
    • Hüser, J.1    Lipsius, S.L.2    Blatter, L.A.3
  • 44
    • 0028819909 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of subsarcolemmal and bulk calcium concentration during spontaneous calcium release in rat ventricular myocytes
    • Trafford A.W., Díaz M.E., O'Neill S.C., Eisner D.A. Comparison of subsarcolemmal and bulk calcium concentration during spontaneous calcium release in rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 488:1995;577-586.
    • (1995) J Physiol , vol.488 , pp. 577-586
    • Trafford, A.W.1    Díaz, M.E.2    O'Neill, S.C.3    Eisner, D.A.4
  • 45
    • 0028899579 scopus 로고
    • 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
    • 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 76:1995;102-109.
    • (1995) Circ Res , vol.76 , pp. 102-109
    • Sipido, K.R.1    Callewaert, G.2    Carmeliet, E.3
  • 47
    • 0031860513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confocal near-membrane detection of calcium in cardiac myocytes
    • Blatter L.A., Niggli E. Confocal near-membrane detection of calcium in cardiac myocytes. Cell Calcium. 23:1998;269-279.
    • (1998) Cell Calcium , vol.23 , pp. 269-279
    • Blatter, L.A.1    Niggli, E.2
  • 49
    • 0031884436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ca-activated chloride current and Na-Ca exchange have different timecourses during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release in ferret ventricular myocytes
    • Trafford A.W., Díaz M.E., Eisner D.A. Ca-activated chloride current and Na-Ca exchange have different timecourses during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release in ferret ventricular myocytes. Pflügers Arch. 435:1998;743-745.
    • (1998) Pflügers Arch , vol.435 , pp. 743-745
    • Trafford, A.W.1    Díaz, M.E.2    Eisner, D.A.3
  • 50
    • 0023818288 scopus 로고
    • 2+-dependent twitch potentiation in individual cardiac myocytes: A mechanism for maximum inotropy in the myocardium
    • 2+-dependent twitch potentiation in individual cardiac myocytes: a mechanism for maximum inotropy in the myocardium. J Gen Physiol. 91:1988;133-155.
    • (1988) J Gen Physiol , vol.91 , pp. 133-155
    • Capogrossi, M.C.1    Stern, M.D.2    Spurgeon, H.A.3    Lakatta, E.G.4
  • 51
    • 0030940815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities between early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in canine ventricular myocytes
    • Volders P.G.A., Kulcsár A., Vos M.A., et al. Similarities between early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in canine ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 34:1997;348-359.
    • (1997) Cardiovasc Res , vol.34 , pp. 348-359
    • Volders, P.G.A.1    Kulcsár, A.2    Vos, M.A.3
  • 52
    • 0027426069 scopus 로고
    • Calcium sparks: Elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle
    • Cheng H., Lederer W.J., Cannell M.B. Calcium sparks: elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle. Science. 262:1993;740-744.
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 740-744
    • Cheng, H.1    Lederer, W.J.2    Cannell, M.B.3
  • 55
    • 0031465637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ sparks at different release sites in rat ventricular myocytes
    • 2+ sparks at different release sites in rat ventricular myocytes. J Physiol. 505:1997;337-344.
    • (1997) J Physiol , vol.505 , pp. 337-344
    • Parker, I.1    Wier, W.G.2
  • 58
    • 0025262088 scopus 로고
    • Calcium waves in mammalian heart: Quantification of origin, magnitude, waveform, and velocity
    • Takamatsu T., Wier W.G. Calcium waves in mammalian heart: quantification of origin, magnitude, waveform, and velocity. FASEB J. 4:1990;1519-1525.
    • (1990) FASEB J , vol.4 , pp. 1519-1525
    • Takamatsu, T.1    Wier, W.G.2
  • 59
    • 0025968885 scopus 로고
    • Digital-imaging microscopy analysis of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in single rat cardiac myocytes
    • Grouselle M., Stuyvers B., Bonoron-Adele S., Besse P., Georgescauld D. Digital-imaging microscopy analysis of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in single rat cardiac myocytes. Pflügers Arch. 418:1991;109-119.
    • (1991) Pflügers Arch , vol.418 , pp. 109-119
    • Grouselle, M.1    Stuyvers, B.2    Bonoron-Adele, S.3    Besse, P.4    Georgescauld, D.5
  • 60
    • 0026576911 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous and propagated calcium release in isolated cardiac myocytes viewed by confocal microscopy
    • Williams D.A., Delbridge L.M., Cody S.H., Harris P.J., Morgan T.O. Spontaneous and propagated calcium release in isolated cardiac myocytes viewed by confocal microscopy. Am J Physiol. 262:1992;C731-C742.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.262 , pp. 731-C742
    • Williams, D.A.1    Delbridge, L.M.2    Cody, S.H.3    Harris, P.J.4    Morgan, T.O.5
  • 61
    • 0028177236 scopus 로고
    • 2+ release in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: Insights from subcellular release patterns revealed by confocal microscopy
    • 2+ release in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes: insights from subcellular release patterns revealed by confocal microscopy. Circ Res. 74:1994;979-990.
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.74 , pp. 979-990
    • Lipp, P.1    Niggli, E.2
  • 62
    • 0024324830 scopus 로고
    • Cellular origins of the transient inward current in cardiac myocytes: Role of fluctuations and waves of elevated intracellular calcium
    • Berlin J.R., Cannell M.B., Lederer W.J. Cellular origins of the transient inward current in cardiac myocytes: role of fluctuations and waves of elevated intracellular calcium. Circ Res. 65:1989;115-126.
    • (1989) Circ Res , vol.65 , pp. 115-126
    • Berlin, J.R.1    Cannell, M.B.2    Lederer, W.J.3
  • 63
    • 0026651603 scopus 로고
    • Effects of β-adrenergic receptor activation on intracellular calcium and membrane potential in adult cardiac myocytes
    • Yamada K.A., Corr P.B. Effects of β-adrenergic receptor activation on intracellular calcium and membrane potential in adult cardiac myocytes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 3:1992;209-224.
    • (1992) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.3 , pp. 209-224
    • Yamada, K.A.1    Corr, P.B.2
  • 64
    • 0029752809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early after-depolarisations induced by noradrenaline may be initiated by calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • Janiak R., Lewartowski B. Early after-depolarisations induced by noradrenaline may be initiated by calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell Biochem. 163-164:1996;125-130.
    • (1996) Mol Cell Biochem , vol.163-164 , pp. 125-130
    • Janiak, R.1    Lewartowski, B.2
  • 65
    • 0029037794 scopus 로고
    • Distinct patterns of calcium transients during early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in ventricular myocytes
    • De Ferrari G.M., Viola M.C., D'Amato E., Antolini R., Forti S. Distinct patterns of calcium transients during early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in ventricular myocytes. Circulation. 91:1995;2510-2515.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 2510-2515
    • De Ferrari, G.M.1    Viola, M.C.2    D'Amato, E.3    Antolini, R.4    Forti, S.5
  • 66
    • 0027217827 scopus 로고
    • Spatial features of calcium transients during early and delayed afterdepolarizations
    • Miura M., Ishide N., Oda H., Sakurai M., Shinozaki T., Takishima T. Spatial features of calcium transients during early and delayed afterdepolarizations. Am J Physiol. 265:1993;H439-H444.
    • (1993) Am J Physiol , vol.265 , pp. 439-H444
    • Miura, M.1    Ishide, N.2    Oda, H.3    Sakurai, M.4    Shinozaki, T.5    Takishima, T.6
  • 68
    • 0029664521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+-induced current oscillations in rabbit ventricular myocytes
    • 2+-induced current oscillations in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 78:1996;707-716.
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.78 , pp. 707-716
    • Laflamme, M.A.1    Becker, P.L.2
  • 71
    • 0017031594 scopus 로고
    • Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres
    • Lederer W.J., Tsien R.W. Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres. J Physiol. 263:1976;73-100.
    • (1976) J Physiol , vol.263 , pp. 73-100
    • Lederer, W.J.1    Tsien, R.W.2
  • 72
    • 0018198765 scopus 로고
    • Ionic basis of transient inward current induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres
    • Kass R.S., Tsien R.W., Weingart R. Ionic basis of transient inward current induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J Physiol. 281:1978;209-226.
    • (1978) J Physiol , vol.281 , pp. 209-226
    • Kass, R.S.1    Tsien, R.W.2    Weingart, R.3
  • 73
  • 74
    • 0023911327 scopus 로고
    • Transient inward current in guinea-pig atrial myocytes reflects a change of sodium-calcium exchange current
    • Lipp P., Pott L. Transient inward current in guinea-pig atrial myocytes reflects a change of sodium-calcium exchange current. J Physiol. 397:1988;601-630.
    • (1988) J Physiol , vol.397 , pp. 601-630
    • Lipp, P.1    Pott, L.2
  • 77
    • 0032254019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cl(Ca) contribute to isoproterenol-induced delayed afterdepolarizations in midmyocardial cells
    • Cl(Ca) contribute to isoproterenol-induced delayed afterdepolarizations in midmyocardial cells. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;H1979-H1992.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.275 , pp. 1979-H1992
    • Zygmunt, A.C.1    Goodrow, R.J.2    Weigel, C.M.3
  • 78
    • 0022557280 scopus 로고
    • TI in the absence of electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres
    • TI in the absence of electrogenic sodium-calcium exchange in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. J Physiol. 374:1986;201-219.
    • (1986) J Physiol , vol.374 , pp. 201-219
    • Cannell, M.B.1    Lederer, W.J.2
  • 79
    • 0023811231 scopus 로고
    • Calcium-activated non-selective cation channel in ventricular cells isolated from adult guinea-pig hearts
    • Ehara T., Noma A., Ono K. Calcium-activated non-selective cation channel in ventricular cells isolated from adult guinea-pig hearts. J Physiol. 403:1988;117-133.
    • (1988) J Physiol , vol.403 , pp. 117-133
    • Ehara, T.1    Noma, A.2    Ono, K.3
  • 80
    • 0024458181 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of sodium-calcium exchanger and transient inward currents in single cells from rabbit ventricle
    • Giles W., Shimoni Y. Comparison of sodium-calcium exchanger and transient inward currents in single cells from rabbit ventricle. J Physiol. 417:1989;465-481.
    • (1989) J Physiol , vol.417 , pp. 465-481
    • Giles, W.1    Shimoni, Y.2
  • 81
    • 0030272330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient inward current is conducted through two types of channels in cardiac Purkinje fibres
    • Han X., Ferrier G.R. Transient inward current is conducted through two types of channels in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;2069-2084.
    • (1996) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 2069-2084
    • Han, X.1    Ferrier, G.R.2
  • 82
    • 0017695423 scopus 로고
    • Action potentials, afterpotentials, and arrhythmias
    • Cranefield P.F. Action potentials, afterpotentials, and arrhythmias. Circ Res. 41:1977;415-423.
    • (1977) Circ Res , vol.41 , pp. 415-423
    • Cranefield, P.F.1
  • 83
    • 0029847602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple mechanisms in the long-QT syndrome: Current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. The SADS Foundation Task Force on LQTS
    • Roden D.M., Lazzara R., Rosen M., Schwartz P.J., Towbin J., Vincent G.M. Multiple mechanisms in the long-QT syndrome: current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. The SADS Foundation Task Force on LQTS. Circulation. 94:1996;1996-2012.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 1996-2012
    • Roden, D.M.1    Lazzara, R.2    Rosen, M.3    Schwartz, P.J.4    Towbin, J.5    Vincent, G.M.6
  • 84
    • 0027458805 scopus 로고
    • Membrane activity of class III antiarrhythmic compounds; A comparison between ibutilide, D-sotalol, E-4031, sematilide and dofetilide
    • Lee K.S., Tsai T.D., Lee E.W. Membrane activity of class III antiarrhythmic compounds; a comparison between ibutilide, D-sotalol, E-4031, sematilide and dofetilide. Eur J Pharmacol. 234:1993;43-53.
    • (1993) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.234 , pp. 43-53
    • Lee, K.S.1    Tsai, T.D.2    Lee, E.W.3
  • 85
    • 0027771044 scopus 로고
    • Proarrhythmic effects of the class III agent almokalant: Importance of infusion rate, QT dispersion, and early afterdepolarisations
    • Carlsson L., Abrahamsson C., Andersson B., Duker G., Schiller-Linhardt G. Proarrhythmic effects of the class III agent almokalant: importance of infusion rate, QT dispersion, and early afterdepolarisations. Cardiovasc Res. 27:1993;2186-2193.
    • (1993) Cardiovasc Res , vol.27 , pp. 2186-2193
    • Carlsson, L.1    Abrahamsson, C.2    Andersson, B.3    Duker, G.4    Schiller-Linhardt, G.5
  • 86
    • 0030468097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes
    • Antzelevitch C., Sun Z.Q., Zhang Z.Q., Yan G.X. Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 28:1996;1836-1848.
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1836-1848
    • Antzelevitch, C.1    Sun, Z.Q.2    Zhang, Z.Q.3    Yan, G.X.4
  • 87
    • 0030819433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade de pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome
    • Shimizu W., Antzelevitch C. Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade de pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 96:1997;2038-2047.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 2038-2047
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 88
    • 0021646404 scopus 로고
    • The effects of the Anemonia sulcata toxin (ATX II) on membrane currents of isolated mammalian myocytes
    • Isenberg G., Ravens U. The effects of the Anemonia sulcata toxin (ATX II) on membrane currents of isolated mammalian myocytes. J Physiol. 357:1984;127-149.
    • (1984) J Physiol , vol.357 , pp. 127-149
    • Isenberg, G.1    Ravens, U.2
  • 89
    • 0025938657 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological evaluation of early afterdepolarisations induced by sea anemone toxin (ATXII) in dog heart
    • Boutjdir M., El-Sherif N. Pharmacological evaluation of early afterdepolarisations induced by sea anemone toxin (ATXII) in dog heart. Cardiovasc Res. 25:1991;815-819.
    • (1991) Cardiovasc Res , vol.25 , pp. 815-819
    • Boutjdir, M.1    El-Sherif, N.2
  • 90
    • 0027940003 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarization formation in cardiac myocytes: Analysis of phase plane patterns, action potential, and membrane currents
    • Boutjdir M., Restivo M., Wei Y., Stergiopoulos K., El-Sherif N. Early afterdepolarization formation in cardiac myocytes: analysis of phase plane patterns, action potential, and membrane currents. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 5:1994;609-620.
    • (1994) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.5 , pp. 609-620
    • Boutjdir, M.1    Restivo, M.2    Wei, Y.3    Stergiopoulos, K.4    El-Sherif, N.5
  • 93
    • 0025286689 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations: Newer insights into cellular mechanisms
    • January C.T., Shorofsky S. Early afterdepolarizations: newer insights into cellular mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1:1990;161-169.
    • (1990) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.1 , pp. 161-169
    • January, C.T.1    Shorofsky, S.2
  • 94
    • 0025968906 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations and arrhythmogenesis: Experimental and clinical aspects
    • El-Sherif N. Early afterdepolarizations and arrhythmogenesis: experimental and clinical aspects. Arch Mal Coeur. 84:1991;227-234.
    • (1991) Arch Mal Coeur , vol.84 , pp. 227-234
    • El-Sherif, N.1
  • 95
    • 0026322190 scopus 로고
    • Triggered activity in the heart: Cellular mechanisms of early after-depolarizations
    • January C.T., Chau V., Makielski J.C. Triggered activity in the heart: cellular mechanisms of early after-depolarizations. Eur Heart J. 12:(suppl F):1991;4-9.
    • (1991) Eur Heart J , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. F , pp. 4-9
    • January, C.T.1    Chau, V.2    Makielski, J.C.3
  • 98
    • 0028911903 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations in cardiac myocytes: Mechanism and rate dependence
    • Zeng J., Rudy Y. Early afterdepolarizations in cardiac myocytes: mechanism and rate dependence. Biophys J. 68:1995;949-964.
    • (1995) Biophys J , vol.68 , pp. 949-964
    • Zeng, J.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 100
    • 0031149516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of alterations to action potential duration on β-adrenoceptor-mediated aftercontractions in human and guinea-pig ventricular myocytes
    • Tweedie D., O'Gara P., Harding S.E., MacLeod K.T. The effect of alterations to action potential duration on β-adrenoceptor-mediated aftercontractions in human and guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:1997;1457-1467.
    • (1997) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.29 , pp. 1457-1467
    • Tweedie, D.1    O'Gara, P.2    Harding, S.E.3    MacLeod, K.T.4
  • 101
    • 0025368411 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by catecholamines
    • Priori S.G., Corr P.B. Mechanisms underlying early and delayed afterdepolarizations induced by catecholamines. Am J Physiol. 258:1990;H1796-H1805.
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.258 , pp. 1796-H1805
    • Priori, S.G.1    Corr, P.B.2
  • 102
    • 0028365308 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: II. afterdepolarizations, triggered activity, and potentiation
    • Luo C.H., Rudy Y. A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential: II. afterdepolarizations, triggered activity, and potentiation. Circ Res. 74:1994;1097-1113.
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.74 , pp. 1097-1113
    • Luo, C.H.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 104
    • 0020501838 scopus 로고
    • Bradycardia-dependent triggered activity: Relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia
    • Brachmann J., Scherlag B.J., Rosenshtraukh L.V., Lazzara R. Bradycardia-dependent triggered activity: relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 68:1983;846-856.
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.68 , pp. 846-856
    • Brachmann, J.1    Scherlag, B.J.2    Rosenshtraukh, L.V.3    Lazzara, R.4
  • 108
    • 0025357814 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular tachyarrhythmias related to early afterdepolarizations and triggered firing: Relationship to QT interval prolongation and potential therapeutic role for calcium channel blocking agents
    • Jackman W.M., Szabo B., Friday K.J., Margolis P.D., Moulton K., Wang X., Patterson E., Lazzara R. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias related to early afterdepolarizations and triggered firing: relationship to QT interval prolongation and potential therapeutic role for calcium channel blocking agents. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1:1990;170-195.
    • (1990) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.1 , pp. 170-195
    • Jackman, W.M.1    Szabo, B.2    Friday, K.J.3    Margolis, P.D.4    Moulton, K.5    Wang, X.6    Patterson, E.7    Lazzara, R.8
  • 109
    • 0025940097 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in patients with congenital long QT syndrome
    • Shimizu W., Ohe T., Kurita T., et al. Early afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. Circulation. 84:1991;1915-1923.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1915-1923
    • Shimizu, W.1    Ohe, T.2    Kurita, T.3
  • 110
    • 0026873171 scopus 로고
    • TU alternans, long QTU, and torsade de pointes: Clinical and experimental observations
    • Habbab M.A., El-Sherif N. TU alternans, long QTU, and torsade de pointes: clinical and experimental observations. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 15:1992;916-931.
    • (1992) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.15 , pp. 916-931
    • Habbab, M.A.1    El-Sherif, N.2
  • 111
    • 0026757407 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarizations in the familial long QTU syndrome
    • Zhou J.T., Zheng L.R., Liu W.Y., et al. Early afterdepolarizations in the familial long QTU syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 3:1992;431-436.
    • (1992) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.3 , pp. 431-436
    • Zhou, J.T.1    Zheng, L.R.2    Liu, W.Y.3
  • 112
    • 0028340765 scopus 로고
    • Monophasic action potentials in patients with torsades de pointes
    • Miwa S., Inoue T., Yokoyama M. Monophasic action potentials in patients with torsades de pointes. Jpn Circ J. 58:1994;248-258.
    • (1994) Jpn Circ J , vol.58 , pp. 248-258
    • Miwa, S.1    Inoue, T.2    Yokoyama, M.3
  • 113
    • 0028839535 scopus 로고
    • Effects of verapamil and propanolol on early afterdepolarizations and ventricular arrhythmias induced by epinephrine in congenital long QT syndrome
    • Shimizu W., Ohe T., Kurita T., et al. Effects of verapamil and propanolol on early afterdepolarizations and ventricular arrhythmias induced by epinephrine in congenital long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 26:1995;1299-1309.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 1299-1309
    • Shimizu, W.1    Ohe, T.2    Kurita, T.3
  • 114
    • 0023784610 scopus 로고
    • QTU prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations: Afterdepolarizations and ventricular arrhythmias
    • El-Sherif N., Zeiler R.H., Craelius W., Gough W.B., Henkin R. QTU prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations: afterdepolarizations and ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Res. 63:1988;286-305.
    • (1988) Circ Res , vol.63 , pp. 286-305
    • El-Sherif, N.1    Zeiler, R.H.2    Craelius, W.3    Gough, W.B.4    Henkin, R.5
  • 115
    • 0024381643 scopus 로고
    • Quinidine-induced long QTU interval and torsade de pointes: Role of bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations
    • El-Sherif N., Bekheit S.S., Henkin R. Quinidine-induced long QTU interval and torsade de pointes: role of bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 14:1989;252-257.
    • (1989) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.14 , pp. 252-257
    • El-Sherif, N.1    Bekheit, S.S.2    Henkin, R.3
  • 116
    • 0025042110 scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced torsades de pointes: Role of early afterdepolarizations and dispersion of repolarization
    • Habbab M.A., El-Sherif N. Drug-induced torsades de pointes: role of early afterdepolarizations and dispersion of repolarization. Am J Med. 89:1990;241-246.
    • (1990) Am J Med , vol.89 , pp. 241-246
    • Habbab, M.A.1    El-Sherif, N.2
  • 117
    • 0030899320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarization-like activity in patients with class IA induced long QT syndrome and torsades de pointes
    • Kurita T., Ohe T., Shimizu W., et al. Early afterdepolarization-like activity in patients with class IA induced long QT syndrome and torsades de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 20:1997;695-705.
    • (1997) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.20 , pp. 695-705
    • Kurita, T.1    Ohe, T.2    Shimizu, W.3
  • 118
    • 0021066238 scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes: The long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: Observations in 32 patients
    • Kay G.N., Plumb V.J., Arciniegas J.G., Henthorn R.W., Waldo A.L. Torsade de pointes: the long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: observations in 32 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2:1983;806-817.
    • (1983) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 806-817
    • Kay, G.N.1    Plumb, V.J.2    Arciniegas, J.G.3    Henthorn, R.W.4    Waldo, A.L.5
  • 119
    • 0029064095 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: Quantitative analysis of Holter recordings
    • Locati E.H., Maison-Blanche P., Dejode P., Cauchemez B., Coumel P. Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: quantitative analysis of Holter recordings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 25:1995;1564-1575.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.25 , pp. 1564-1575
    • Locati, E.H.1    Maison-Blanche, P.2    Dejode, P.3    Cauchemez, B.4    Coumel, P.5
  • 120
    • 0030298484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome
    • Viskin S., Alla S.R., Barron H.V., et al. Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 28:1996;1262-1268.
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1262-1268
    • Viskin, S.1    Alla, S.R.2    Barron, H.V.3
  • 121
    • 0030886479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducible induction of 'atypical' torsades de pointes by programmed electrical stimulation: A novel form of sotalol-induced proarrhythmia?
    • Krishnan S.C., Galvin J., McGovern B., Garan H., Ruskin J.N. Reproducible induction of 'atypical' torsades de pointes by programmed electrical stimulation: a novel form of sotalol-induced proarrhythmia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 8:1997;1055-1061.
    • (1997) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.8 , pp. 1055-1061
    • Krishnan, S.C.1    Galvin, J.2    McGovern, B.3    Garan, H.4    Ruskin, J.N.5
  • 122
    • 0030879725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation of epinephrine-induced afterdepolarizations by class III antiarrhythmic drugs
    • Patterson E., Scherlag B.J., Szabo B., Lazzara R. Facilitation of epinephrine-induced afterdepolarizations by class III antiarrhythmic drugs. J Electrocardiol. 30:1997;217-224.
    • (1997) J Electrocardiol , vol.30 , pp. 217-224
    • Patterson, E.1    Scherlag, B.J.2    Szabo, B.3    Lazzara, R.4
  • 124
    • 0030954160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-Sotalol induces marked action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations in M but not epicardial or endocardial cells of the canine ventricle
    • Sicouri S., Moro S., Elizari M.V. D-Sotalol induces marked action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations in M but not epicardial or endocardial cells of the canine ventricle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut. 2:1997;27-38.
    • (1997) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut , vol.2 , pp. 27-38
    • Sicouri, S.1    Moro, S.2    Elizari, M.V.3
  • 125
    • 0031662969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceleration-induced action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations
    • Burashnikov A., Antzelevitch C. Acceleration-induced action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 9:1998;934-948.
    • (1998) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.9 , pp. 934-948
    • Burashnikov, A.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 126
    • 0030014404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of calcium for the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation detected by premature ventricular stimulation: Single pulse versus sequential pulse methods
    • Zaugg C.E., Wu S.T., Lee R.J., Parmley W.W., Buser P.T., Wikman-Coffelt J. Importance of calcium for the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation detected by premature ventricular stimulation: single pulse versus sequential pulse methods. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 28:1996;1059-1072.
    • (1996) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1059-1072
    • Zaugg, C.E.1    Wu, S.T.2    Lee, R.J.3    Parmley, W.W.4    Buser, P.T.5    Wikman-Coffelt, J.6
  • 127
    • 0032979304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pause induced early afterdepolarizations in the long QT syndrome: A simulation study
    • Viswanathan P.C., Rudy Y. Pause induced early afterdepolarizations in the long QT syndrome: a simulation study. Cardiovasc Res. 42:1999;530-542.
    • (1999) Cardiovasc Res , vol.42 , pp. 530-542
    • Viswanathan, P.C.1    Rudy, Y.2
  • 128
    • 85047679831 scopus 로고
    • Purkinje fibre-papillary muscle interaction in the genesis of triggered activity in a guinea pig model
    • Li Z.Y., Maldonado C., Zee-Cheng C., Hiromasa S., Kupersmith J. Purkinje fibre-papillary muscle interaction in the genesis of triggered activity in a guinea pig model. Cardiovasc Res. 26:1992;543-548.
    • (1992) Cardiovasc Res , vol.26 , pp. 543-548
    • Li, Z.Y.1    Maldonado, C.2    Zee-Cheng, C.3    Hiromasa, S.4    Kupersmith, J.5
  • 129
    • 0032480753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and distribution of M cells in arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparations
    • Yan G.X., Shimizu W., Antzelevitch C. Characteristics and distribution of M cells in arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparations. Circulation. 98:1998;1921-1927.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1921-1927
    • Yan, G.X.1    Shimizu, W.2    Antzelevitch, C.3
  • 130
    • 0344863069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long-QT syndrome: Effects of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes
    • Shimizu W., Antzelevitch C. Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long-QT syndrome: effects of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channel blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes. Circulation. 98:1998;2314-2322.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 2314-2322
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 131
    • 0025177185 scopus 로고
    • Early and delayed afterdepolarizations associated with cesium chloride-induced arrhythmias in the dog
    • Patterson E., Szabo B., Scherlag B.J., Lazzara R. Early and delayed afterdepolarizations associated with cesium chloride-induced arrhythmias in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 15:1990;323-331.
    • (1990) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 323-331
    • Patterson, E.1    Szabo, B.2    Scherlag, B.J.3    Lazzara, R.4
  • 132
    • 0026630004 scopus 로고
    • Induction and termination of afterdepolarizations and triggered arrhythmias by drugs in cat heart in vivo
    • Xie J.T., Li C.L. Induction and termination of afterdepolarizations and triggered arrhythmias by drugs in cat heart in vivo. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 14:1992;347-354.
    • (1992) Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 347-354
    • Xie, J.T.1    Li, C.L.2
  • 133
    • 0030418688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pinacidil, verapamil, and heart rate on afterdepolarizations in the guinea-pig heart in vivo
    • Xu J., Zaim S., Pelleg A. Effects of pinacidil, verapamil, and heart rate on afterdepolarizations in the guinea-pig heart in vivo. Heart Vessels. 11:1996;289-302.
    • (1996) Heart Vessels , vol.11 , pp. 289-302
    • Xu, J.1    Zaim, S.2    Pelleg, A.3
  • 134
    • 0025010679 scopus 로고
    • Can the MAP technique be applied to study triggered activities of the heart? Intracellular evidence in vivo
    • Xie J., Xie L. Can the MAP technique be applied to study triggered activities of the heart? Intracellular evidence in vivo. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 12:1990;419-424.
    • (1990) Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol , vol.12 , pp. 419-424
    • Xie, J.1    Xie, L.2
  • 135
    • 0032530525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced susceptibility for acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias in the dog with chronic, complete AV block is related to cardiac hypertrophy and electrical remodeling
    • Vos M.A., de Groot S.H.M., Verduyn S.C., et al. Enhanced susceptibility for acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias in the dog with chronic, complete AV block is related to cardiac hypertrophy and electrical remodeling. Circulation. 98:1998;1125-1135.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1125-1135
    • Vos, M.A.1    De Groot, S.H.M.2    Verduyn, S.C.3
  • 138
    • 0018092854 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular monophasic action potentials in patients with long QT syndrome
    • Gavrilescu S., Luca C. Right ventricular monophasic action potentials in patients with long QT syndrome. Br Heart J. 40:1978;1014-1018.
    • (1978) Br Heart J , vol.40 , pp. 1014-1018
    • Gavrilescu, S.1    Luca, C.2
  • 139
    • 0018611040 scopus 로고
    • Enregistrement des potentiels d'action monophasiques du ventricule droit dans un cas de QT long et alternance isolée de l'onde U
    • Bonatti V., Finardi A., Botti G. Enregistrement des potentiels d'action monophasiques du ventricule droit dans un cas de QT long et alternance isolée de l'onde U. Arch Mal Coeur. 72:1979;1180-1186.
    • (1979) Arch Mal Coeur , vol.72 , pp. 1180-1186
    • Bonatti, V.1    Finardi, A.2    Botti, G.3
  • 140
    • 0020577003 scopus 로고
    • Recording of monophasic action potentials of the right ventricle in long QT syndromes complicated by severe ventricular arrhythmias
    • Bonatti V., Rolli A., Botti G. Recording of monophasic action potentials of the right ventricle in long QT syndromes complicated by severe ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J. 4:1983;168-179.
    • (1983) Eur Heart J , vol.4 , pp. 168-179
    • Bonatti, V.1    Rolli, A.2    Botti, G.3
  • 141
    • 0021250466 scopus 로고
    • Afterdepolarizations as a mechanism for the long QT syndrome: Electrophysiologic studies of a case
    • Schechter E., Freeman C.C., Lazzara R. Afterdepolarizations as a mechanism for the long QT syndrome: electrophysiologic studies of a case. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3:1984;1556-1561.
    • (1984) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.3 , pp. 1556-1561
    • Schechter, E.1    Freeman, C.C.2    Lazzara, R.3
  • 142
    • 0025677749 scopus 로고
    • Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic studies in patients with torsades de pointe: Role of monophasic action potentials
    • Ohe T., Kurita T., Aihara N., Kamakura S., Matsuhisa M., Shimomura K. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic studies in patients with torsades de pointe: role of monophasic action potentials. Jpn Circ J. 54:1990;1323-1330.
    • (1990) Jpn Circ J , vol.54 , pp. 1323-1330
    • Ohe, T.1    Kurita, T.2    Aihara, N.3    Kamakura, S.4    Matsuhisa, M.5    Shimomura, K.6
  • 143
    • 0025916223 scopus 로고
    • Bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations in a patient with QTU prolongation and torsade de pointes in association with marked bradycardia and hypokalemia
    • Shimizu W., Tanaka K., Suenaga K., Wakamoto A. Bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations in a patient with QTU prolongation and torsade de pointes in association with marked bradycardia and hypokalemia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 14:1991;1105-1111.
    • (1991) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.14 , pp. 1105-1111
    • Shimizu, W.1    Tanaka, K.2    Suenaga, K.3    Wakamoto, A.4
  • 144
    • 0027462984 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarization in a patient with complete atrioventricular block and torsades de pointes
    • Kurita T., Ohe T., Shimizu W., Hotta D., Shimomura K. Early afterdepolarization in a patient with complete atrioventricular block and torsades de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 16:1993;33-38.
    • (1993) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.16 , pp. 33-38
    • Kurita, T.1    Ohe, T.2    Shimizu, W.3    Hotta, D.4    Shimomura, K.5
  • 145
    • 0028332312 scopus 로고
    • Epinephrine-induced ventricular premature complexes due to early afterdepolarizations and effects of verapamil and propranolol in a patient with congenital long QT syndrome
    • Shimizu W., Ohe T., Kurita T., Tokuda T., Shimomura K. Epinephrine-induced ventricular premature complexes due to early afterdepolarizations and effects of verapamil and propranolol in a patient with congenital long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 5:1994;438-444.
    • (1994) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.5 , pp. 438-444
    • Shimizu, W.1    Ohe, T.2    Kurita, T.3    Tokuda, T.4    Shimomura, K.5
  • 146
    • 0029021031 scopus 로고
    • Early afterdepolarization abolished by potassium channel opener in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome
    • Sato T., Hata Y., Yamamoto M., et al. Early afterdepolarization abolished by potassium channel opener in a patient with idiopathic long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 6:1995;279-282.
    • (1995) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.6 , pp. 279-282
    • Sato, T.1    Hata, Y.2    Yamamoto, M.3
  • 147
    • 0032574657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channel opener in the LQT1 form of congenital long-QT syndrome
    • + channel opener in the LQT1 form of congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 97:1998;1581-1588.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1581-1588
    • Shimizu, W.1    Kurita, T.2    Matsuo, K.3
  • 148
    • 19244371485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KVLQT1 C-terminal missense mutation causes a forme fruste long-QT syndrome
    • Donger C., Denjoy I., Berthet M., et al. KVLQT1 C-terminal missense mutation causes a forme fruste long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 96:1997;2778-2781.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 2778-2781
    • Donger, C.1    Denjoy, I.2    Berthet, M.3
  • 149
    • 7144264410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrocardiographic and clinical predictors of torsades de pointes induced by almokalant infusion in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter: A prospective study
    • Houltz B., Darpö B., Edvardsson N., et al. Electrocardiographic and clinical predictors of torsades de pointes induced by almokalant infusion in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter: a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 21:1998;1044-1057.
    • (1998) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.21 , pp. 1044-1057
    • Houltz, B.1    Darpö, B.2    Edvardsson, N.3
  • 150
    • 0025963987 scopus 로고
    • Isoproterenol antagonizes prolongation of refractory period by the class III antiarrhythmic agent E-4031 in guinea pig myocytes: Mechanism of action
    • Sanguinetti M.C., Jurkiewicz N.K., Scott A., Siegl P.K.S. Isoproterenol antagonizes prolongation of refractory period by the class III antiarrhythmic agent E-4031 in guinea pig myocytes: mechanism of action. Circ Res. 68:1991;77-84.
    • (1991) Circ Res , vol.68 , pp. 77-84
    • Sanguinetti, M.C.1    Jurkiewicz, N.K.2    Scott, A.3    Siegl, P.K.S.4
  • 151
    • 0027437748 scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and mortality risk in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy
    • Bikkina M., Larson M.G., Levy D. Asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and mortality risk in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 22:1993;1111-1116.
    • (1993) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 1111-1116
    • Bikkina, M.1    Larson, M.G.2    Levy, D.3
  • 153
    • 0027944528 scopus 로고
    • Sudden cardiac death in heart failure: The role of abnormal repolarization
    • Tomaselli G.F., Beuckelmann D.J., Calkins H.G., et al. Sudden cardiac death in heart failure: the role of abnormal repolarization. Circulation. 90:1994;2534-2539.
    • (1994) Circulation , vol.90 , pp. 2534-2539
    • Tomaselli, G.F.1    Beuckelmann, D.J.2    Calkins, H.G.3
  • 154
    • 0030948894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersion of ventricular activation and refractoriness in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Dinerman J.L., Berger R., Haigney M.C.P., et al. Dispersion of ventricular activation and refractoriness in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 79:1997;970-974.
    • (1997) Am J Cardiol , vol.79 , pp. 970-974
    • Dinerman, J.L.1    Berger, R.2    Haigney, M.C.P.3
  • 155
    • 0030876316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beat-to-beat QT interval variability: Novel evidence for repolarization lability in ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Berger R.D., Kasper E.K., Baughman K.L., Marban E., Calkins H., Tomaselli G.F. Beat-to-beat QT interval variability: novel evidence for repolarization lability in ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 96:1997;1557-1565.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1557-1565
    • Berger, R.D.1    Kasper, E.K.2    Baughman, K.L.3    Marban, E.4    Calkins, H.5    Tomaselli, G.F.6
  • 156
    • 0027237887 scopus 로고
    • + currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure
    • + currents in isolated human ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circ Res. 73:1993;379-385.
    • (1993) Circ Res , vol.73 , pp. 379-385
    • Beuckelmann, D.J.1    Näbauer, M.2    Erdmann, E.3
  • 157
    • 0032491201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of transient outward potassium current downregulation in human heart failure: A decrease in Kv4.3 mRNA correlates with a reduction in current density
    • Kääb S., Dixon J., Duc J., et al. Molecular basis of transient outward potassium current downregulation in human heart failure: a decrease in Kv4.3 mRNA correlates with a reduction in current density. Circulation. 98:1998;1383-1393.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 1383-1393
    • Kääb, S.1    Dixon, J.2    Duc, J.3
  • 158
    • 0026542534 scopus 로고
    • Intracellular calcium handling in isolated ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure
    • Beuckelmann D.J., Näbauer M., Erdmann E. Intracellular calcium handling in isolated ventricular myocytes from patients with terminal heart failure. Circulation. 85:1992;1046-1055.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 1046-1055
    • Beuckelmann, D.J.1    Näbauer, M.2    Erdmann, E.3
  • 160
    • 0001229903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in calcium handling in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure
    • Balke C.W., Shorofsky S.R. Alterations in calcium handling in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 37:1998;290-299.
    • (1998) Cardiovasc Res , vol.37 , pp. 290-299
    • Balke, C.W.1    Shorofsky, S.R.2
  • 161
    • 0001392789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potassium channel down-regulation in heart failure
    • Näbauer M., Kääb S. Potassium channel down-regulation in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 37:1998;324-334.
    • (1998) Cardiovasc Res , vol.37 , pp. 324-334
    • Näbauer, M.1    Kääb, S.2
  • 162
    • 0032763647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + currents in dogs with chronic complete atrioventricular block and acquired torsades de pointes
    • + currents in dogs with chronic complete atrioventricular block and acquired torsades de pointes. Circulation. 100:1999;2455-2461.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 2455-2461
    • Volders, P.G.A.1    Sipido, K.R.2    Vos, M.A.3
  • 163
    • 0027051508 scopus 로고
    • Canine left ventricular hypertrophy predisposes to ventricular tachycardia induction by phase 2 early afterdepolarizations after administration of BAY K 8644
    • Ben-David J., Zipes D.P., Ayers G.M., Pride H.P. Canine left ventricular hypertrophy predisposes to ventricular tachycardia induction by phase 2 early afterdepolarizations after administration of BAY K 8644. J Am Coll Cardiol. 20:1992;1576-1584.
    • (1992) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.20 , pp. 1576-1584
    • Ben-David, J.1    Zipes, D.P.2    Ayers, G.M.3    Pride, H.P.4
  • 164
    • 0030011473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid rates during bradycardia prolong ventricular refractoriness and facilitate ventricular tachycardia induction with cesium in dogs
    • Satoh T., Zipes D.P. Rapid rates during bradycardia prolong ventricular refractoriness and facilitate ventricular tachycardia induction with cesium in dogs. Circulation. 94:1996;217-227.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 217-227
    • Satoh, T.1    Zipes, D.P.2
  • 165
    • 0025819561 scopus 로고
    • Reoxygenation-induced arrhythmogenic transient inward currents in isolated cells of the guinea-pig heart
    • Benndorf K., Friedrich M., Hirche H. Reoxygenation-induced arrhythmogenic transient inward currents in isolated cells of the guinea-pig heart. Pflügers Arch. 418:1991;248-260.
    • (1991) Pflügers Arch , vol.418 , pp. 248-260
    • Benndorf, K.1    Friedrich, M.2    Hirche, H.3
  • 166
    • 0025718864 scopus 로고
    • Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity develop in a select population of cells (M cells) in canine ventricular myocardium: The effects of acetylstrophanthidin and Bay K 8644
    • Sicouri S., Antzelevitch C. Afterdepolarizations and triggered activity develop in a select population of cells (M cells) in canine ventricular myocardium: the effects of acetylstrophanthidin and Bay K 8644. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 14:1991;1714-1720.
    • (1991) Pacing Clin Electrophysiol , vol.14 , pp. 1714-1720
    • Sicouri, S.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 167
    • 0023921614 scopus 로고
    • Autonomic modulation of ventricular arrhythmia in cesium chloride-induced long QT syndrome
    • Hanich R.F., Levine J.H., Spear J.F., Moore E.N. Autonomic modulation of ventricular arrhythmia in cesium chloride-induced long QT syndrome. Circulation. 77:1988;1149-1161.
    • (1988) Circulation , vol.77 , pp. 1149-1161
    • Hanich, R.F.1    Levine, J.H.2    Spear, J.F.3    Moore, E.N.4
  • 168
    • 0023681663 scopus 로고
    • Delayed afterdepolarizations elicited in vivo by left stellate ganglion stimulation
    • Priori S.G., Mantica M., Schwartz P.J. Delayed afterdepolarizations elicited in vivo by left stellate ganglion stimulation. Circulation. 78:1988;178-185.
    • (1988) Circulation , vol.78 , pp. 178-185
    • Priori, S.G.1    Mantica, M.2    Schwartz, P.J.3
  • 169
    • 0023761905 scopus 로고
    • Differential response to right and left ansae subclaviae stimulation of early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachycardia induced by cesium in dogs
    • Ben-David J., Zipes D.P. Differential response to right and left ansae subclaviae stimulation of early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachycardia
    • (1988) Circulation , vol.78 , pp. 1241-1250
    • Ben-David, J.1    Zipes, D.P.2
  • 170
    • 0026331729 scopus 로고
    • Adrenergic induction of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular myocardial cells: β induction and α modulation
    • Marchi S., Szabo B., Lazzara R. Adrenergic induction of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular myocardial cells: β induction and α modulation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2:1991;476-491.
    • (1991) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.2 , pp. 476-491
    • Marchi, S.1    Szabo, B.2    Lazzara, R.3
  • 171
    • 0023245699 scopus 로고
    • o on catecholamine-induced delayed afterdepolarizations in atrial cells
    • o on catecholamine-induced delayed afterdepolarizations in atrial cells. Am J Physiol. 253:1987;H115-H125.
    • (1987) Am J Physiol , vol.253 , pp. 115-H125
    • Tseng, G.N.1    Wit, A.L.2
  • 172
    • 0025306971 scopus 로고
    • α-Adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade modulates cesium-induced early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in dogs
    • Ben-David J., Zipes D.P. α-Adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade modulates cesium-induced early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in dogs. Circulation. 82:1990;225-233.
    • (1990) Circulation , vol.82 , pp. 225-233
    • Ben-David, J.1    Zipes, D.P.2
  • 173
    • 0021682528 scopus 로고
    • Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced in feline Purkinje fibers by α-adrenergic stimulation in the presence of elevated calcium levels
    • Kimura S., Cameron J.S., Kozlovskis P.L., Bassett A.L., Myerburg R.J. Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced in feline Purkinje fibers by α-adrenergic stimulation in the presence of elevated calcium levels. Circulation. 70:1984;1074-1082.
    • (1984) Circulation , vol.70 , pp. 1074-1082
    • Kimura, S.1    Cameron, J.S.2    Kozlovskis, P.L.3    Bassett, A.L.4    Myerburg, R.J.5
  • 174


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.