Nutritional support end functional recovery

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 129-134

  Lobo, Dileep N ^a   Allison, Simon P ^a  

^a QUEEN S MEDICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HUMAN; MALNUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PATIENT SELECTION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0033913549     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200003000-00009     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Berger MM, Spartan F, Shenkin A, Reymond MJ, Schindler C, Tappy L, et al. Clinical, immune and metabolic effects of trace element supplements in burns: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 1996; 15:94-96.
2. Shenkin A. Micronutrients in adult nutritional support: requirements and benefits. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1:15-19. This review demonstrates that micronutrient replacement is as important as the provision of macronutrients.
3. Keys A, Brozek J, Henschel A, Mickelsen O, Taylor HF. The biology of human starvation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1950.
4. Windsor JA, Hill GL. Weight loss with physiological impairment. A basic indicator of surgical risk. Ann Surg 1988; 207:290-296.
5. Hill GL. Body composition research: implications for the practice of clinical nutrition. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1992; 16:197-218.
6. Jeejeebhoy KN. How should we monitor nutritional support: structure or function? New Horizons 1994; 2:131-138.
7. Hill GL. Implications of critical illness, injury, and sepsis on lean body mass and nutritional needs. Nutrition 1998; 14:557-558.
8. Vernon DR, Hill GL. The relationship between tissue loss and function: recent developments. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1:5-8. The complex interrelationship between the loss of tissue and function is reviewed in this article.
9. Mora RJF. Malnutrition: organic and functional consequences. World J Surg 1999; 23:530-535.
10. Lara TM, Jacobs TM. Effect of critical illness and nutritional support on mucosal mass and function. Clin Nutr 1998; 17:99-105.
11. Rowlands BJ, Soong CV, Gardiner KR. The gastrointestinal tract as a barrier in sepsis. Br Med Bull 1999; 55:196-211. The role of the gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome is highlighted.
12. van der Hulst RRWJ, von Meyenfeldt MF, van Kreel BK, Thunnissen FB, Brummer RJ, Arends JW, Soeters PB. Gut permeability, intestinal morphology, and nutritional depletion. Nutrition 1998; 14:1-6. This study shows that nutritional depletion is associated with decreased villous height and increased gut permeability.
13. Winter TA, Lemmer ER, O'Keefe SJR, Ogden JM. The effect of severe undernutrition, and subsequent refeeding on digestive function in human patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12:191-196. This study shows a clear demonstration of gut mucosal atrophy and impaired exocrine function in malnutrition and their return to normal with renutrition.
14. Welsh FKS, Farmery SM, MacLennan K, Sheridan MB, Barclay GR, Guillou PJ, Reynolds JV. Gut barrier function in malnourished patients. Gut 1998; 42:396-401. This study shows that malnutrition alters both the structure and function of the gut.
15. Kane TD, Alexander JW, Johannigman JA. The detection of microbial DNA in the blood: a sensitive method for diagnosing bacteremia and/or bacterial translocation in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1998; 227:1-9. A novel method is presented to detect impaired gut barrier function.
16. Deitch EA, Xu D, Naruhn MB, Deitch DC, Lu Q, Marino AA. Elemental diet and IV-TPN-induced bacterial translocation is associated with loss of intestinal mucosal barrier function against bacteria. Ann Surg 1995; 221:299-307.
17. Hernandez G, Velasco N, Wainstein C, Castillo L, Bugedo G, Maiz A, et al. Gut mucosal atrophy after a short enteral fasting period in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 1999; 14:73-77. Intestinal permeability is impaired in the critically ill as early as 4 days after enteral fasting, despite the small sample size of this study.
18. Reynolds JV, Kunwar S, Welsh FKS, Windsor AC, Murchan P, Barclay GR, Guillou PJ. 1997 Harry M. Vars Research Award. Does the route of feeding modify gut barrier function and clinical outcome in patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery? J Parenter Enter Nutr 1997; 21:196-201.
19. Kompan L, Kremzar B, Gadzijev E, Prosek M. Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of multiple organ failure after multiple injury. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:157-161. In this study no improvement in intestinal permeability was found after EN.
20. Brooks AD, Hochwald SN, Heslin MJ, Harrison LE, Burt M, Brennan MF. Intestinal permeability after early postoperative enteral nutrition in patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1999; 23:75-79. This study showed that gut permeability returns to normal by the fifth postoperative day, with or without EN.
21. Windsor AJC, Kanwar S, Li AGK, Barnes E, Guthrie JA, Spark JI, et al. Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1998; 42:431-435. EN may be better than PN in acute pancreatitis.
22. Powell JJ, Hill G, Storey S, Murchison J, Fearon KCH, Ross JA, et al. Phase II randomised controlled trial of early enteral nutrition in predicted severe acute pancreatitis [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1999; 116 (Suppl.):S0206.
23. de Vree JM, Romijn JA, Mok KS, Mathus-Vliegen LM, Stoutenbeek CP, Ostrow JD, et al. Lack of enteral nutrition during critical illness is associated with profound decrements in biliary lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70:70-77. This study demonstrated that the lack of EN in the critically ill may impair hepatic lipid metabolism.
24. Murray FE, Stinchcombe SJ, Hawkey CJ. Development of biliary sludge in patients on intensive care unit results of a prospective ultrasonographic study. Gut 1992; 33:1123-1125.
25. Reid WD, MacGowan NA. Respiratory muscle injury in animal models and humans. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 27:235-266.
26. Askanazi J, Weissman C, Rosenbaum SH, Hyman Al, Milicemili J, Kinney JM. Nutrition and the respiratory system. Crit Care Med 1982; 10:163-172.
27. Radrizzani D, lapichino G. Nutrition and lung function in the critically ill patient. Clin Nutr 1998; 17:7-10. A recent review with not so recent references, but conveys the message.
28. Watters JM, Kirkpatrick SM, Norris SB, Shamji FM, Wells GA. Immediate postoperative enteral feeding results in impaired respiratory mechanics and decreased mobility. Ann Surg 1997; 226:369-380.
29. Henriksen MG, Hansen HV, Hessov I. Early oral nutrition after elective colorectal surgery. Influence of balanced analgesia and enforced mobilization. Nutrition 2000; in press.
30. Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, Pacht ER, Donahoe M, Albertson TE, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1409-1420. This study showed that EPA and GLA improve outcome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
31. Felbinger TW, Suchner U, Goetz AE, Briegel J, Peter K. Recombinant human growth hormone for reconditioning of respiratory muscle after lung volume reduction surgery. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1634-1638.
32. Barry MC, Mealy K, O'Neill S, Hughes A, McGee H, Sheehan SJ, et al. Nutritional, respiratory, and psychological effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1999; 23:128-135. This study showed that growth hormone may improve respiratory function and arterial oxygenation.
33. Ramzy PI, Wolf SE, Herndon DN. Current status of anabolic hormone administration in human burn injury. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1999; 23(suppl):S190-S194. An up-to-date review of therapies that help improve outcome in patients with burns.
34. Wilmore DW. Postoperative protein sparing. World J Surg 1999; 23:545-552. This review showed that a short-term positive nitrogen balance in the acute phase of illness does not necessarily improve outcome.
35. Demling RH, DeSanti L. Increased protein intake during the recovery phase after severe burns increases body weight gain and muscle function. J Burn Care Rehabil 1998; 19:161-168. A high protein intake and positive nitrogen balance was shown to help in the convalescence stage.
36. Uehara M, Plank LD, Hill GL. Components of energy expenditure in patients with severe sepsis and major trauma: a basis for clinical care. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1295-1302. In this study energy expenditure was shown to be maximum in the second week of critical illness.
37. Ishibashi N, Plank LD, Sando K, Hill GL. Optimal protein requirements during the first 2 weeks after the onset of critical illness. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1529-1535. The actual protein requirements may be less than those currently recommended in the early stage of critical illness.
38. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1998; 280:2013-2019. PN had no effect on the mortality rate of the critically ill, but may reduce the complication rate in some groups.
39. Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, McArdle AH, Booth FV, Morgenstein-Wagner TB, et al. Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1992; 216:172-183.
40. Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N, Kokkinis K, Gogos CA. Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg 1998; 85:1665-1669. In this trial complications were more frequent in patients receiving PN.
41. Griffiths RD, Jones C, Palmer TEA. Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1997; 13:295-302.
42. Powell-Tuck J, Jamieson CP, Bettany GE, Obeid O, Fawcett HV, Archer C, Murphy DL. A double blind, randomised, controlled trial of glutamine supplementation in parenteral nutrition. Gut 1999; 45:82-88. In this study glutamine was shown to help in some groups, but not in all.
43. Jones C, Palmer TEA, Griffiths RD. Randomized clinical outcome study of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented enteral nutrition. Nutrition 1999; 15:108-115. This study showed positive trends with enteral glutamine, but they were not statistically significant.
44. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA, Brown RO, Lowrey TS, Pritchard FE, et al. A randomized trial of isonitrogenous enteral diets after severe trauma. An immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg 1996; 224:531-540.
45. Senkal M, Mumme A, Eickhoff U, Geier B, Spath G, Wulfert D, et al. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analysis in surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1489-1496.
46. Atkinson S, Sieffert E, Bihari D. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial of enteral immunonutrition in the critically ill. Guy's Hospital Intensive Care Group. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1164-1172. In this study immunonutrition reduced morbidity in the critically ill.
47. Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, Licari JJ, Hoyt DB, Jensen GL, et al. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:436-449.
48. Heys SD, Walker LG, Smith I, Eremin O. Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Ann Surg 1999; 229:467-477. An important meta-analysis showing that although immunonutrition does not affect mortality, there is a definite reduction in septic complications.
49. •⊂].
50. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial of nutritional supplementation after acute stroke. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1998; 22:315-319. This study demonstrated that supplements with sip-feeds may improve outcome in patients with stroke who are able to swallow.
51. Montejo JC. Enteral nutrition-related gastrointestinal complications in critically ill patients: a multicenter study. The Nutritional and Metabolic Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1447-1453. A large multicentre study that shows that EN is not without significant gastrointestinal complications.
52. Lin E, Kotani JG, Lowry SF. Nutritional modulation of immunity and the inflammatory response. Nutrition 1998; 14:545-550. A good overview of the effects of nutritional therapy on the immune system.
53. Hùlsewe KWE, van Acker BAC, von Meyenfeldt MF, Soeters PB. Nutritional depletion and dietary manipulation: effects on the immune response. World J Surg 1999; 23:536-544. More insight into how nutritional depletion and repletion affect immune function.
54. Young LS, Bye R, Scheltinga M, Ziegler TR, Jacobs DO, Wilmore DW. Patients receiving glutamine-supplemented intravenous feedings report an improvement in mood. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1993; 17:422-427.
55. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of mood states manual. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1971.
56. Kiyama T, Witte MB, Thornton FJ, Barbul A. The route of nutrition support affects the early phase of wound healing. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1998; 22:276-279. An animal study that may have clinical implications.
57. Nezu R, Takagi Y, Matsuda H, Okada A. The importance of total parenteral nutrition-associated tissue zinc distribution in wound healing. Surg Today 1999; 29:34-41.