A fluorescence assay for leucine zipper dimerization: Avoiding unintended consequences of fluorophore attachment

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 121, Issue 18, 1999, Pages 4325-4333

  Daugherty, David L ^a   Gellman, Samuel H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

7 DIETHYLAMINOCOUMARIN; DNA; FLUORESCEIN; FLUORESCENT DYE; LEUCINE ZIPPER PROTEIN; ONCOPROTEIN; PYRENE; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; UMBELLIFERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALPHA HELIX; ARTICLE; CIRCULAR DICHROISM; CONJUGATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIMERIZATION; FLUORESCENCE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ONCOGENE C JUN; PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; ULTRACENTRIFUGATION;

EID: 0033549080     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja990178p     Document Type: Article

References (61)

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2. Selected recent papers on protein-protein interactions: (a) Bogan, A. A.; Thorn, K. S. J. Mol. Biol. 1998, 280, 1. (b) Stites, W. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1233. (c) Wells, J. A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 1. (d) Jones, S.; Thornton, J. M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 13.
3. Selected recent papers on protein-protein interactions: (a) Bogan, A. A.; Thorn, K. S. J. Mol. Biol. 1998, 280, 1. (b) Stites, W. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1233. (c) Wells, J. A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 1. (d) Jones, S.; Thornton, J. M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 13.
4. Selected recent papers on protein-protein interactions: (a) Bogan, A. A.; Thorn, K. S. J. Mol. Biol. 1998, 280, 1. (b) Stites, W. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1233. (c) Wells, J. A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 1. (d) Jones, S.; Thornton, J. M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 13.
5. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
6. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
7. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
8. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
9. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
10. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
11. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
12. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
13. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
14. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
15. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
16. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
17. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
18. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
19. Selected recent papers on inhibition of protein-protein interactions: (a) Zutshi, R.; Brickner, M.; Chmielewski, J. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 62. (b) Schramm, H. J.; Boetzel, J.; Büttner, J.; Fritsche, E.; Göhring, W.; Jaeger, E.; König, S.; Thumfart, O.; Wenger, T.; Nagel, N. E.; Schramm, W. Antiviral Res. 1996, 30, 155. (c) Zutshi, R.; Fanciskovich, J.; Shultz, J.; Schweitzer, B.; Bishop, P.; Wilson, M.; Chmielewski, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4841. (d) Ghosh, I.; Chmielewski, J. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 439. (e) Prasanna, V.; Bhattacharjya, S.; Balaram, P. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 6883. (f) Gamboni, S.; Chaperon, C.; Friedrich, K.; Baehler, P. J.; Reymond, C. D. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12189. (g) Judice, J. K.; Tom, J. Y. K.; Huang, W.; Wrin, T.; Vennari, J.; Petropoulos, C. J.; McDowell, R. S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13426. (h) Fan, X.; Flentke, G. R.; Rich, D. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8893. (i) Fairlie, D. P.; West, M. L.; Wong, A. K. Curr. Med. Chem. 1998, 5, 29. (j) Li, S.; Gao, J.; Satoh, T.; Friedman, T. M.; Edling, A. E.; Koch, U.; Choksi, S.; Han, X.; Komgold, R.; Huang, Z. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 73. (k) Tilley, J. W.; Chen, L.; Fry, D. C.; Emerson, S. D.; Powers, G. D.; Biondi, D.; Varnell, T.; Trilles, R.; Guthrie, R.; Mennona, F.; Kaplan, G.; LeMahier, R. A.; Carson, M.; Han, R.-J.; Liu, C-M.; Palermo, R.; Ju, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7589. (l) Huang, J.; Schreiber, S. L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 13396. (m) Hamuro, Y.; Calama, M. C.; Park, H. S.; Hamilton, A. D. Angew Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2680. For relatively small molecules that serve as agonists, i.e., that replace one of the protein partners in a specific protein-protein interaction, see: (n) Wrighton, N. C.; Farrell, F. X.; Chang, R.; Kashyap, A. K.; Barbone, F. P.; Mulcahy, R. P.; Johnson, D. L.; Barrett, R. W.; Jolliffe, L. K.; Dower, W. J. Science 1996, 273, 458. (o) Tian, S.-S.; Lamb, P.; King, A. G.; Miller, S. G.; Kessler, L.; Luengo, J. I.; Averill, L.; Johnson, R. K.; Gleason, J. G.; Pelus, L. M.; Dillon, S. B.; Rosen, J. Science 1998, 281, 257.
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