Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 449-457

  Barbour, Alan G ^a   Restrepo, Blanca I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular   (Colombia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANAPLASMA; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; ARTHROPOD; ARTICLE; BABESIA BOVIS; BACTERIUM; BORRELIA; HOST; NONHUMAN; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOON; TRYPANOSOMA;

EID: 0033772639     PISSN: 10806040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3201/eid0605.000502     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto
2. Expression and gene sequence of outer surface protein C of Borrelia burgdorferi reisolated from chronically infected mice
3. Antigenic variation in unicellular organisms
4. Biology of Borrelia species
5. Comparative analysis and immunological characterization of the Borrelia Bdr protein family
6. Nucleotide sequence and variability of the inverted terminal repetitions of African swine fever virus DNA
7. Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei infections: An holistic view
8. Immunobiology of relapsing fever
9. Trypanosome sociology and antigenic variation
10. Shared themes of antigenic variation and virulence in bacterial, protozoal, and fungal infections
11. Population structure of the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii as indicated by polymorphism of two multigene families that encode immunogenic outer surface lipoproteins
12. Linear DNA of Borrelia species and antigenic variation
13. Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii
14. Variable major proteins of Borrellia hermsii
15. The variable antigens Vmp7 and Vmp21 of the relapsing fever bacterium Borrelia hermsii are structurally analogous to the VSG proteins of the African trypanosome
16. Subtelomeric expression regions of Borrelia hermsii linear plasmids are highly polymorphic
17. Variable major lipoprotein is a principal TNF-inducing factor of louse-borne relapsing fever
18. Erythrocyte-aggregating relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia crocidurae induces formation of microemboli
19. Extensive interplasmidic duplications change the virulence phenotype of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia turicatae
20. Variability of a bacterial surface protein and disease expression in a possible mouse model of systemic Lyme borreliosis
21. Arthritis severity and spirochete burden are determined by serotype in the Borrelia turicataemouse model of Lyme disease
22. Juxtaposition of expressed variable antigen genes with a conserved telomere in the bacterium Borrelia hermsii
23. Variable antigen genes of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii are activated by promoter addition
24. Intragenic recombination and a chimeric outer membrane protein in the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii
25. Activation of a vmp pseudogene in Borrelia hermsii: An alternate mechanism of antigenic variation during relapsing fever
26. Antigen diversity in the bacterium B. hermsii through 'somatic' mutations in rearranged vmp genes
27. A family of surface-exposed proteins of 20 kilodaltons in the genus Borrelia
28. Surface protein variation by expression site switching in the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii
29. Bloodstream-versus tickassociated variants of a relapsing fever bacterium
30. Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes
31. Kinetics and in vivo induction of genetic variation of vlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi
32. Cyclic rickettsemia during persistent Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle
33. Persistence of Anaplasmaovis infection and conservation of the rasp-2 and rasp-3 multigene families within the genus Anaplasma
34. The map1 gene of Cowdria ruminantium is a member of a multigene family containing both conserved and variable genes
35. Multiple p44 genes encoding major outer membrane proteins are expressed in the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent
36. Emergence of Anaplasma marginate antigenicvariants during persistent rickettsemia
37. Changing the end: Antigenic variation orchestrated at the telomeres of African trypanosomes
38. Analysis of antigen switching rates in Trypanosoma brucei
39. The rate of antigenic variation in fly-transmitted and syringe-passaged infections of Trypanosoma brucei
40. The genes and transcripts of an antigen gene expression Site from T. brucei
41. Identification of a new expression site-associated gene in the complete 30.5 kb sequence from the AnTat 1.3A variant surface protein gene expression site of Trypanosoma brucei
42. The role of transferrin-receptor variation in the host range of Trypanosoma brucei
43. Exposed epitopes on a Trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein altered by point mutations
44. A strand bias occurs in point mutations associated with variant surface glycoprotein gene conversion in Trypanosoma rhodesiense
45. A novel DNA nucleotide in Trypanosoma brucei only present in the mammalian phase of the life-cycle
46. A role for RAD51 and homologous recombination in Trypanosoma brucei antigenic variation
47. A ribosomal DNA promoter replacing the promoter of a telomeric VSG gene expression site can be efficiently switched on and off in T. brucei
48. Rapid switching to multiple antigenic and adhesive phenotypes in malaria
49. Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes
50. Variant antigens and endothelial receptor adhesion in Plasmodium falciparum
51. Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes
52. The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparuminfected erythrocytes
53. Expressed var genes are found in Plasmodium falciparum subtelomeric regions
54. Developmental selection of var gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum
55. Antigenic variation in malaria: In situ switching, relaxed and mutually exclusive transcription of var genes during intraerythrocytic development in Plasmodium falciparum
56. Rifins: A second family of clonally variant proteins expressed on the surface of red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum
57. Small, clonally variant antigens expressed on the surface of the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte are encoded by the rif gene family and are the target of human immune responses
58. Antigenic variation of parasite-derived antigens on the surface of Babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes
59. Characterization of a variant erythrocyte surface antigen (VESA1) expressed by Babesia bovis during antigenic variation
60. Selection of Babesia bovisinfected erythrocytes for adhesion to endothelial cells coselects for altered variant erythrocyte surface antigen isoforms
61. The ves multigene family of B. boris encodes components of rapid antigenic variation at the infected erythrocyte surface
62. Lyme disease spirochetes and ixodid tick spirochetes share a common surface antigenic determinant defined by a monoclonal antibody
63. Temporal changes in outer surface proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice
64. Heterogeneity of outer membrane proteins in Borrelia burgdorferi: Comparison of osp operons of three isolates of different geographic origins
65. Influence of outer surface protein A antibody on Borrelia burgdorferi within feeding ticks