A novel mechanism for telomere size control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genes and Development

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 1996, Pages 1310-1326

  Li, Bibo ^a   Lustig, Arthur J ^a,b  

^a Weill Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences   (United States)

^b MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

HPR1; SIR3; Telomeres; telomeric associations; telomeric size control

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHROMATIN; GENE DELETION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR SIZE; MOLECULAR STABILITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; TELOMERE;

EUKARYOTA; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0029778954     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.10.11.1310     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Aguilera, A. and H. Klein. 1989. Genetic and molecular analysis of recombinant events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurring in the presence of the hyper-recombination mutation hpr1. Genetics 122: 503-517.
2. _. 1990. HPR1, a novel yeast gene that prevents intra-chromosomal excision recombination, shows carboxy-terminal homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TOP1 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 1439-1451.
3. Bardwell, A., L. Bardwell, A. Tomkinson, and E. Friedberg. 1994. Specific cleavage of model recombination and repair intermediates by the yeast Rad1-Rad10 DNA endonuclease. Science 265: 2082-2085.
4. Bernards, A., P. Michels, C. Lincke, and P. Borst. 1983. Growth of chromosome ends in multiplying trypanosomes. Nature 303: 592-597.
5. Bryan, T., A. Englezou, J. Gupta, S. Bacchetti, and R. Reddel. 1995. Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity. EMBO J. 14: 4240-4248.
6. Chien, C.-T., P. Bartel, R. Sternglanz, and S. Fields. 1991. The two-hybrid system: A method to identify and clone genes for proteins that interact with a protein of interest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 9578-9582.
7. Chien, C.-T., S. Buck, R. Sternglanz, and D. Shore. 1993. Targeting of Sir1 protein establishes silencing at HM loci and telomeres in yeast. Cell 75: 531-541.
8. Christman, M., F. Dietrich, and G. Fink. 1988. Mitotic recombination in the rDNA of S. cerevisiae is suppressed by the combined action of DNA topoisomerases I and II. Cell 55: 413-425.
9. Cockell, M., F. Palladino, T. Laroche, G. Kyrion, C. Liu, A.J. Lustig, and S.M. Gasser. 1995. The carboxy termini of Sir4 and Rap1 affect Sir3 localization: Evidence for a multi-component complex required for telomeric silencing. J. Cell Biol. 129: 909-924.
10. Cohn, M. and E. H. Blackburn. 1995. Telomerase in yeast. Science 269: 396-400.
11. Conrad, M., J. Wright, A. Wolf, and V.A. Zakian. 1990. RAP1 protein interacts with yeast telomeres in vivo: Overproduction alters telomere structure and decreases chromosome stability. Cell 63: 739-750.
12. Dernberg, A., J. Sadat, W. Cande, and H. Baas. 1995. Cytology of telomeres. In Telomeres (ed. E. Blackburn and C. Greider), pp. 295-338. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
13. Garvik, B., M. Carson, and L. Hartwell. 1995. Single-stranded DNA arising at telomeres in cdc13 mutants may constitute a specific signal for the RAD9 checkpoint. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 6128-6138.
14. Gilson, E. and S. M. Gasser. 1995. Represser activator protein I and its ligands: Organising chromatin domains. Nucleic Acids Mol. Biol. 9: 308-327.
15. Gilson, E., M. Roberge, R. Giraldo, D. Rhodes, and S.M. Gasser. 1993. Distortion of the DNA double helix by RAP1 at silencers and multiple telomeric binding sites. J. Mol. Biol. 231: 293-310.
16. Gottschling, D., O. Aparicio, B. Billington, and V.A. Zakian. 1990. Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: Reversible repression of Pol II transcription. Cell 63: 751-762.
17. Greenwell, P., S. Kronmal, S. Porter, J. Gassenhuber, B. Over-maier, and T.D. Petes. 1995. TEL1, a gene involved in controlling telomere length in S. cerevisiae, is homologous to the human ataxia telangiesctasia gene. Cell 82: 823-829.
18. Greider, C. 1995. Telomerase biochemistry and regulation. In Telomeres [ed. E. Blackburn and C. Greider), pp. 35-68. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
19. Haber, J. 1992. Exploring the pathways of homologous recombination. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4: 401-412.
20. Johnson, R., S. Henderson, T.D. Petes, S. Prakash, M. Bankmann, and L. Prakash. 1992. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD5-encoded DNA repair protein contains DNA helicase and zinc-binding sequence motifs and affects the stability of simple repetitive sequences in the genome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 3807-3818.
21. Johnson, R., G. Kovvali, L. Prakash, and S. Prakash. 1995. Requirement of the yeast RTH1 5′ to 3′ exonuclease for the stability of simple repetitive DNA. Science 269: 238-240.
22. Kaiser, C.S., S. Michaelis, and A. Mitchell. 1994. Methods in yeast genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
23. Klein, F., T. Laroche, M. Cardenas, F.-X. Hofmann, D. Schweizer, and S.M. Gasser. 1992. Localization of RAP1 and topoisomerase II in nuclei and meiotic chromosomes of yeast. J. Cell. Biol. 117: 935-948.
24. Klein, H. 1995. Genetic control of intrachromosomal recombination. BioEssays 17: 147-159.
25. Kurtz, S. and D. Shore. 1991. The RAP1 protein activates and silences transcription of mating-type genes in yeast. Genes & Dev. 5: 616-628.
26. Kyrion, G., K. Boakye, and A.J. Lustig. 1992. C-terminal truncation of RAP1 results in the deregulation of telomere size, stability and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 5159-5173.
27. Kyrion, G., K. Liu, C. Liu, and A.J. Lustig. 1993. RAP1 and telomere structure regulate telomere position effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes & Dev. 7: 1146-1159.
28. Larson, D., E. Spangler, and E.H. Blackburn. 1987. Dynamics of telomere length variation in Tetrahymena theimophila. Cell 50: 477-483.
29. Lea, D. and C. Coulson. 1948. The distribution of the numbers of mutants in bacterial populations. J. Genet. 49: 226-284.
30. Lingner, J., J. Cooper, and T.R. Cech. 1995. Telomerase and DNA end replication: No longer a lagging strand problem? Science 269: 1533-1534.
31. Lin, J.-J. and V.A. Zakian. 1995. An in vitro assay for Saccharomyces telomerase requires EST1. Cell 81: 1127-1135.
32. Liu, C., X. Mao, and A.J. Lustig. 1994. Mutational analysis defines a C-terminal tail domain of RAP1 essential for telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 138: 1025-1040.
33. Longtine, M., N. Wilson, M. Petracek, and J. Berman. 1989. A yeast telomere binding activity binds to two related telomere sequence motifs and is indistinguishable from RAP1. Curr. Genet. 6: 225-240.
34. Lue, N. and J. Wang. 1995. ATP-dependent processivity of a telomerase activity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 21453-21456.
35. Lundblad, V. and J. Szostak. 1989. A mutant with a defect in telomere elongation leads to senescence in yeast. Cell 57: 633-643.
36. Lustig, A.J. and T.D. Petes. 1986. Identification of yeast mutants with altered telomere structure. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 83: 1398-1402.
37. Lustig, A.J., C. Liu, C. Zhang, and J.P. Hanish. 1996. Tethered Sir3p nucleates silencing at telomeres and internal loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 2483-2495.
38. McEachern, M. and E.H. Blackburn. 1995. Runaway telomere elongation caused by telomerase RNA gene mutations. Nature 376: 403-409.
39. Melek, M., E.G. Greene, and D.E. Shippen. 1996. Processing of non-telomere 3′ ends by telomerase: Default template alignment and endonucleolytic cleavage. Mol. Cell. Biol. (in press).
40. Moretti, P., K. Freeman, L. Coodly, and D. Shore. 1994. Evidence that a complex of SIR proteins interacts with the silencer and telomere-binding protein RAP1. Genes & Dev. 8: 2257-2269.
41. Murnane, J., L. Sabatie, B. Marder, and W. Morgan. 1994. Telomere dynamics in an immortal human cell line. EMBO J. 13: 4953-4962.
42. Paetkau, D., J. Riese, W. MacMorran, R. Woods, and R. Gietz. 1994. Interaction of the yeast RAD7 and SIR3 proteins: Implications for DNA repair and chromatin structure. Genes & Dev. 8: 2035-2045.
43. Palladino, F., T. Laroche, E. Gilson, A. Axelrod, L. Pillus, and S.M. Gasser. 1993. SIR3 and SIR4 proteins are required for the positioning and integrity of yeast telomeres. Cell 75: 543-555.
44. Petes, T.D., R. Malone, and L. Symington. 1991. Recombination in yeast. In The molecular and cellular biology of the yeast Saccharomyces (ed. J. Broach, J. Pringle, E. Jones), Vol. 1, pp. 407-522. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
45. Reenan, R. and R. Kolonder. 1992. Isolation and characterization of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding homologs of the bacterial HexA and Mut S mismatch repair proteins. Genetics 132: 963-985.
46. Roth, M. and D. Prescott. 1985. DNA intermediates and telomere addition during genome reorganization in Euplotes crassus. Cell 41: 411-417.
47. Santos-Rosa, H. and A. Aguilera. 1994. Increase in incidence of chromosome stability and non-conservative recombination between repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae hpe1Δ strains. Mol. & Gen. Genet. 245: 224-236.
48. Selva, E., L. New, G. Grouse, and R. Lahue. 1995. Mismatch correction acts as a barrier to homeologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139: 1175-1188.
49. Shampay, J. and E.H. Blackburn. 1988. Origins of telomere length heterogeneity in S. cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 534-538.
50. Shore, D. 1994. RAP1: A protean regulator in yeast. Trends Genet. 10: 408-412.
51. _. 1995. Telomere position effects and transcriptional silencing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Telomeres (ed. E. Blackburn and C. Greider), pp. 139-191. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
52. Shore, D., M. Squire, and K. Nasmyth. 1984. Characterization of two genes required for the position-effect control of yeast mating-type genes. EMBO J. 3: 2817-2824.
53. Singer, M. and D. Gottschling. 1994. TLC1: Template RNA component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase. Science 266: 398-404.
54. Snedecor, G. and W. Cochran. 1980. Statistical methods, 7th ed., The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
55. Stone, E., M. Swanson, A. Romeo, J. Hicks, and R. Sternglanz. 1991. The SIR1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its role as an extragenic suppressor of several mating-defective mutations. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 2253-2262.
56. Strand, M., T. Prolla, R. Liskay, and T.D. Petes. 1993. Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DNA mismatch repair. Nature 365: 274-276.
57. Strand, M., M. Earley, G. Grouse, and T.D. Petes. 1995. Mutations in the MSH3 gene preferentially lead to deletions within tracts of simple repetitive DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 10418-10421.
58. Tomkinson, A., A. Bardwell, L. Bardwell, N. Tappe, and E. Friedberg. 1993. Yeast DNA repair and recombination proteins Rad1 and Rad10 constitute a single-strand DNA endonuclease. Nature 362: 860-862.
59. Verhage, R., A. Zeeman, N. deGroot, F. Gleig, D. Bang, P. van de Putte, and J. Brower. 1994. The RAD7 and RAD16 genes, which are essential for pyrimidine dimer removal from the silent mating type loci, are also required for repair of the nontranscribed strand of an active gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 6135-6142.
60. Wallis, J., G. Chrebet, G. Brodsky, M. Rolfe, and R. Rothstein. 1989. A hyper-recombination mutation in S. cerevisiae identifies a novel eukaryotic topoisomerase. Cell 58: 409-419.
61. Walmsley, R. and T.D. Petes. 1985. Genetic control of chromosome length in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 506-510.
62. Wright, J., D. Gottschling, and V.A. Zakian. 1992. Saccharomyces telomeres assume a non-nucleosomal chromatin structure. Genes & Dev. 6:197-210.
63. Zahler, A. and D. Prescott. 1988. Telomere terminal transferase activity in the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova and a model for replication of the ends of linear DNA molecules. Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 6953-6972.
64. Zakian, V.A. 1995a. Telomeres: Beginning to understand the end. Science 270: 1601-1607
65. _. 1995b. Saccharomyces telomeres: Function, structure, and replication. In Telomeres (ed. E. Blackburn and C. Greiderl, pp. 107-137. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
66. Zhu, Y., C. Peterson, and M. Christman. 1995. HPR1 encodes a global positive regulator of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1698-1708.