Observations of high concentrations of total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and nitric acid (HNO3) in the lower Arctic stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) II campaign in February 1995

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 19, 1997, Pages 23559-23571

  Fischer, H ^a   Waibel, A E ^a   Welling, M ^a   Wienhold, F G ^a   Zenker, T ^a   Crutzen, P J ^a   Arnold, F ^b   Burger V ^b   Schneider, J ^b   Bregman, A ^c,e   Lelieveld, J ^c,e   Siegmund, P C ^d  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR KERNPHYSIK   (Germany)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

^e UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3643108274     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97jd02012     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Arnold, F., H. Schlager, J. Hoffmann, P. Metzinger, and S. Spreng, Evidence for stratospheric nitric acid condensation from balloon and rocket measurements in the Arctic, Nature, 342, 493-497, 1989.
2. Arnold, F., K. Petzhold, and E. Reimer, On the formation of stratospheric nitric acid aerosols: Implications for polar ozone destruction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 677-680, 1992a.
3. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2421-2424, 1992b.
4. Arnold, F., V. Bürger, K. Gollinger, M. Roncossek, J. Schneider, and S. Spreng, Observations of nitric acid perturbations in the winter Arctic stratosphere: Evidence for PSC-sedimentation, J. Atmos. Chem., in press, 1996.
5. 2O in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere during the Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) 1, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,245-11,260, 1995.
6. 3 production, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 275-310, 1997.
7. Collins, J. E., Jr., G. W. Sachse, B. E. Anderson, A. J. Weinheimer, J. G. Walega, and B. A. Ridley, AASE II in situ tracer correlations of methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone as observed aboard the DC-8, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2543-2546, 1993.
8. Crutzen, P. J., and F. Arnold, Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: A major cause for the springtime "ozone hole," Nature, 324, 651-655, 1986.
9. David, C., S. Godin, G. Megie, Y. Emery, and C. Flesia, Airborne LIDAR observations of polar stratospheric clouds during SESAME, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 109-112, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
10. y in the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 435-468, 1985.
11. Fahey, D. W., K. K. Kelly, G. V. Ferry, L. R. Poole, J. C. Wilson, D. M. Murphy, M. Loewenstein, and K. R. Chan, In situ measurements of total reactive nitrogen, total water, and aerosol in a polar stratospheric cloud in the Antarctic, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,299-11,315, 1989a.
12. Fahey, D. W., D. M. Murphy, K. K. Kelly, M. K. W. Ko, M. H. Proffitt, C. S. Eubank, G. V. Ferry, M. Loewenstein, and K. R. Chan, Measurements of nitric oxide and total reactive nitrogen in the Antarctic stratosphere: Observations and chemical implications, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16,665-16,681, 1989b.
13. Fahey, D. W., K. K. Kelly, S. R. Kawa, A. F. Tuck, M. Loewenstein, K. R. Chan, and L. E. Heidt, Observations of denitrification and dehydration in the winter polar stratosphere, Nature, 344, 321-324, 1990a.
14. Fahey, D. W., S. Solomon, S. R. Kawa, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, S. E. Strahan, and K. R. Chan, A diagnostic for denitrification in the winter polar stratosphere, Nature, 345, 698-702, 1990b.
15. Fahey, D. W., et al., In situ observations in aircraft exhaust plumes in the lower stratosphere at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3065-3074, 1995.
16. Fischer, H., P. Bergamaschi, F. G. Wienhold, T. Zenker, and G. W. Harris, Development and application of multilaser TDLAS instruments for ground-based, shipboard and airborne measurements of atmospheric trace gases, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2834, 130-141, 1996.
17. Fischer, H., et al., Trace gas measurements during the OCTA campaign 1993 at Izana, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1997.
18. Fishman, J., and W. Seiler, Correlative nature of ozone and carbon monoxide in the troposphere: Implications for the tropospheric ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3662-3670, 1983.
19. 3 and CO bands in the free troposphere, Tellus, 32, 456-463, 1980.
20. Gregory, G. L., C. H. Hudgins, and R. A. Edahl, Laboratory evaluation of an airborne ozone instrument that compensates for altitude/ sensitivity effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 100-103, 1983.
21. Hanson, D., and K. Mauersberger, Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 855-858, 1988.
22. x emissions from the Namibian Savanna at the end of the dry season, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,707-23,711, 1996.
23. Hauchecorne, A., D. Nedeljkovic, M. L. Chanin, B. Nardi, G. von Cossart, J. Fiedler, U. von Zahn, K.-H. Fricke, and V. Nussbaumer, Evolution of the stratospheric temperature and relation with the presence of PSCs as seen by ALOMAR Rayleigh and Raman Lidar during SESAME, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 117-121, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
24. Hauf, T., P. Schulte, R. Alheit, and H. Schlager, Rapid vertical trace gas transport by an isolated midlatitude thunderstorm, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,957-22,970, 1995.
25. Hipskind, R. S., G. L. Gregory, G. W. Sachse, G. F. Hill, and E. F. Danielsen, Correlations between ozone and carbon monoxide in the lower stratosphere, folded tropopause, and maritime troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2121-2130, 1987.
26. Hübler, G., D. W. Fahey, K. K. Kelly, D. D. Montzka, M. A. Carroll, A. F. Tuck, L. E. Heidt, W. H. Pollock, G. L. Gregory, and J. F. Vedder, Redistribution of reactive odd nitrogen in the lower Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 453-456, 1990.
27. Johnson, T. J., G. W. Harris, J. Bonifer, J. N. Crowley, T. Zenker, and H. Fischer, The TDLAS instrument for detection of total inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3611-3614, 1996.
28. Kawa, S. R., D. W. Fahey, L. E. Heidt, W. H. Pollock, S. Solomon, D. E. Anderson, M. Loewenstein, M. H. Proffitt, J. J. Margitan, and K. R. Chan, Photochemical partitioning of the reactive nitrogen and chlorine reservoirs in the high-latitude stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7905-7923, 1992.
29. Kelly, K. K., et al., Dehydration in the lower Antarctic stratosphere during the late winter and early spring, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11,317-11,357, 1989.
30. Kleinman, L. I., and P. H. Daum, Vertical distribution of aerosol particles, water vapor, and insoluble trace gases in convectively mixed air, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 991-1005, 1991.
31. Kondo, Y., P. Aimedieu, M. Koike, Y. Iwasaka, P. A. Newman, U. Schmidt, W. A. Matthews, M. Hayashi, and W. R. Sheldon, Reactive nitrogen, ozone, and nitrate aerosols observed in the Arctic stratosphere in January 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13,025-13,038, 1992.
32. 2O, and ozone in the winter Arctic stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1247-1250, 1994.
33. Labitzke, K., On the variability of the stratosphere in the Arctic regions in winter, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 96, 496-501, 1992.
34. Le Canut, P., M. O. Andreae, G. W. Harris, F. G. Wienhold, and T. Zenker, Airborne studies of emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa, 1, Aerosol emissions measured with a laser optical particle counter, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,615-23,630, 1996.
35. Lelieveld, J., and P. J. Crutzen, Role of deep cloud convection in the ozone budget of the troposphere, Science, 264, 1759-1761, 1994.
36. 2O correlation in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2531-2534, 1993.
37. 4 distributions in the background troposphere (70°N-60°S; 0-12 km altitude) from scientific aircraft measurements during the STRATOZ III experiment (June 1984), Atmos. Environ., 23, 185-200, 1989.
38. Masci, F., et al., Polar stratospheric cloud observations at Sodankyla (SF), in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 126-131, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
39. 3 detection by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 33-61, 1991.
40. Möhler, O., T. Reiner, and F. Arnold: A novel aircraft-based tandem mass-spectrometer for atmospheric ion and trace gas measurements, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 64, 1199-1207, 1993.
41. Müller, R., P. J. Crutzen, J.-U. Grooß, C. Brühl, J. M. Russell III, and A. F. Tuck, Chlorine activation and ozone depletion in the Arctic vortex: Observations by the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the upper atmosphere research satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12,531-12,544, 1996.
42. Nakajima, H., Y. Kondo, T. Sugita, M. Koike, U. Schmidt, A. Engel, and P. Aimedieu, Correlation of stratospheric total reactive nitrogen and nitrous oxide in the Arctic winter during the SESAME campaign, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 201-205, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
43. Naujokat, B., and S. Pawson, The cold stratospheric winters 1994/1995 and 1995/1996, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3703-3706, 1996.
44. Naujokat, B., K. Labitzke, R. Lenshow, B. Rajewski, M. Wiesner, and R. C. Wohlfahrt, The stratospheric winter 1994/95: A cold winter with a strong minor warming, Beil. Berlin. Wetterkarte, Sept. 6, 1995.
45. 2 in the Arctic during winter 1994/95 compared to previous winters, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 249-254, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
46. 2 and total reactive nitrogen inside the polar vortex during SESAME, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 187-193, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
47. Ovarlez, J., and H. Ovarlez, Water vapor and aerosols measurements during SESAME, and the observation of low water vapor content layers, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 205-208, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
48. Peter, T., R. Müller, P. J. Crutzen, and T. Deshler, The lifetime of leewave-induced ice particles in the Arctic stratosphere, 2, Stabilization due to NAT-coating, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21,1331-1334, 1994.
49. Plumb, R. A., and M. K. W. Ko, Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long-lived stratospheric constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,145-10,156, 1992.
50. Poulida, O., R. R. Dickerson, and A. Heymsfield, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a midlatitude mesoscale convective complex, 1, Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6823-6836, 1996.
51. Proffitt, M. H., K. Aikin, J. J. Margitan, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, S. E. Strahan, and A. Weaver, Ozone loss inside the northern polar vortex during the 1991-1992 winter, Science, 261, 1150-1154, 1993.
52. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1980.
53. Roths, J., and G. W. Harris, The tropospheric distribution of carbon monoxide as observed during the TROPOZ-II experiment, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 157-188, 1996.
54. Roths, J., T. Zenker, U. Parchatka, F. Wienhold, and G. W. Harris, FLAIR, a four laser airborne infrared spectrometer for atmospheric trace gas measurements, Appl. Opt., 35, 7075-7084, 1996.
55. Schlager, H., P. Konopka, P. Schulte, U. Schumann, H. Ziereis, F. Arnold, M. Klemm, D. E. Hagen, P. D. Whitefield, and J. Ovarlez, In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,739-10,750, 1997.
56. Schumann, U., On the effects of emissions from aircraft engines on the state of the atmosphere, Ann. Geophys., 12, 365-384, 1994.
57. 3 processing by aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1251-1254, 1994.
58. Stenchikov, G., R. Dickerson, K. Pickering, W. Ellis Jr., B. Doddridge, S. Kondragunta, and O. Poulida, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in a midlatitude mesoscale convective complex, 1, Numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6837-6851, 1996.
59. Thompson, A. M., K. E. Pickering, R. R. Dickerson, W. G. Ellis Jr., D. J. Jacob, J. R. Scala, W.-K. Tao, D. P. McNamara, and J. Simpson, Convective transport over the central United States and its role in regional CO and ozone budget, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,703-18,711, 1994.
60. 3 and HCl in the winter polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1284-1287, 1986.
61. Waibel, A. E., H. Fischer, M. Welling, T. Peter, K. S. Carlslaw C. Brühl, J.-U. Grooß, and P. J. Crutzen, Nitrification and denitrification of the Arctic stratosphere during winter 1994-1995 due to ice particle sedimentation, in Proceedings of the XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium '96, Univ. of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, in press, 1997.
62. y measurements on the NASA DC-8 during AASE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2563-2566, 1993.
63. y, and other species in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere during AASE II, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2583-2586, 1994.
64. Wienhold, F. G., T. Zenker, and G. W. Harris, A dual channel two tone modulation tunable diode laser spectrometer for ground based and airborne trace gas measurements, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 2112, 31-44, 1994a.
65. 2O fluxes from fertilized grassland using a fast response tunable diode laser spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,557-16,567, 1994b.
66. Wienhold, F. G., H. Fischer, and G. W. Harris, Fast response tunable diode laser spectroscopy for trace gas flux measurements, Infrared Phys. Technol., 37, 67-74, 1996.
67. Williams, W. J., F. J. Murcray, R. Blatherwick, P. Fogal, P. Sullivan, and C. Camy-Peyret, Nitric acid observations during the Arctic winter, in Polar Stratospheric Ozone, edited by J. A. Pyle and N. R. P. Harris, Air Pollut. Res. Rep. 56, pp. 179-182, Com. of the Eur. Commun., Luxembourg, 1996.
68. Wirth, M., and W. Renger, Evidence of large scale ozone depletion within the Arctic polar vortex 1994/1995 based on airborne LIDAR measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 813-816, 1996.
69. 3 on falling ice particles: Mechanism for denitrification of the polar stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 449-452, 1990.
70. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1990, vol. 1, Rep. 20, 486 pp., Geneva, 1990.
71. Zenker, T., A. M. Thompson, D. P. McNamara, T. L. Kucsera, G. W. Harris, F. G. Wienhold, P. Le Canut, M. O. Andreae, and R. Koppmann, Regional trace gas distribution and airmass characteristics in the haze layer over southern Africa during the biomass burning season (September/October 1992): Observations and modeling from the STARE/SAFARI/DC-3, in Biomass Burning and Global Change, edited by J. Levine, pp. 296-308, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1996.
72. Zheng, J., A. J. Weinheimer, B. A. Ridley, S. C. Liu, G. W. Sachse, B. E. Anderson, and J. E. Collins Jr., An analysis of aircraft exhaust plumes from accidental encounters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2579-2582, 1994.