Temozolomide and treatment of malignant glioma

Clinical Cancer Research

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 2585-2597

  Friedman, Henry S ^a,c   Kerby, Tracy ^a   Calvert, Hilary ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NEWCASTLE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; PROCARBAZINE; TEMOZOLOMIDE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RESISTANCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MULTICENTER STUDY; NEUTROPENIA; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, ALKYLATING; ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DACARBAZINE; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MELANOMA;

EID: 0033941733     PISSN: 10780432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (101)

1. Avgeropoulos, N. G., and Batchelor, T. T. New treatment strategies for malignant gliomas. Oncologist, 4: 209-224, 1999.
2. Clark, A. S., Deans, B., Stevens, M. F., Tisdale, M. J., Wheelhouse, R. T., Denny, B. J., and Hartley, J. A. Antitumor imidazotetrazines. 32. Synthesis of novel imidazotetrazinones and related bicyclic heterocycles to probe the mode of action of the antitumor drug temozolomide. J. Med. Chem., 38: 1493-1504, 1995.
3. Stevens, M. F. G., Hickman, J. A., Langdon, S. P., Chubb, D., Vickers, L., Stone, R., Baig, G., Goddard, C., Gibson, N. W., Slack, J. A., Newton, C., Lunt, E., Fizames, C., and Lavelle, F. Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of 8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one (CCRG 81045: M & B39831), a novel drug with potential as an alternative to dacarbazine. Cancer Res., 47: 5846-5852, 1987.
4. Friedman, H. S., Dolan, M. E., Pegg, A. E., Marcelli, S., Keir, S., Catino, J. J., Bigner, D. D., and Schold, S. C., Jr. Activity of temozolomide in the treatment of central nervous system tumor xenografts. Cancer Res, 55: 2853-2857, 1995.
5. Plowman, J., Waud, W. R., Koutsoukos, A. D., Rubinstein, L. V., Moore, T. D., and Grever, M. R. Preclinical antitumor activity of temozolomide in mice: efficacy against human brain tumor xenografts and synergism with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Res., 54: 3793-3799, 1994.
6. Pera, M. F., Köberle, B., and Masters, J. R. W. Exceptional sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumour cell lines to the new anti-cancer agent, temozolomide. Br. J. Cancer, 71: 904-906, 1995.
7. Carter, C. A., Waud, W. R., and Plowman, J. Responses of human melanoma, ovarian, and colon tumor xenografts in nude mice to oral temozolomide. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 35: 297, 1994.
8. 6-benzylguanine/temozolomide combination: an evaluation in a human melanoma xenograft model. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 40: 266-272, 1997.
9. Patel, M., McCully, C., Godwin, K., and Balis, F. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of temozolomide. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 14: 461, 1995.
10. Newlands, E. S., Blackledge, G. R. P., Slack, J. A., Rustin, G. J. S., Smith, D. B., Stuart, N. S. A., Quarterman, C. P., Hoffman, R., Stevens, M. F. G., Brampton, M. H., and Gibson, A. C. Phase I trial of temozolomide (CCRG 81045: M&B 39831: NSC 362856). Br. J. Cancer, 65: 287-291, 1992.
11. Bleehen, N. M., Newlands, E. S., Lee, S. M., Thatcher, N., Selby, P., Calvert, A. H., Rustin, G. J. S., Brampton, M., and Stevens, M. F. G. Cancer Research Campaign Phase II trial of temozolomide in metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 13: 910-913, 1995.
12. O'Reilly, S. M., Newlands, E. S., Glaser, M. G., Brampton, M., Rice-Edwards, J. M., Illingworth, R. D., Richards, P. G., Kennard, C., Colquhoun, I. R., Lewis, P., and Stevens, M. F. G. Temozolomide: a new oral cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent with promising activity against primary brain tumours. Eur. J. Cancer, 29A: 940-942, 1993.
13. Bower, M., Newlands, E. S., Bleehen, N. M., Brada, M., Begent, R. J. H., Calvert, H., Colquhoun, I., Lewis, P., and Brampton, M. H. Multicentre CRC Phase II trial of temozolomide in recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 40: 484-488, 1997.
14. Paulsen, F., Hoffmann, W., Becker, G., Belka, C., Weinmann, M., Classen, J., Kortmann, R. D., and Bamberg, M. Chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: ifosfamide versus temozolomide. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 125: 411-418, 1999.
15. Estlin, E. J., Lashford, L., Ablett, S., Price, L., Gowing, R., Gholkar, A., Kohler, J., Lewis, I. J., Morland, B., Pinkerton, C. R., Stevens, M. C. G., Mott, M., Stevens, R., Newell, D. R., Walker, D., Dicks-Mireaux, C., McDowell, H., Reidenberg, P., Statkevich, P., Marco, A., Batra, V., Dugan, M., and Pearson, A. D. J. Phase I study of temozolomide in paediatric patients with advanced cancer. United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group. Br. J. Cancer, 78: 652-661, 1998.
16. Nicholson, H. S., Krailo, M., Ames, M. M., Seibel, N. L., Reid, J. M., Liu-Mares, W., Vezina, L. G., Ettinger, A. G., and Reaman, G. H. Phase I study of temozolomide in children and adolescents with recurrent solid tumors: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol., 16: 3037-3043, 1998.
17. Stevens, M. F. G., Hickman, J. A., Stone, R., Gibson, N. W., Baig, G. U., Lunt, E., and Newton, C. G. Antitumor imidazotetrazines. 1. Synthesis and chemistry of 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d ]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one, a novel broad-spectrum antitumor agent. J. Med. Chem., 27: 196-201, 1984.
18. Hickman, J. A., Stevens, M. F. G., Gibson, N. W., Langdon, S. P., Fizames, C., Lavelle, F., Atassi, G., Lunt, E., and Tilson, R. M. Experimental antitumor activity against murine tumor model systems of 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one (mitozolomide), a novel broad-spectrum agent. Cancer Res., 45: 3008-3013, 1985.
19. Horgan, C. M. T., and Tisdale, M. J. An investigation into the mechanism of antitumour activity of a novel and potent antitumour agent, mitozolomide (CCRG 81010, M & B 39565; NSC 353451). Biochem. Pharmacol., 33: 2185-2192, 1984.
20. Gibson, N. W., Hickman, J. A., and Erickson, L. C. DNA crosslinking and cytotoxicity in normal and transformed human cells treated in vitro with 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one. Cancer Res., 44: 1772-1775, 1984.
21. Gibson, N. W., Erickson, L. C., and Hickman, J. A. Effects of the antitumor agent 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidaz[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one on the DNA of mouse L1210 cells. Cancer Res., 44: 1767-1771, 1984.
22. Horgan, C. M. T., and Tisdale, M. J. Uptake and decomposition of a novel antitumour agent mitozolomide (CCRG 81010; M and B 39565; NSC 353451) in TLX5 mouse lymphoma in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol., 34: 217-221, 1985.
23. Bull, V. L., and Tisdale, M. J. Antitumour imidazotetrazines-XVI macromolecular alkylation by 3-substituted imidazotetrazinones. Biochem. Pharmacol., 36: 3215-3220, 1987.
24. Newlands, E. S., Blackledge, G., Slack, J. A., Goddard, C., Brindley, C. J., Holden, L., and Stevens, M. F. G. Phase I clinical trial of mitozolomide. Cancer Treat. Rep., 69: 801-805, 1985.
25. Stevens, M. F., and Newlands, E. S. From triazines and triazenes to temozolomide. Eur. J. Cancer, 29A: 1045-1047, 1993.
26. Clark, A. S., Stevens, M. F. G., Sansom, C. E., and Schwalbe, C. H. Anti-tumour imidazotetrazines. Part XXI. Mitozolomide and temozolomide: probes for the major groove of DNA. Anticancer Drug Des., 5: 63-68, 1990.
27. Lowe, P. R., Sansom, C. E., Schwalbe, C. H., Stevens, M. F. G., and Clark, A. S. Antitumor imidazotetrazines. 25. Crystal structure of 8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4-(3H)-one (temozolomide) and structural comparisons with the related drugs mitozolomide and DTIC. J. Med. Chem., 35: 3377-3382, 1992.
28. Spassova, M. K., and Golovinsky, E. V. Pharmacobiochemistry of arylalkyltriazenes and their application in cancer chemotherapy. Pharmacol. Ther., 27: 333-352, 1985.
29. Denny, B. J., Wheelhouse, R. T., Stevens, M. F. G., Tsang, L. L. H., and Slack, J. A. NMR and molecular modeling investigation of the mechanism of activation of the antitumor drug temozolomide and its interaction with DNA. Biochemistry, 33: 9045-9051, 1994.
30. Liu, L., Taverna, P., Whitacre, C. M., Chatterjee, S., and Gerson, S. L. Pharmacologic disruption of base excision repair sensitizes mismatch repair-deficient and -proficient colon cancer cells to methylating agents. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 2908-2917, 1999.
31. Catapano, C. V., Broggini, M., Erba, E., Ponti, M., Mariani, L., Citti, L., and D'Incalci, M. In vitro and in vivo methazolastone-induced DNA damage and repair in L-1210 leukemia sensitive and resistant to chloroethylnitrosoureas. Cancer Res., 47: 4884-4889, 1987.
32. Deans, B., and Tisdale, M. J. Antitumour imidazotetrazines XXVIII 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase activity in cell lines sensitive and resistant to temozolomide. Cancer Lett., 63: 151-157, 1992.
33. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity. Br. J. Cancer, 74: 1030-1036, 1996.
34. 6-benzylguanine: a comparative study in vitro. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 482-490, 1996.
35. 6-benzylguanine analogues on sensitivity of human tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Cancer Res., 51: 3367-3372, 1991.
36. 6-benzylguanine provides a means to evaluate the role of this protein in protection against carcinogenic and therapeutic alkylating agents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 5368-5372, 1990.
37. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase levels: studies with blasts of leukaemic patients. Ann. Oncol., 6: 389-393, 1995.
38. Drummond, J. T., Li, G. M., Longley, M. J., and Modrich, P. Isolation of an hMSH2-p160 heterodimer that restores DNA mismatch repair to tumor cells. Science (Washington, DC), 268: 1909-1912, 1995.
39. Palombo, F., Gallinari, P., Iaccarino, I., Lettieri, T., Hughes, M., D'Arrigo, A., Truong, O., Hsuan, J. J., and Jiricny, J. GTBP, a 160-kilodalton protein essential for mismatch-binding activity in human cells. Science (Washington, DC), 268: 1912-1914, 1995.
40. Li, G. M., and Modrich, P. Restoration of mismatch repair to nuclear extracts of H6 colorectal tumor cells by a heterodimer of human MutL homologs. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 92: 1950-1954, 1995.
41. 6-methylguanine residues elicit DNA repair synthesis by human cell extracts. J. Biol. Chem., 268: 15878-15886, 1993.
42. 6-methylguanine on DNA damage and cytotoxicity of temozolomide in L1210 mouse leukemia sensitive and resistant to chloroethylnitrosoureas. Anticancer Drugs, 3: 401-405, 1992.
43. Karran, P., and Hampson, R. Genomic instability and tolerance to alkylating agents. Cancer Surv., 28: 69-85, 1996.
44. Karran, P., and Bignami, M. Self-destruction and tolerance in resistance of mammalian cells to alkylation damage. Nucleic Acids Res., 20: 2933-2940, 1992.
45. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase deficient leukemia cell lines. Leukemia, 9: 1888-1895, 1995.
46. 6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity and induction of novel immunogenicity in murine tumor cells treated with methylating agents. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 29: 277-282, 1992.
47. Allegrucci, M., Fuschiotti, P., Puccetti, P., Romani, L., and Fioretti, M. C. Changes in the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of murine melanoma cells treated with a triazene derivative. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 7: 329-341, 1989.
48. Tentori, L., Leonetti, C., and Aquino, A. Temozolomide reduces the metastatic potential of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) in mice: role of α-6 integrin phosphorylation. Eur. J. Cancer, 31A: 746-754, 1995.
49. Tisdale, M. J. Antitumour imidazotetrazines - XVIII. Modification of the level of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by 3-substituted imidazotetrazinones. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38: 1097-1101, 1989.
50. Hepburn, P. A., and Tisdale, M. J. Growth suppression by DNA from cells treated with imidazotetrazinones. Biochem. Pharmacol., 41: 339-343, 1991.
51. Zucchetti, M., Catapano, C. V., Filippeschi, S., Erba, E., and D'Incalci, M. Temozolomide induced differentiation of K562 leukemia cells is not mediated by gene hypomethylation. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38: 2069-2075, 1989.
52. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol., 51: 167-223, 1995.
53. 6-alkyl guanine alkyltransferase (AT) in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat. Rev., 15: 279-292, 1988.
54. 6-alkylguanine. FASEB J., 6: 2302-2310, 1992.
55. Tisdale, M. J. Antitumor imidazotetrazines-XV. Role of guanine O6 alkylation in the mechanism of cytotoxicity of imidazotetrazinones. Biochem. Pharmacol., 36: 457-462, 1987.
56. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase correlates with potentiation of temozolomide and CCNU toxicity in human tumour cells. Br. J. Cancer. 67: 1299-1302, 1993.
57. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase as potential indicators of constitutive drug resistance in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Res., 51: 2092-2097, 1991.
58. Franchi, A., Papa, G., D'Atri, S., Piccioni, D., Masi, M., and Bonmassar, E. Cytotoxic effects of dacarbazine in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: a pilot study. Haematologica, 77: 146-150, 1992.
59. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene into a murine hematopoietic stem cell line and resistance to the toxic effects of certain alkylating agents. Biochem. Pharmacol., 51: 1221-1228, 1996.
60. 6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase activity and nitrosourea sensitivity in human cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer. 66: 840-843, 1992.
61. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in resistance of human brain tumor cell lines to the clinically relevant methylating agents temozolomide and streptozotocin. Clin. Cancer Res., 2: 735-741, 1996.
62. Liu, L., Markowitz, S., and Gerson, S. L. Mismatch repair mutations override alkyltransferase in conferring resistance to temozolomide but not to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea. Cancer Res., 56: 5375-5379, 1996.
63. Friedman, H. S., Johnson, S. P., Dong, Q., Schold, S. C., Rasheed, B. K. A., Bigner, S. H., Ali-Osman, F., Dolan, E., Colvin, O. M., Houghton, P., Germain, G., Drummond, J. T., Keir, S., Marcelli, S., Bigner, D. D., and Modrich, P. Methylator resistance mediated by mismatch repair deficiency in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft. Cancer Res., 57: 2933-2936, 1997.
64. Tisdale, M. J. Antitumour imidazotetrazines-XI: effect of 8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one [CCRG 81045; M and B 39831 NSC 362856] on poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism. Br. J. Cancer, 52: 789-792, 1985.
65. n participates in DNA excision repair. Nature (Lond.), 283. 593-596, 1980.
66. Boulton, S., Pemberton, L. C., Porteous, J. K., Curtin, N. J., Griffin, R. J., Golding, B. T., and Durkacz, B. W. Potentiation of temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity: a comparative study of the biological effects of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Br. J. Cancer, 72: 849-856, 1995.
67. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in Chinese hamster ovary cells and restoration of cellular resistance to certain N-nitroso compounds. Mol. Carcinog., 4: 482-488, 1991.
68. Tentori, L., Turriziani, M., Franco, D., Serafino, A., Levati, L., Roy, R., Bonmassar, E., and Graziani, G. Treatment with temozolomide and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors induces early apoptosis and increases base excision repair gene transcripts in leukemic cells resistant to triazene compounds. Leukemia, 13: 901-909, 1999.
69. 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase I do not become resistant to alkylating agents. Carcinogenesis (Lond.), 15: 533-537, 1994.
70. Friedman, H. S., Dolan, M. E., Moschel, R. C., Pegg, A. E., Felker, G. M., Rich, J., Bigner, D. D., and Schold, S. C. J. Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84: 1926-1931, 1992.
71. 6-benzylguanine and its role in chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 837-847, 1997.
72. 6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine improves the therapeutic index of temozolomide against A375M melanoma xenografts. Int. J. Cancer, 85: 248-252, 2000.
73. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity to temozolomide and BCNU. Br. J. Cancer, 73: 1049-1052, 1996.
74. 6-benzylguanine increases the sensitivity of human primary bone marrow cells to the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide. Exp. Hematol., 23: 112-116, 1995.
75. 6-benzylguanine potentiates the in vivo toxicity and clastogenicity of temozolomide and BCNU in mouse bone marrow. Blood, 89: 1566-1573, 1997.
76. Chinnasamy, N., Rafferty, J., Lashford, L., Chinnasamy, D., Margison, G., Thatcher, N., Dexter, T., and Fairbairn, L. Protection of committed murine haemopoietic progenitors against BCNU toxicity does not predict protection of primitive, multipotent spleen colony-forming cells - implications for chemoprotective gene therapy. Leukemia, 13: 1776-1783, 1999.
77. 6-benzylguanine and temozolomide. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 163-169, 1999.
78. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Gene Ther., 5: 842-847, 1998.
79. 6-alkylating agents in vitro. Gene Ther., 5: 835-841, 1998.
80. Hammond, L. A., Eckardt, J. R., Baker, S. D., Eckhardt, S. G., Dugan, M., Forral, K., Reidenberg, P., Statkevich, P., Weiss, G. R., Rinaldi, D. A., Von Hoff, D. D., and Rowinsky, E. K. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide on a daily-for-5-days schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 2604, 1999.
81. Brock, C. S., Newlands, E. S., Wedge, S. R., Bower, M., Evans, H., Colquhoun, I., Roddie, M., Glaser, M., Brampton, M. H., and Rustin, G. J. S. Phase I trial of temozolomide using an extended continuous oral schedule. Cancer Res., 58: 4363-4367, 1998.
82. 14C-temozolomide following oral administration to patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 309-317, 1999.
83. Dhodapkar, M., Rubin, J., Reid, J. M., Burch, P. A., Pitot, H. C., Buckner, J. C., Ames, M. M., and Suman, V. J. Phase I trial of temozolomide (NSC 362856) in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 1093-1100, 1997.
84. Brada, M., Judson, I., Beale, P., Moore, S., Reidenberg, P., Statkevich, P., Dugan, M., Batra, V., and Cutler, D. Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide (SCH 52365) for refractory or relapsing malignancies. Br. J. Cancer, 81: 1022-1030, 1999.
85. Beale, P., Judson, I., Moore, S., Statkevich, P., Marco, A., Cutler, D. L., Reidenberg, P., and Brada, M. Effect of gastric pH on the relative oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of temozolomide. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 44: 389-394, 1999.
86. Feun, L. G., Savaraj, N., and Landy, H. J. Drug resistance in brain tumors. J. Neurooncol., 20: 165-176, 1994.
87. Prados, M. D., and Russo, C. Chemotherapy of brain tumors. Semin. Surg. Oncol., 14: 88-95, 1998.
88. Pech, I. V., Peterson, K., and Cairncross, J. G. Chemotherapy for brain tumors. Oncology, 12: 537-553, 1998.
89. Rodriguez, L. A., and Levin, V. A. Does chemotherapy benefit the patient with a central nervous system glioma? [see comments]. Oncology (Huntingt), 1: 29-36, 1987.
90. Newlands, E. S., O'Reilly, S. M., Glaser, M. G., Bower, M., Evans, H., Brock, C., Brampton, M. H., Colquhoun, I., Lewis, P., Rice-Edwards, J. M., Illingworth, R. D., and Richards, P. G. The Charing Cross Hospital experience with temozolomide in patients with gliomas. Eur. J. Cancer, 32A: 2236-2241, 1996.
91. Yung, A., Levin, V. A., Albright, R., Olson, J., Fredericks, R., Fink, K., Prados, M., Brada, M., Spence, A., Brunner, J., Yue, N., Dugan, M. H., Zaknoen, S., and Temodal Brain Tumor Group. Randomized trial of temodal (TEM) vs. procarbazine (PCB) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at first relapse. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 18: 139, 1999.
92. Yung, W. K., Prados, M. D., Yaya-Tur, R., Rosenfeld, S. S., Brada, M., Friedman, H. S., Albright, R., Olson, J., Chang, S. M., O'Neill, A. M., Friedman, A. H., Bruner, J., Yue, N., Dugan, M., Zaknoen, S., and Levin, V. A. Multicenter Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or anaplastic oligoastrocytoma at first relapse. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 2762, 1999.
93. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol., 16: 3851-3857, 1998.
94. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br. J. Cancer, 78: 1199-1202, 1998.
95. Middleton, M. R., Grob, J. J., Aaronson, N., Fierlbeck, G., Tilgen, W., Seiter, S., Gore, M., Aamdal, S., Cebon, J., Coates, A., Dreno, B., Henz, M., Schadendorf, D., Kapp, A., Weiss, J., Fraass, U., Statkevich, P., Muller, M., and Thatcher, N. Randomized Phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 18: 158-166, 2000.
96. Piccioni, D., D'Atri, S., Papa, G., Caravita, T., Franchi, A., Bonmassar, E., and Graziani, G. Cisplatin increases sensitivity of human leukemic blasts to triazene compounds. J. Chemother., 7: 224-229, 1995.
97. Britten, C. D., Rowinsky, E. K., Baker, S. D., Agarwala, S. S., Eckardt, J. R., Barrington, R., Diab, S. G., Hammond, L. A., Johnson, T., Villalona-Calero, M., Fraass, U., Statkevich, P., Von Hoff, D. D., and Eckhardt, S. G. A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 1629-1637, 1999.
98. Hammond, L., Eckardt, J., Kuhn, J., Rizzo, J., Johnson, T., Villalona-Calero, M., Smith, L., Drengler, R., Campbell, L., Von Hoff, D., and Rowinsky, E. Phase I and pharmacokinetic (PK) trial of sequences of BCNU and temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with solid neoplasms. Ann. Oncol., 9 (Suppl. 2): 441, 1998.
99. Kirkwood, J. M., Agarwala, S. S., Diaz, B., Donnelly, S., Statkevich, P., and Dugan, M. Phase I study of temozolomide in combination with interferon α-2b in metastatic malignant melanoma. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 16: 491, 1997.
100. McVie, J. G. The therapeutic challenge of gliomas. Eur. J. Cancer, 29A: 936-939, 1993.
101. Agarwala, S. S., and Kirkwood, J. M. Adjuvant therapy of melanoma. Semin. Surg. Oncol., 14: 302-310, 1998.