메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 283, Issue 5410, 1999, Pages 2064-2069

Arctic ozone loss due to denitrification

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLOROFLUOROCARBON; NITRIC ACID; NITROGEN; OZONE;

EID: 0033605547     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2064     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (184)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0030471280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. A. Montzka et al., Science 272, 1318 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1318
    • Montzka, S.A.1
  • 5
    • 0030399146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 3703
    • Naujokat, B.1    Pawson, S.2
  • 6
    • 0030399146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
    • Geophys. Res. Lett. , pp. 289
    • Zurek, R.W.1
  • 7
    • 0031277746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Naujokat and S. Pawson, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3703 (1996); R. W. Zurek et al., ibid., p. 289; L. Coy et al., ibid. 24, 2693 (1997).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2693
    • Coy, L.1
  • 8
    • 0025197785 scopus 로고
    • S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 347
    • Solomon, S.1
  • 9
    • 0025244783 scopus 로고
    • S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 321
    • Fahey, D.W.1
  • 10
    • 0027338579 scopus 로고
    • S. Solomon, Nature 347, 347 (1990); D. W. Fahey et al., ibid. 344, 321 (1990); R. J. Salawitch et al., Science 261, 1146 (1993).
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 1146
    • Salawitch, R.J.1
  • 13
    • 0040118425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. T. Shindell et al., Nature 392, 598 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 598
    • Shindell, D.T.1
  • 14
    • 0027061065 scopus 로고
    • J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 221
    • Austin, J.1
  • 15
    • 0028667898 scopus 로고
    • J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 1791
    • Pitari, G.1    Ricciardulli, L.2
  • 16
    • 0032194088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3579
    • Dameris, M.1
  • 17
    • 0032571972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Austin et al., ibid. 360, 221 (1992); G. Pitari and L. Ricciardulli, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1791 (1994); M. Dameris et al., ibid. 25, 3579 (1998); H.-F. Graf et al., J. Geophys. Res. 103, 11251 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 11251
    • Graf, H.-F.1
  • 19
    • 0001492370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
    • (1996) Appl. Opt. , vol.35 , pp. 2787
    • Fischer, H.1    Oelhaf, H.2
  • 20
    • 0001597169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 16157
    • Von Clarmann, T.1
  • 21
    • 0040118424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O. The total reactive gaseous nitrogen obtained from MIPAS-B has 1σ uncertainties between 0.5 and 1 ppbv within the altitude range of 13 to 28 km with an altitude resolution of 2 to 3 km. For details see T. von Clarmann et al., J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16157 (1997); G. Wetzel et al., Ibid., p. 19177.
    • J. Geophys. Res. , pp. 19177
    • Wetzel, G.1
  • 25
    • 0030478110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2O reference profiles obtained from mid-latitude measurements (instead of ATMOS) shows a mixing effect of less than 5% due to a smaller nonlinearity, which is consistent with the cryo/grab-sampler reference data by A. Engel et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 101, 14495 (1996)].
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 14495
    • Engel, A.1
  • 28
    • 0024472545 scopus 로고
    • F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
    • (1989) Nature , vol.342 , pp. 493
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 29
    • 0025627845 scopus 로고
    • F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
    • (1990) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.17 , pp. 453
    • Huebler, G.1
  • 30
    • 0032004825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 501
    • Hintsa, E.J.1
  • 31
    • 0031822707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. Arnold et al., Nature 342, 493 (1989); G. Huebler et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 453 (1990); E. J. Hintsa et al., ibid. 25, 501 (1998); F. Arnold et al., J. Atmos. Chem. 30, 49 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Chem. , vol.30 , pp. 49
    • Arnold, F.1
  • 33
    • 0000754202 scopus 로고
    • The terminal velocity v(r) of a small particle in air depends mainly on its radius r but also on the density p and viscosity η of the surrounding air. Depending on the resulting Reynolds number, different regimes are considered (Cunningham, Stokes, and Best regimes) [R. Müller and Th. Peter, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 353 (1992)]. Typical velocities under stratospheric conditions are v(1 μm) ≈ 1 m/hour, v(5 μm) ≈ 20 m/hour, v(10 μm) ≈ 60 m/hour.
    • (1992) Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , vol.96 , pp. 353
    • Müller, R.1    Peter, Th.2
  • 37
    • 0025591059 scopus 로고
    • S. C. Wofsy et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 449 (1990); Th. Peter et al., ibid. 21, 1331 (1994).
    • (1990) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.17 , pp. 449
    • Wofsy, S.C.1
  • 38
    • 84986414522 scopus 로고
    • S. C. Wofsy et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 449 (1990); Th. Peter et al., ibid. 21, 1331 (1994).
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 1331
    • Peter, Th.1
  • 42
    • 0030207006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • y was initialized from a mid-latitude profile (12 to 34 km) on 12 October 1994 [V. Kondo et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2369 (1996)].
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 2369
    • Kondo, V.1
  • 44
    • 0345437299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NAT on the order of ∼1 K (25) and therefore much smaller than the uncertainty of the temperature data themselves (31).
  • 45
    • 0030406521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assumed supercooling requirement is probably a lower limit, and reflects the fact that ice may in reality also be formed in mesoscale cooling events. There is also evidence that ECMWF temperatures might have a warm bias of at Least 1 to 2 K [B. M. Knudsen, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 3747 (1996)].
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 3747
    • Knudsen, B.M.1
  • 48
    • 0345006217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The model uses a 24-hour time step. In another sensitivity test we also considered the kinetics of the uptake and growth processes, but found no strong dependence: The shortening of the model time step to 6 hours was largely balanced by introducing simplified diffusion uptake kinetics.
  • 50
    • 0039526814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Communities, Luxembourg
    • 4 vertical profile on 11 February 1995 with HALOE satellite data for March and April 1995 [plate 5 of (3)] and found good agreement. The compactness of the profiles suggests a very stable vortex. At the same time these profiles differ considerably from the out-of-vortex profiles, suggesting no or very little mixing until mid-April. That the vortex remains intact is also indicated by our diabatic trajectory calculation, and is in Line with the meteorological analysis of Naujokat and co-workers (5) [Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Third European Workshop, J. A. Pyle, N. R. P. Harris, G. T. Amanatidis, Eds. (European Communities, Luxembourg, 1996), p. 9] showing that the vortex remained stable until late March followed by a slow transition to summertime conditions in April, but with a circulation reversal not accomplished before the end of the month.
    • (1996) Polar Stratospheric Ozone, Proceedings of the Third European Workshop , pp. 9
    • Pyle, J.A.1    Harris, N.R.P.2    Amanatidis, G.T.3
  • 52
    • 0344575190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank L. Froidevaux, H. Graf, P. Newman, W. Randel, S. Solomon, and three anonymous reviewers for very helpful discussions, R. van Dorland for a calculation of stratospheric cooling rates, and M. Rex and P. von der Gathen for providing the Match results before publication. In part, this work was funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under contract 01 LO 9221/4 (POLECAT) and 01 LO 9401 (MIPAS-B) and by the European Union under contract ENVCT95-0050 (TOPOZ), EV5VCT93-0331 (SESAME), and ENVCT95-0155 (STREAM).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.