-
1
-
-
0030471280
-
-
S. A. Montzka et al., Science 272, 1318 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.272
, pp. 1318
-
-
Montzka, S.A.1
-
2
-
-
0003594271
-
-
Report no. 37, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, chap, 13
-
S. Solomon and D. J. Wuebbels, in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 (Report no. 37, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995), chap, 13.
-
(1995)
Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994
-
-
Solomon, S.1
Wuebbels, D.J.2
-
5
-
-
0030399146
-
-
B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
-
(1996)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.23
, pp. 3703
-
-
Naujokat, B.1
Pawson, S.2
-
6
-
-
0030399146
-
-
B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
-
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, pp. 289
-
-
Zurek, R.W.1
-
7
-
-
0031277746
-
-
B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
-
(1997)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.24
, pp. 2693
-
-
Coy, L.1
-
8
-
-
0025197785
-
-
S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
-
(1990)
Nature
, vol.347
, pp. 347
-
-
Solomon, S.1
-
9
-
-
0025244783
-
-
S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
-
(1990)
Nature
, vol.344
, pp. 321
-
-
Fahey, D.W.1
-
10
-
-
0027338579
-
-
S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
-
(1993)
Science
, vol.261
, pp. 1146
-
-
Salawitch, R.J.1
-
13
-
-
0040118425
-
-
D. T. Shindell et al., Nature 392, 598 (1998).
-
(1998)
Nature
, vol.392
, pp. 598
-
-
Shindell, D.T.1
-
14
-
-
0027061065
-
-
J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
-
(1992)
Nature
, vol.360
, pp. 221
-
-
Austin, J.1
-
15
-
-
0028667898
-
-
J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
-
(1994)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.21
, pp. 1791
-
-
Pitari, G.1
Ricciardulli, L.2
-
16
-
-
0032194088
-
-
J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
-
(1998)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.25
, pp. 3579
-
-
Dameris, M.1
-
17
-
-
0032571972
-
-
J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.103
, pp. 11251
-
-
Graf, H.-F.1
-
19
-
-
0001492370
-
-
2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
-
(1996)
Appl. Opt.
, vol.35
, pp. 2787
-
-
Fischer, H.1
Oelhaf, H.2
-
20
-
-
0001597169
-
-
2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
-
(1997)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.102
, pp. 16157
-
-
Von Clarmann, T.1
-
21
-
-
0040118424
-
-
2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
-
J. Geophys. Res.
, pp. 19177
-
-
Wetzel, G.1
-
25
-
-
0030478110
-
-
2O reference profiles obtained from mid-latitude measurements (instead of ATMOS) shows a mixing effect of less than 5% due to a smaller nonlinearity, which is consistent with the cryo/grab-sampler reference data by A. Engel et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 101, 14495 (1996)].
-
(1996)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.101
, pp. 14495
-
-
Engel, A.1
-
28
-
-
0024472545
-
-
F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
-
(1989)
Nature
, vol.342
, pp. 493
-
-
Arnold, F.1
-
29
-
-
0025627845
-
-
F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
-
(1990)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.17
, pp. 453
-
-
Huebler, G.1
-
30
-
-
0032004825
-
-
F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
-
(1998)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.25
, pp. 501
-
-
Hintsa, E.J.1
-
31
-
-
0031822707
-
-
F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
-
(1998)
J. Atmos. Chem.
, vol.30
, pp. 49
-
-
Arnold, F.1
-
33
-
-
0000754202
-
-
The terminal velocity v(r) of a small particle in air depends mainly on its radius r but also on the density p and viscosity η of the surrounding air. Depending on the resulting Reynolds number, different regimes are considered (Cunningham, Stokes, and Best regimes) [R. Müller and Th. Peter, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 353 (1992)]. Typical velocities under stratospheric conditions are v(1 μm) ≈ 1 m/hour, v(5 μm) ≈ 20 m/hour, v(10 μm) ≈ 60 m/hour.
-
(1992)
Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.
, vol.96
, pp. 353
-
-
Müller, R.1
Peter, Th.2
-
37
-
-
0025591059
-
-
S. C. Wofsy et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 449 (1990); Th. Peter et al., ibid. 21, 1331 (1994).
-
(1990)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.17
, pp. 449
-
-
Wofsy, S.C.1
-
38
-
-
84986414522
-
-
S. C. Wofsy et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 449 (1990); Th. Peter et al., ibid. 21, 1331 (1994).
-
(1994)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.21
, pp. 1331
-
-
Peter, Th.1
-
42
-
-
0030207006
-
-
y was initialized from a mid-latitude profile (12 to 34 km) on 12 October 1994 [V. Kondo et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2369 (1996)].
-
(1996)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.23
, pp. 2369
-
-
Kondo, V.1
-
44
-
-
0345437299
-
-
note
-
NAT on the order of ∼1 K (25) and therefore much smaller than the uncertainty of the temperature data themselves (31).
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
0030406521
-
-
The assumed supercooling requirement is probably a lower limit, and reflects the fact that ice may in reality also be formed in mesoscale cooling events. There is also evidence that ECMWF temperatures might have a warm bias of at Least 1 to 2 K [B. M. Knudsen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3747 (1996)].
-
(1996)
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, vol.23
, pp. 3747
-
-
Knudsen, B.M.1
-
47
-
-
0039526812
-
-
Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, ed. 2
-
H. R. Pruppacher and J. D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, ed. 2, 1997), pp. 546-550.
-
(1997)
Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation
, pp. 546-550
-
-
Pruppacher, H.R.1
Klett, J.D.2
-
48
-
-
0345006217
-
-
note
-
The model uses a 24-hour time step. In another sensitivity test we also considered the kinetics of the uptake and growth processes, but found no strong dependence: The shortening of the model time step to 6 hours was largely balanced by introducing simplified diffusion uptake kinetics.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
0039526814
-
-
European Communities, Luxembourg
-
4 vertical profile on 11 February 1995 with HALOE satellite data for March and April 1995 [plate 5 of (3)] and found good agreement. The compactness of the profiles suggests a very stable vortex. At the same time these profiles differ considerably from the out-of-vortex profiles, suggesting no or very little mixing until mid-April. That the vortex remains intact is also indicated by our diabatic trajectory calculation, and is in Line with the meteorological analysis of Naujokat and co-workers (5) [Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Third European Workshop, J. A. Pyle, N. R. P. Harris, G. T. Amanatidis, Eds. (European Communities, Luxembourg, 1996), p. 9] showing that the vortex remained stable until late March followed by a slow transition to summertime conditions in April, but with a circulation reversal not accomplished before the end of the month.
-
(1996)
Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Third European Workshop
, pp. 9
-
-
Pyle, J.A.1
Harris, N.R.P.2
Amanatidis, G.T.3
-
52
-
-
0344575190
-
-
note
-
We thank L. Froidevaux, H. Graf, P. Newman, W. Randel, S. Solomon, and three anonymous reviewers for very helpful discussions, R. van Dorland for a calculation of stratospheric cooling rates, and M. Rex and P. von der Gathen for providing the Match results before publication. In part, this work was funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract 01 LO 9221/4 (POLECAT) and 01 LO 9401 (MIPAS-B) and by the European Union under contract ENVCT95-0050 (TOPOZ), EV5VCT93-0331 (SESAME), and ENVCT95-0155 (STREAM).
-
-
-
|