Animal models of deficient sensorimotor gating: What we know, what we think we know, and what we hope to know soon

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 3-4, 2000, Pages 185-204

  Swerdlow, N R ^a   Braff, D L ^a   Geyer, M A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal model; Antipsychotics; Dopamine; Prepulse inhibition; Schizophrenia; Sensorimotor; Startie; Strain differences

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE; APOMORPHINE; BROMOCRIPTINE; DOPA; DOPAMINE; KETAMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NICOTINE; PHENCYCLIDINE;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL MODEL; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SENSITIVITY; GENETIC DRIFT; GENETIC REGULATION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NONHUMAN; PREPULSE INHIBITION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; STARTLE REFLEX; STRAIN DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0033938877     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200006000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Abduljawad KAJ, Langley RW, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (1997). Evidence for involvement of D2 dopamine receptors in prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in man. J Psychopharmacol 11:69.
2. Acri JB, Morse DE, Popke EJ, Grunberg NE (1994). Nicotine increases sensory gating measured as inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in rats. Psychopharmacology 114:369-374.
3. Adler LA, Duncan E, Parwani A, Kunz M, Efferen T, Chakravorty S, Szilagy S, Madonick S, Rajan R, Gonzenbach S, Rotrosen J (1999). Acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition in attention deficit disorder. Proceedings of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, p 28.
4. Adler LE, Pachtman E, Franks RD, Pecevich M, Waldo MS, Freedman R (1982). Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 17:639-654.
5. Adler LE, Rose G, Freedman R (1986). Neurophysiological studies of sensory gating in rats: effects of amphetamine, phencyclidine, and haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry 21:787-798.
6. Adler LE, Hoffer LJ, Wiser A, Freedman R (1993). Normalization of auditory physiology by cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 12:1856-1861.
7. Adler LE, Hope C, Hoffer LD, Stephen C, Young D, Herhardt G (1994). Bromocriptine impairs P50 auditory sensory gating in normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 35:630.
8. Bakshi VP, Geyer MA, Taaid N, Swerdlow NR (1995). A comparison of the effects of amphetamine, strychnine and caffeine on prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition. Behav Pharmacol 6:801-809.
9. Blumenthal TD (1997). Prepulse inhibition decreases as startle reactivity habituates. Psychophysiology 34:446-450.
10. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA (1990). Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 35:1-13.
11. Bohmelt AH, Schell AM, Dawson ME (1999). Attentional modulation of short-and long-lead-interval modification of the acoustic startle eyeblink response: comparing auditory and visual prestimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 32:239-250.
12. Bolino F, Di Michele V, Di Cicco L, Manna V, Daneluzzo E, Cassachia M (1994). Sensorimotor gating and habituation evoked by electrocutaneous stimulation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 36:670-679.
13. Braff D, Stone C, Callaway E, Geyer M, Glick I, Bali L (1978). Prestimulus effects on human startle reflex in normals and schizophrenics. Psychophysiology 15:339-343.
14. Braff DL, Grillon C, Geyer M (1992). Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:206-215.
15. Braff DL, Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1999). Symptom correlates of prepulse inhibition deficits in male schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 156:596-602.
16. Brown JS, Kalish HI, Farber IE (1951). Conditional fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus. J Exp Psychology 41:317-328.
17. Bullock AE, Slobe BS, Vazquez V, Collins AC (1997). Inbred mouse strains differ in the regulation of startle and prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Behav Neurosci 111:1353-1360.
18. Cadenhead KS, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1993). Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in schizotypal patients. Am J Psychiatry 150:1862-1867.
19. Cadenhead KS, Swerdlow NR, Shafer K, Diaz M, Braff DL (1999). Modulation of the startle response and laterality in schizophrenic patients, their relatives and schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of inhibitory deficits. Proc Am Acad Neuropsychopharmacol 136.
20. Caine SB, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (1991). Carbachol infusion into the dentate gyrus disrupts sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex in rats. Psychopharmacology 105:347-354.
21. Caine SB, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (1995). Effects of D3/D2 dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 12:139-145.
22. Carter RJ, Lione LA, Humby T, Mangiarini L, Mahal A, Bates GP, Dunnett SB, Morton AJ (1999). Characterization of progressive motor deficits in mice transgenic for the human Huntington's Disease mutation. J Neurosci 19:3248-3257.
23. Castellanos FX, Fine EJ, Kaysen DL, Kozuch PL, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL, Hallett M (1996). Sensorimotor gating in boys with Tourette's Syndrome and ADHD: preliminary results. Biol Psychiatry 39:33-41.
24. Cohen ME, Hoffman HS, Stitt CL (1981). Sensory magnitude estimation in the context of reflex modification. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform 7:1363-1370.
25. Conrad AJ, Abebe T, Austin R, Forsythe S, Scheibel AB (1991). Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray in schizophrenia as a bilateral phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48:413-417.
26. Cools AR, Rots NY, DeKloet R, Ellenbroek B (1994). Apomorphine-susceptible and apomorphine-unsusceptible Wistar rats: a new tool in the search for the function of the striatum in switching behavioural strategies. In: Percheron G, McKenzie JS, Feger J (editors). The Basal Ganglia IV. New York, NY: Plenum, pp. 507-151.
27. Csernansky JG, Murphy GM, Faustman WO (1993). Limbic/ mesolimbic connections and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 30:383-400.
28. Culpit GC, Temple AR (1984). Gastrointestinal decontamination in the management of the poisoned patient. Emergency Med Clin North Am 2:15-28.
29. Davis M (1984). The mammalian startle response. In Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. Eaton RC (editor). New York: Plenum Press. pp 287-342.
30. Davis M, Gendelman PM (1977). Plasticity of the acoustic startle reflex in acutely decerebrate rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 91:549-563.
31. Davis M, Wagner AR (1969). Habituation of the startle response under an incremental sequence of stimulus intensities. J Comp Physiol Psychol 67: 486-492.
32. Davis M, Gendelman D, Tischler M, Gendelman P (1982). A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies. J Neurosci 2:791-805.
33. Davis M, Mansbach RS, Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990). Apomorphine disrupts prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats. Psychopharmacology 102:1-4.
34. Dulawa SC, Geyer MA (1996). Psychopharmacology of prepulse inhibition in mice. Chin J Physiol 39:139-146.
35. 1B knockout mice. Psychopharmacology 132:125-134.
36. 1B knockout mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 861:79-84.
37. Dulawa SC, Gross C, Stark KL, Hen R, Geyer MA (2000) Knockout mice reveal opposite roles for serotonin 1A and 1B receptors in prepulse inhibition. Neuropsychopharmacology, in press.
38. Duncan E, Parwani A, Madonick S, Rajan R, Chakravorty S, Efferen T, Szilagyi S, Angrist B, Bartlett E, Gonzenbach S, Ko G, Chappell P, Rotrosen J (1997). Ketamine effects on prepulse inhibition of startle in normals. Proc Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol p 299.
39. Early TS, Relman EM, Raichle ME, Spitzmagel EL (1987). Left globus pallidus abnormality in newly medicated patients with schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:561.
40. Efferen TR, Duncan EJ, Szilagyi S, Chakravorty S, Adams JU, Gonzenbach S, Angrist B, Butler PD, Rotrosen J (2000). Diminished acoustic startle in chronic cocaine users. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:89-96.
41. Ellenbroek BA, Geyer MA, Cools MA (1995). The behavior of APO-SUS rats in animal models with construct validity for schizophrenia. J Neurosci 15:7604-7611.
42. Ellenbroek BA, van Luijtelaar G, Frenken M, Cools AR (1999). Sensory gating in rats: lack of correlation between auditory evoked potential gating and prepulse inhibition. Schizophr Bull 25:777-788.
43. Flaten MA, Elden A (1999). Caffeine and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Psychopharmacology 147:322-330.
44. Freedman R, Adler LE, Myles-Worsley M, Nagamoto HT, Miller C, Kisley M, McRae K, Cawthra E, Waldo M. (1996). Inhibitory gating of an evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Human recordings, computer simulation, and an animal model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:1114-1121.
45. Geyer MA, Braff DL (1982). Habituation of the blink reflex in normals and schizophrenic patients. Psychophysiology 19:1-6.
46. Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR, Lehmann-Masten V, Teschendorf H-J, Traut M, Gross G (1999). Effects of LU 111995 in three models of disrupted prepulse inhibition in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290:716-724.
47. Glowa JR, Hansen CT (1994). Differences in response to an acoustic startle stimulus among forty-six rat strains. Behav Genet 24:79-84.
48. Graham F (1975). The more or less startling effects of weak prestimuli. Psychophysiology 12:238-248.
49. Grillon C, Ameli R, Charney DS, Krystal J, Braff DL (1992). Startle gating deficits occur across prepulse intensities in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 32:939-943.
50. Grillon C, Falls WA, Ameli R, Davis M (1994). Safety signals and human anxiety: a fear-potentiated startle study. Anxiety 1:13-21.
51. Grillon C, Sinha R, Ameli R, O'Malley SS (2000). Effects of alcohol on baseline startle and prepulse inhibition in young men at risk for alcoholism and/or anxiety disorders. J Stud Alcohol 61:46-54.
52. Hart S, Zreik M, Carper R, Swerdlow NR (1998). Localizing haloperidol effects on sensorimotor gating in a predictive model of antipsychotic potency. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61:113-119.
53. Hoffman DC, Donovan H (1994). D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists reverse prepulse inhibition deficits in an animal model of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 115:447-453.
54. Hoffman HS, Searle JL (1968). Acoustic and temporal factors in the evocation of startle. J Acoust Soc Am 43:269-282.
55. Holstege G, Tan J, Van Ham J, Bos A (1984). Mesencephalic projections to the facial nucleus in the cat. An autoradiographic tracing study. Brain Res 311:7-22.
56. Hubner CB, Koob GF (1990). The ventral pallidum plays a role in mediating cocaine and heroin self-administration in the rat. Brain Res 508:20.
57. Hutchison KE, Swift R (1999). Effect of d-amphetamine on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans. Psychopharmacology 143:394-400.
58. Hutchison KE, Wood MD, Swift R (1999a) Personality factors moderate subjective and psychophysiological responses to d-amphetamine in humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7:493-501.
59. Hutchison KE, Niaura R, Swift R (1999b) Smoking cues decrease prepulse inhibition of the startle response and increase subjective craving in humans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 7:250-256.
60. Ison JR, Hammond GR, Krauer EE (1973a). Effects of experience on stimulus-produced reflex inhibition in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 83:324-336.
61. Ison JR, McAdam DW, Hammond GR (1973b). Latency and amplitude changes in the acoustic startle reflex produced by variations in auditory prestimulation. Physiol Behav 10:1035-1039.
62. Kaltwasser MT (1990a). Acoustic signaling in the black rat (Rattus rattus). J Comp Psychol 104:227-232.
63. Kaltwasser MT (1990b). Startle-inducing acoustic stimuli evoke ultrasonic vocalizations in the rat. Physiol Behav 48:13-17.
64. Karper LP, Grillon C, Charney DS, Krystal JH (1994). The effect of ketamine on pre-pulse inhibition and attention. Proc Am Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 124.
65. Karper LP, Freeman GK, Grillon C, Morgan CA, Charney DS, Krystal JH (1996). Preliminary evidence of an association between sensorimotor gating and distractibility in psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 8:60-66.
66. Kehne JH, McCloskey TC, Taylor VL, Black CK, Fadayel GM, Schmidt CT (1992). Effects of serotonin releasers 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 4-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and fenfluramine on acoustic and tactile startle reflexes in rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:78-89.
67. Kinney GG, Wilkonson LO, Saywell KL, Tircklebank MD (1999). Rat strain differences in ability to disrupt sensorimotor gating are limited to the dopaminergic system, specific to prepulse inhibition, and unrelated to changes in startle amplitude or nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor sensitivity. J Neurosci 19:5644-5653.
68. Koch M, Bubser M (1994). Deficient sensorimotor gating after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the rat medial prefrontal cortex is reversed by haloperidol. Eur J Neurosci 6:1837-1845.
69. Koch M, Schnitzler H-U (1997). The acoustic startle response in rats: circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation. Behav Brain Res 89:35-49.
70. Koch M, Kungel M, Herbert H (1993). Cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are involved in the mediation of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in the rat. Exp Brain Res 97:71-82.
71. Kodsi M, Swerdlow NR (1995). Prepulse inhibition in the rat is regulated by ventral and caudodorsal striato-pallidal circuitry. Behav Neurosci 109:912-928.
72. Kodsi MH, Swerdlow NR (1997). Mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid produces startle reflex abnormalities and striatal damage in rats that model some features of Huntington's Disease. Neurosci Lett 231:1-5.
73. Koob GF (1992). Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology, and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:177.
74. Koob GF, Winger GD, Meyerhoff JL, Annau Z (1977). Effects of d-amphetamine on concurrent self-stimulation of forebrain and brainstem loci. Brain Res 137:109.
75. Koob GF, Robledo P, Markou A, Caine SB (1993). The mesocorticolimbic circuit in drug dependence and reward - a role for the extended amygdala? In: Limbic Motor Circuits and Neuropsychiatry. Kalivas PW, Barnes CD (editors). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 289-309.
76. Kumari V, Checkley SA, Gray JA (1996). Effect of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in healthy male smokers. Psychopharmacology 128:54-60.
77. Kumari V, Soni W, Sharma T (1999). Normalization of information processing deficits in schizophrenia with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 156:1046-1051.
78. Lipska BK, Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Jaskiw GE, Braff DL, Weinberger DR (1995). Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes post-pubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine. Psychopharmacology 122:35-43.
79. Loscher W, Cramer, Ebert U (1998). Differences in kindling development in seven outbred and inbred rat strains. Exp Neurol 154:551-559.
80. Luedtke RR, Artymyshyn RP, Monks BR, Molinoff PB (1992). Comparison of the expression, transcription and genomic organization of D2 dopamine receptors in outbred and inbred strains of rat. Brain Res 584:45-54.
81. Mansbach RS, Geyer MA (1989). Effects of phencyclidine and phencyclidine biologs on sensorimotor gating in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2:299-308.
82. Mansbach RS, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1988). Dopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat. Psychopharmacology 94:507-514.
83. Mansbach RS, Geyer MA (1991). Parametric determinants in pre-stimulus modification of acoustic startle: interaction with ketamine. Psychopharmacology 105:162-8.
84. Mansbach RS, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1989). Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response is disrupted by N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDEA) in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 167:49-55.
85. Martinez ZA, Geyer MA, Ellison G, Swerdlow NR (1998). Startle gating deficits during, but not after, sustained exposure to cocaine or phencyclidine. Biol Psychiatry 43:14S.
86. Martinez ZA, Ellison GD, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (1999a). Effects of sustained cocaine exposure on sensorimotor gating of startle in rats. Psychopharmacology 142:253-260.
87. Martinez ZA, Ellison GD, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (1999b). Effects of sustained phencyclidine exposure on sensorimotor gating of startle in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:28-39.
88. Martinez Z, Oostwegel J, Geyer M, Swerdlow NR (1999c). Ontogeny of phencyclidine and apomorphine effects on prepulse inhibition (PPI). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:449-457.
89. McGhie A, Chapman J (1961). Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. Br J Med Psychol 34:102-116.
90. Miczek KA, Vivian JA, Tornatzky W, Farrell WJ, Sapperstein SB (1992). Withdrawal from diazepam in rats: ultrasonic vocalizations and acoustic startle reflex. J Psychopharm Abstr p A47.
91. Modell JG, Mountz JM, Beresford TP (1990). Basal ganglia/ limbic striatal and thalamocortical involvement in craving and loss of control in alcoholism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2:123-144.
92. Morton N, Ellis C, Gray NS, Toone BK, Leigh PN, Chaudhuri KR (1995). The effects of apomorphine and L-dopa challenge on prepulse inhibition in patients with Parkinson's disease. Schizophr Res 15:181.
93. Norris CM, Blumenthal TD (1996). A relationship between inhibition of the acoustic startle response and the protection of prepulse processing. Psychobiology 24:160-168.
94. Oliff HS, Marek P, Miyazaki B, Weber E (1996). The neuroprotective efficacy of MK-801 in focal cerebral ischemia varies with rat strain and vendor. Brain Res 731:208-212.
95. Oliff HS, Coyle P, Weber E (1997). Rat strain and vendor differences in collateral anastomoses. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:571-576.
96. Oranje B, van Berckel BN, Kemner C, van Ree JM, Kahn RS, Verbaten MN (1999). P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans: a correlational study. Biol Psychiatry 45:883-890.
97. Ornitz EM, Hanna GL, de Traversay J (1992). Prestimulation-induced startle modulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and nocturnal enuresis. Psychophysiology 29:437-451.
98. Pakkenberg B (1990). Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:1023.
99. Panneton WM, Martin GF (1983). Brainstem projections to the facial nucleus of the opposum. A study using axonal transport techniques. Brain Res 267:19-33.
100. Paterson AD, Sunohara GA, Kennedy JL (1999). Dopamine D4 receptor gene: novelty or nonsense? Neuropsychopharmacology 21:3-11.
101. Peak H (1939). Time order error in successive judgements and in reflexes. I. Inhibition of the judgement and the reflex. J Exp Psychol 25:535-565.
102. Perlstein WM, Fiorito E, Simons RF, Graham FK (1993). Lead stimulation effects on reflex blink, exogenous brain potentials, and loudness judgments. Psychophysiology 30:347-358.
103. Perry W, Braff DL (1994). Information-processing deficits and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151:363-367.
104. 4 receptor subtype is essential for the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by amphetamine in mice. J Neurosci 19:4627-4633.
105. Reynolds GP, Pearson SJ (1990). Brain GABA levels in asymptomatic Huntington's Disease. N EngI J Med 323:692.
106. Rigdon G (1990). Differential effects of apomorphine on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in two rat strains. Psychopharmacology 102:419-421.
107. Robledo P, Maldonado-Lopez R, Koob GF (1992). Role of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the rewarding properties of cocaine. Ann NY Acad Sci 654:509.
108. Rossetti ZL, Melis F, Carboni S, Gessa GL (1992). Dramatic depletion of mesolimbic extracellular dopamine after withdrawal from morphine, alcohol or cocaine: a common neurochemical substrate for drug dependence. Ann NY Acad Sci 654:513.
109. Rots NY, Cools AR, de Jong J, De Kloet ER (1995) Corticosteroid feedback resistance in rats genetically selected for increased dopamine responsiveness. J Neuroendocrinol 7:153-61.
110. Schall U, Schon A, Zerbin D, Eggers C, Oades RD (1996). Event-related potentials during an auditory discrimination with prepulse inhibition in patients with schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder and healthy subjects. Int J Neurosci 84:15-33.
111. Schall U, Schon A, Zerbin D, Bender S, Eggers C, Oades RD (1997). A left temporal lobe impairment of auditory information processing in schizophrenia: an event-related potential study. Neurosci Lett 229:25-28.
112. Schicatano EJ, Blumenthal TD (1995). The effects of different doses of caffeine on habituation of the human acoustic startle reflex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:231-236.
113. Schwartzkopf SB, Lamberti JS, Smith DA (1993). Concurrent assessment of acoustic startle and auditory P50 evoked potential measures of sensory inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 33:815-828.
114. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith C, Cahill D, Holmes A, Grootoonk S, Seaward J, McKenna P, Chua SE, Schnorr L, Jones T, Fraokowlak RSJ (1995). A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 378:176-179.
115. Smith SJS, Lees AJ (1989). Abnormalities of the blink reflex in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:895.
116. Suddath RL, Christison MD, Torrey EF, Cassanova M, Weinberger DR (1990). Anatomic abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New Engl J Med 322:789-794.
117. Swerdlow NR (1996). Cortico-striatal substrates of cognitive, motor and sensory gating: speculations and implications for psychological function and dysfunction. In: Advances in Biological Psychiatry. vol 2. Panksepp J (editor). Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press Inc, pp. 179-208.
118. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1993a). Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats after lesions of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Behav Neurosci 107:104-117.
119. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1993b). Clozapine and haloperidol in an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44:741-744.
120. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1998). Using an animal model of deficient sensorimotor gating to study the pathophysiology and new treatments of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 24:285-302.
121. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA (1999). Neurophysiology and neuropharmacology of short lead interval startle modification, In: Startle Modification: Implications for Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, and Clinical Science. Dawson ME, Schell A, Boehmelt A (editors). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-133.
122. Swerdlow NR, Geyer M, Braff D, Koob GF (1986). Central dopamine hyperactivity in rats mimics abnormal acoustic startle in schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 21:23-33.
123. Swerdlow NR, Masten V, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1990). Schizophrenic-like abnormalities in sensory gating following accumbens dopamine infusions in rats. Psychopharmacology 101:414-420.
124. Swerdlow NR, Keith VA, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1991a). The effects of spiperone, raclopride, SCH 23390 and clozapine on apomorphine-inhibition of sensorimotor gating of the startle response in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256:530-536.
125. Swerdlow NR, Caine B, Geyer MA (1991b). Opiate-dopamine interactions in the neural substrates of acoustic startle gating in the rat. Prog Neuro-Psychopharm Biol Psychiatry 15:415-426.
126. Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1991c). GABAergic projection from nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum mediates dopamine-induced sensorimotor gating deficits of acoustic startle in rats. Brain Res 532:146-150.
127. Swerdlow NR, Caine SB, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1992). Neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications. J Psychopharmacol 6:176-190.
128. Swerdlow NR, Benbow CH, Zisook S, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1993). A preliminary assessment of sensorimotor gating in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Biol Psychiatry 33:298-301.
129. Swerdlow NR, Zisook D, Taaid N (1994a). Seroquel (ICI 204,636) restores prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in apomorphine-treated rats: similarities to clozapine. Psychopharmacology 114:675-678.
130. Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Taaid N, Geyer MA (1994b). Assessing the validity of an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:139-154.
131. Swerdlow NR, Hartman PL, Auerbach PP (1995a). Lateralized differences in sensorimotor gating of startle for variables of sex and psychosis-proneness. Proc Soc Neurosci 21:746.
132. Swerdlow NR, Paulsen J, Braff DL, Butters N, Geyer MA, Swenson MR (1995b). Impaired prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle in patients with Huntington's Disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 58:192-200.
133. Swerdlow NR, Lipska BK, Weinberger DR, Braff DL, Jaskiw GE, Geyer MA (1995c). Increased sensitivity to the gating-disruptive effects of apomorphine after lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex or ventral hippocampus in adult rats. Psychopharmacology 122:27-34.
134. Swerdlow NR, Filion D, Geyer MA, Braff DL (1995d). 'Normal' personality correlates of sensorimotor, cognitive and visuo-spatial gating. Biol Psychiatry 37:286-299.
135. Swerdlow NR, Bakshi V, Geyer MA (1996). Seroquel restores sensorimotor gating in phencyclidine-treated rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:1290-1299.
136. Swerdlow NR, Hartman PL, Auerbach PP (1997a). Changes in sensorimotor inhibition across the menstrual cycle: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 41:452-460.
137. Swerdlow NR, Varty GB, Geyer MA (1997b). Discrepant findings of clozapine effects on prepulse inhibition of startle: is it the route or the rat? Neuropsychopharmacology 18:50-56.
138. Swerdlow NR, Taaid N, Oostwegel JL, Randolph E, Geyer MA (1998). Towards a cross-species pharmacology of sensorimotor gating: effects of amantadine, bromocriptine, pergolide and ropinirole on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rats. Behav Pharmacol 9:389-396.
139. Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Blumenthal TD, Hartman PL (1999a). Effects of discrete acoustic prestimuli on perceived magnitude and behavioral responses to startling acoustic and tactile stimuli. Psychobiology 27:453-461.
140. Swerdlow NR, Farid M, Auerbach P, Platten A, Martinez Z (1999b). Strain and developmental patterns of dopaminergic and serotonergic regulation of prepulse inhibition in rats: implications for the genetics of a complex phenotype. Proc Am Col Neuropsychopharmacol 283.
141. Swerdlow NR, Martinez ZA, Hanlon FM, Auerbach P, Platten A, Braff DL, Geyer MA (2000). Toward understanding the biology of a complex phenotype: rat strain and substrain differences in the sensorimotor gating-disruptive effects of dopamine agonists. J Neurosci in press.
142. Takeuchi Y, Nakano K, Uemura M, Kojyuro M, Matsushima R, Mizuno N (1979). Mesencephalic and pontine afferent fiber system to the facial nucleus in the cat: a study using horseradish peroxidase and silver impregnation techniques. Exp Neurol 66:330-342.
143. Turnbull AV, Rivier CL (1999). Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from different vendors exhibit distinct adrenocorticotropin responses to inflammatory stimuli. Neuroendocrinology 70:186-195.
144. van Berckel RNM, Oranje B, van Ree JM, Verbaten MN, Kahn RS (1997). The effects of low dose ketamine on sensory gating, neuroendocrine secretion and behavior in healthy human subjects. Proc Am Col Neuropsychopharmacol 169.
145. Varty GB, Higgins GA (1994). Differences between three rat strains in sensitivity to prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response: influence of apomorphine and phencyclidine pretreatment. J Psychopharmacol 8:148-156.
146. Vollenweider FX, Remensberger S, Hell D, Geyer MA (1999). Opposite effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on sensorimotor gating in rats versus healthy humans. Psychopharmacology 143:365-372.
147. Wan FJ, Swerdlow NR (1996a). Sensorimotor gating in rats is regulated by different dopamine-glutamate interactions in the nucleus accumbens core and shell subregions. Brain Res 722:168-176.
148. Wan FJ, Swerdlow NR (1996b). The basolateral amygdala regulates sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle in rats. Neuroscience 76:715-724.
149. Wan FJ, Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (1994). Accumbens D2 substrates of sensorimotor gating: assessing anatomical localization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49:155-263.
150. Wan FJ, Taaid N, Swerdlow NR (1996a). Do D1/D2 interactions regulate prepulse inhibition in rats? Neuropsychopharmacology 14:265-274.
151. Wan FJ, Caine SB, Swerdlow NR (1996b). The ventral subiculum modulation of prepulse inhibition is not mediated via D2 dopamine or nucleus accumbens non-NMDA glutamate activity. Eur J Pharmacol 314:9-18.
152. Weike AI, Bauer U, Hamm AO (2000). Effective neuroleptic medication removes prepulse inhibition deficits in schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 47:61-70.
153. Weinberger DR (1987). Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:660-669.
154. Wong D, Wagner H, Tune L, Dannals R, Pearlson G, Links J, Tamminga C, Broussolle E, Ravert H, Wilson A, Toung J, Malat J, Williams J, O'Tuama L, Snyder S, Kuhar M, Gjedde A (1986). Positron emission tomography reveals elevated D2 dopamine receptors in drug-naive schizophrenics. Science 234:1558-1563.