Genetic predisposition to breast cancer: A surgical perspective

British Journal of Surgery

Volumn 87, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 149-162

  Sakorafas, G H ^a   Tsiotou, A G ^a  

^a 251 GENERAL AIR FORCE HOSPITAL   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER RISK; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; MEDICAL INFORMATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONCOGENE C ERB; ONCOGENE MYC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTO ONCOGENE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

BRCA2 PROTEIN; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENES, BRCA1; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMANS; MUTATION; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES; PTEN PHOSPHOHYDROLASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS;

EID: 0033975147     PISSN: 00071323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01347.x     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. 1 Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics 1997. CA Cancer J Clin 1997; 47: 5-27.
2. 2 Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996; 46: 5-27.
3. 3 Sakorafas GH Breast Cancer, Monograph Athens: Lagos Medical Publications, 1999.
4. 4 Bowcock AM. Breast cancer genes. Breast J 1997; 3(Suppl 3): 1-6.
5. 5 Simons JW. Genetic, epigenetic, dysgenetic, and non-genetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis. Crit Rev Oncog 1995; 6: 261-73.
6. 6 Sakorafas GH, Glinatsis MT. Oncogenes: Their Clinical Significance. Athens: Infomedia, 1993.
7. 7 Sakorafas GH, Tsiotou AG. The molecular basis of cancer. Hellenic Oncology 1995; 31: 17-24.
8. 8 Sakorafas GH, Glinatsis MT. Oncogenes and cancer. The genetic basis of cancer. Latriki 1994; 65: 36-51.
9. 9 Russo J, Calaf G, Sohi N, Tahin Q, Zhang PL, Alvarado ME et al. Critical steps in breast carcinogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 698: 1-20.
10. 10 Band V. Preneoplastic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Semin Cancer Biol 1995; 6: 185-92.
11. 11 Derventzi A, Rattan SIS, Gonos E. Molecular links between cellular mortality and immortality. Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 2901-10.
12. 12 Russo J, Calaf G, Russo IH. A critical approach to the malignant transformation of human breast epithelial cells with chemical carcinogens. Crit Rev Oncog 1993; 44: 403-17.
13. 13 Sakorafas GH, Tsiotou AG. Multistcp pancreatic carcinogenesis and its clinical implications. Eur J Surg Oncol 1999; 25: 562-5.
14. 14 Tsiotou AG, Krespis EN, Sakorafas GH, Krespi AE. The genetic basis of colorectal cancer - clinical implications. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995; 21: 96-100.
15. 15 Klein G, Klein E. Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature 1985; 315: 190-5.
16. 16 Page DJ, Dupont WD. Anatomic markers of human premalignancy and risk of breast cancer. Cancer 1990; 66(Suppl6): 1326-35.
17. 17 Goldman R, Shields PG. Molecular epidemiology of breast cancer. In Vivo 1998; 12: 43-8.
18. 18 Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D, Crockford GP. Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer: results from 214 families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52: 678-701.
19. 19 Shattuck-Eidens D, McClure M, Simard J, Labrie F, Narod S, Couch F et al. A collaborative survey of 80 mutations in the BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene. Implications for presymptomatic testing and screening. JAMA 1995; 273:535-41.
20. 20 Petty EM, Killeen AA. BRCA1 mutation testing: controversies and challenges. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 6-8 (Editorial).
21. 21 Langston AA, Malone KE, Thompson JD, Daling JR, Ostrander EA. BRCA1 mutations in a population-based sample of young women with breast cancer. NEnglJMed 1996; 334: 137-42.
22. 22 FitzGerald MG, MacDonald DJ, Krainer M, Hoover I, O'Neil E, Vasal H et al. Germ-line BRCA1 mutations in Jewish and non-Jewish women with early-onset breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 143-9.
23. 23 Easton DF, Bishop DT, Ford D. Breast and ovarian cancer incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 265-71.
24. 24 Ford D, Easton DF, Bishop DT, Narod SA, Goldgar DE. Risk of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancer 1994; 343: 692-5.
25. 25 Narod SA, Ford D, Devilee P, Barkardottir RB, Lynch HT, Smith SA et al. An evaluation of genetic heterogeneity in 145 breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 254-64.
26. 26 Lynch HT, Watson P, Tinley S, Snyder C, Durham C, Lunch J et al. An update on DNA-based BRCA1/BRCA2 genetic counseling in hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999; 109:91-8.
27. 27 Matsushima M, Kobayashi K, Emi M, Saito H, Saito J, Suzumori K et al. Mutation analysis of the BRCA1 gene in 76 Japanese ovarian cancer patients: four germline mutations, but no evidence of somatic mutation. Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4: 1953-6.
28. 28 Merajver SD, Pham TM, Caduff RF, Chen M, Poy EL, Cooney KA et al. Somatic mutations in the BRCA1 gene in sporadic ovarian tumours. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 439-1-3.
29. 29 Hosking L, Trowsdale J, Nicolai H, Solomon E, Foulkes W, Stamp G et al. A somatic BRCA1 mutation in an ovarian rumour. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 343-4.
30. 30 Collins FS. BRCA1 - lots of mutations, lots of dilemmas. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 186-8 (Editorial).
31. 31 Struewing JP, Hartge P, Wacholder S, Baker SM, Berlin M, McAdams M et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1401-8.
32. 32 Struewing JP, Abeliovich D, Peretz T, Avishai N, Kaback MM, Collins FS et al. The carrier frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation is approximately 1 % in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. Nat Genet 1995; 11: 198-200.
33. 33 Ford D, Easton DF, Peto J. Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57: 1457-262.
34. 34 Bertwistle D, Ashworth A. Functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Curr Opin Genet Devel 1998; 8: 14-20.
35. 35 Blackwood MA, Weber BL. BRCA1 and BRCA2: from molecular genetics to clinical medicine. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1969-77.
36. 36 Couch FJ, Weber BL. Mutations and polymorphisms in the familial early-onset breast cancer (BRCA1) gene. Breast Cancer Information Core. Hum Mut 1996; 8: 8-18.
37. 37 Wooster R, Neuhausen SL, Mangion J, Quirk Y, Ford D, Collins N et al. Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. Science 1994; 265: 2088-90.
38. 38 Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 1995; 378: 789-92.
39. 39 Eeles RA, Stratton MR, Goldgar DE, Easton DF. The genetics of familial breast cancer and their practical implications. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 1383-90.
40. 40 Stratton MR. Recent advances in understanding of genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Hum Mol Genet 1996; 5: 1515-19.
41. 41 Ford D, Eastern DF. The genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 805-12.
42. 42 Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, Botkin J, Kahn MJ, Lunch P et al. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. JAMA 1997; 277: 997-1003.
43. 43 Eisen A, Weber BL. Recent advances in breast cancer biology. Curr Opin Oncol 1998; 10: 486-91.
44. 44 Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Cancer-susceptibility genes. Gatekeepers and caretakers. Nature 1997; 386: 761-3.
45. 45 Cough FJ, Farid LM, DeShano ML, Tavtigian SV, Calzone K, Campeau L et al. BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer families. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 123-5.
46. 46 Phelan CM, Lancaster JM, Tonin P, Gumbs C, Cochran C, Carter R et al. Mutation analysis of the BRCA2 gene in 49 site-specific breast cancer families. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 120-2.
47. 47 Lancaster JM, Wooster R, Mangion J, Phelan CM, Cochran C, Gumbs C et al. BRCA2 mutations in primary breast and ovarian cancers. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 238-1-0.
48. 48 Miki Y, Katagiri T, Kasumi F, Yoshimoto T, Nakamura Y. Mutation analysis on the BRCA2 gene in primary breast cancers. Nat Genet 1996; 13: 245-7.
49. 49 Serova OM, Mazoyer S, Puget N, Dubois V, Tonin P, Shugart YY et al. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer families: are there more breast cancer susceptibility genes? Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60: 486-95.
50. 50 Weber BHF, Brohm M, Stec I, Backe J, Caffier H. A somatic truncating mutation in BRCA2 in a sporadic breast tumor. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59: 962-4 (Letter).
51. 51 Lindblom A, Skoog L, Rotstein S, Werelius B, Larsson C, Nordenskjold M. Loss of heterozygosity in familial breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4356-61.
52. 52 Thompson ME, Jensen RA, Obermiller DS, Page DL, Holt JT. Decreased expression of BRCA1 accelerates growth and is often present during sporadic breast cancer progression. Nat Genet 1995; 9: 444-50.
53. 53 Holt JT, Thompson ME, Szabo C, Robinson-Benion C, Arteaga CL, King MC et al. Growth retardation and tumour inhibition by BRCA1. Nat Genet 1996; 12: 298-302.
54. 54 Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Pathology of familial breast cancer: differences between breast cancers in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and sporadic cases. Lancet 1997; 349: 1505-10.
55. 55 Karp SE, Tonin PN, Begin LR, Martinez JJ, Zhang JC, Pollak MN et al. Influence of BRCA1 mutations on nuclear grade and estrogen receptor status of breast carcinoma in Ashkenazi Jewish women. Cancer 1997; 80: 435-41.
56. 56 Johannsson OT, Idvall I, Anderson C, Borg A, Barkardottir RB, Egilsson V et al. Tumour biological features of BRCA1-induced breast and ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 362-71.
57. 57 Marcus JN, Watson P, Page DL, Naraod SA, Lenoir GM, Tonin P et al. Hereditary breast cancer: pathobiology, prognosis, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene linkage. Cancer 1996; 77: 697-709.
58. 58 Eisinger F, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Longy M, Kerangueven F, Noguchi T, Bailly C et al. Germline mutation at BRCA1 affects the histo-prognostic grade in hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 471-4.
59. 59 Lee JS, Wacholder S, Struewing JP, McAdams M, Pee D, Brody LC et al. Survival after breast cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 259-63.
60. 60 Burke W, Laya MB. Genetic risk and breast cancer survival: another link in the chain of evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 201-3 (Editorial).
61. 61 Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991; 253: 49-53.
62. 62 Cho Y, Gorina S Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP. Crystal structure of a p53 rumor suppressor-DNA complex: understanding tumorigenic mutations. Science 1994; 265: 346-55.
63. 63 Hollstein M, Rice K, Greenblatt MS, Soussi T, Fuchs R, Sorlie T et al. Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucl Acids Res 1994; 22: 3551-5.
64. 64 Poirier MC. DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105(Suppl4):907-12.
65. 65 Malkin D, Li FP, Strong LC, Fraumeni JF Jr, Nelson CE, Kim DH et al. Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms. Science 1990; 250: 1233-8.
66. 66 Eeles RA. Predictive testing for germline mutations in the p53 gene: are all the questions answered? Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 1361-5.
67. 67 Li FP, Fraumeni JF, Mulvihill JJ, Blattner WA, Dreyfus MG, Tucker MA et al. A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 5358-62.
68. 68 Greene MH. Genetics of breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 54-65.
69. 69 Borressen AL, Andersen TI, Garber J, Barbier-Piraux N, Thorlacius S, Eyfjord J et al. Screening for germ line TP53 mutations in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3234-6.
70. 70 Sidransky D, Tokino T, Helzlsouer K, Zehnbauer B, Rausch G, Shelton B et al. Inherited p53 gene mutations in breast cancer. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 2984-6.
71. 71 Bartek J, Bartkova J, Vojtesek B, Staskova Z, Rejthar A, Koverik J et al. Patterns of expressions of the p53 tumour suppressor in human breast tissues and tumors in situ and in vitro. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 839-44.
72. 72 Hanssen AMN, Fryns JP. Cowden syndrome. J Med Genet 1995; 32: 117-19.
73. 73 Nelen MR, van Staveren WC, Peeters EA, Hassel MB, Gorlin RJ, Hamm H et al. Germline mutations in the PTEN/ MMAC1 gene in patients with Cowden disease. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6: 1383-7.
74. 74 Steck PA, Pershouse MA, Jasser SA, Yung WK, Lin H, Ligon AH et al. Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat Genet 1997; 15: 356-62.
75. 75 Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI et al. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 1997; 13: 1943-7.
76. 76 Lynch ED, Ostermeyer EA, Lee MK, Arena JF, Ji H, Dann J et al. Inherited mutations in PTEN that are associated with breast cancer, Cowden disease, and juvenile polyposis. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 61: 1254-60.
77. 77 Radford DM, Zehnbauer BA. Inherited breast cancer. Surg Clin North Am 1996; 76: 205-20.
78. 78 Bennett IC, Gattas M, The BT. The genetic basis of breast cancer and its clinical implications. Aust N ZJ Surg 1999; 69: 95-105.
79. 79 Chen J, Lindblom P, Lindblom A. A study of the PTEN/ MMAC1 gene in 136 breast cancer families. Hum Genet 1998; 102: 124-5.
80. 80 Freihoff D, Kempe A, Beste B, Wappenschmidt B, Kreyer E, Hayashi Y et al. Exclusion of a major role for the PTEN tumour-suppressor gene in breast carcinomas. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 7.54-8.
81. 81 Rhei E, Kang L, Bogomolniy F, Federici MG, Borgen PI, Boyd J. Mutation analysis of the putative tumor suppressor gene PTEN/MMAC1 in primary breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3657-9.
82. 82 Gatti RA, Boder E, Vinters HV, Sparkes RS, Norman A, Lange K. Ataxia-telangiectasia: an interdisciplinary approach to pathogenesis. Medicine 1991; 70: 99-117.
83. 83 Wooster R, Ford D, Mangion J, Ponder PA, Peto J, Easton DF et al. Absence of linkage to the ataxia telangiectasia locus in familial breast cancer. Hum Genet 1993; 92: 91-4.
84. 84 Easton DF. Cancer risks in A-T heterozygotes. Int J Radiat Biol 1994; 66(Suppl 6): S177-82.
85. 85 Kerangueven F, Essioux L, Dib A, Noguchi T, Allione F, Geneix J et al. Loss of heterozygosity and linkage analysis in breast carcinoma: indication for a putative third susceptibility gene on the short arm of chromosome 8. Oncogene 1995; 10: 1023-6.
86. 86 Wu LC, Wang ZW, Tsan JT, Spillman MA, Phung A, Xu XL et al. Identification of a RING protein that interacts in vivo with the BRCA1 gene product. Nat Genet 1996; 14: 430-40.
87. 87 Itoh H, Houlston R, Harocopos C, Slack J. Risk of cancer death in first-degree relatives of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis cancer syndrome (Lynch type II): a study of 139 kindreds in the United Kingdom. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 1367-70.
88. 88 Lerman C, Seay J, Balshem A, Audrain J. Interest in genetic testing among first-degree relatives of breast cancer patients. Am J Med Genet 1995; 57: 385-92.
89. 89 Lynch HT, Fusaro RM, Lemon SJ, Smyrk T, Lynch J. Survey of cancer genetics: genetic testing implications. Cancer 1997; 80(Suppl 3): 523-32.
90. 90 Garber JE Patenaude AF. Ethical, social, and counseling issues in hereditary cancer susceptibility. Cancer Surv 1995; 25: 381-97.
91. 91 American Society of Clinical Oncology. Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1730-6.
92. 92 Kanemura S,Tsuji I, Ohuchi N,Takei H, Yokoe T,Koibuchi Y et al. A case control study on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening by clinical examination in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90: 607-13.
93. 93 Jatoi I. Breast cancer screening. Am J Surg 1999; 177: 518-24.
94. 94 Bick U. An integrated early detection concept in women with a genetic predisposition for breast cancer. Radiologe 1997; 37: 591-6.
95. 95 Helzlsouer KJ, Bush TL, Alberg AJ, Bass KM, Zacur H, Comstock GW. Prospective study of serum CA-125 levels as markers of ovarian cancer. JAMA 1993; 269: 1123-6.
96. 96 Muto MG, Gramer DW, Brown DL, Welch WR, Harlow BL, Xu H et al. Screening for ovarian cancer: the preliminary experience of a familial ovarian cancer center. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 51: 12-20.
97. 97 Van Nagell JR Jr, DePriest PD, Puls LE, Donaldson ES, Gallion HH, Paulik EJ et al. Ovarian cancer screening in asymptomatic postmenopausal women by transvaginal sonography. Cancer 1991; 68: 458-62.
98. 98 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Ovarian Gancer. Ovarian cancer: screening, treatment, and follow-up. JAMA 1995; 273: 491-7.
99. 99 Mettlin C, Jones G, Averette H, Gusberg SB, Murphy GP. Defining and updating the American Cancer Society guidelines for the cancer-related checkup: prostate and endometrial cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 1993; 43: 42-6.
100. 100 Grann VR, Whang W, Jacobson JS, Heitjan DF, Antman KH, Neugut AI. Benefits and costs of screening Ashkenazi Jewish women for BRCA1 and BKCA2. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 494-500.
101. 101 Schrag D, Kuntz KM, Garber JE, Weeks JC. Decision analysis - effects of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy on life expectancy among women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1465-71.
102. 102 Temple WJ, Lindsay RL, Magi E, Urbanski SJ. Technical considerations for prophylactic mastectomy in patients at high risk for breast cancer. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 413-15.
103. 103 Stefanek ME. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: issues and concerns. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1995; 17: 37-42.
104. 104 Eldar S, Meguid MM, Beatty JD. Cancer of the breast after prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy. Am J Surg 1984; 148:692-3.
105. 105 Goodnight JE Jr, Quagliana JM, Morton DL. Failure of subcutaneous mastectomy to prevent the development of breast cmcer. J Surg Oncol 1984; 26: 198-201.
106. 106 Mies C. Recurrent secretory carcinoma in residual mammary tissue after mastectomy. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17: 715-21.
107. 107 Goldman LD, Goldwyn RM. Some anatomical considerations of subcutaneous mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1973; 51: 501-5.
108. 108 Humphrey LJ. Subcutaneous mastectomy is nota prophylaxis against carcinoma of the breast: Opinion or knowledge? AmJ Surg 1983; 145: 311-12 (Editorial).
109. 109 Tobacman JK, Greene MH, Tucker MA, Costa J, Kase R, Fraumeni JF Jr. Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in ovarian cancer-prone families. Lancet 1982; ii: 795-7.
110. 110 Piver MS, Jishi MF, Tsukada Y, Nava G. Primary peritoneal carcinoma after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with a family history of ovarian cancer. A report of the Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry. Cancer 1993; 71: 2751-5.
111. 111 Kerlikowske K, Brown JS, Grady DG. Should women with familial ovarian cancer undergo prophylactic oophorectomy? Ohlet Gynecol 1992; 80: 700-7.
112. 112 Powles TJ, Jones AL, Ashley SE, O'Brien ME, Tidy VA, Treleavan J et al. The Royal Marsden Hospital pilot tamoxifen chemoprcvention trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 31: 73-82.
113. 113 Cummings S, Norton L, Eckert S, Thompson BF. Raloxifene reduces the risk of breast cancer and may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women: two-year findings from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Trial. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1998; 17: 3 (Abstract).
114. 114 Fornander T, Rutqvist LE, Cedermark B, Glas U, Mattsson A, Silfversward C et al. Adjuvant tamoxifen in early breast cancer: occurrence of new primary cancers. Lancet 1989; i: 117-20.
115. 115 Fisher B, Constantino J. Highlights of the NSABP breast cancer prevention trial. Cancer Control 1997; 4: 78-86.
116. 116 Fisher B, Constantino JP, Wickerham DL, Redmond CK, Kavannah M, Cronin WM et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1371-88.
117. 117 Neven P, De Muylder X, Van Belle Y, Campo R, Vanderick G. Tamoxifen and the uterus. BMJ 1994; 309: 1313-14.
118. 118 Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, Grady D, Powles TJ, Cauleym JA et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA 1999; 281: 2189-97.
119. 119 Schuruman AG, van den Brandt P, Goldbohm RA. Exogenous hormone use and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6: 416-24.
120. 120 Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanaiysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713-27.
121. 121 Gross TP, Schlesselman JJ. The estimated effect of oral contraceptive use on the cumulative risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 419-24.
122. 122 Alberg AJ, Visvanathan K, Helzlsoucr KJ. Epidemiology, prevention, and early detection of breast cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 1998; 10: 492-7.
123. 123 Olsson H, Borg A. Genetic predisposition to breast cancer. Acta Oncol 1996; 35: 1-8.
124. 124 Bluman LG, Rimer BK, Berry DA, Borstelmann N, Iglehart JD, Regan K et al. Attitudes, knowledge, and risk perceptions of women with breast and/or ovarian cancer considering testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1040-6.
125. 125 Wonderlick AL, Fine BA. Knowledge of breast cancer genetics among breast cancer patients and first-degree relatives of affective individuals. J Genetic Counseling 1997; 6: 111-29.
126. 126 Boxhorn HKE, Eck SL. Gene therapy for breast cancer. Hnnatol Oncol Clin North Am 1998; 12: 665-7 S.