A diamond trilogy: Superplumes, supercontinents, and supernovae

Science

Volumn 285, Issue 5429, 1999, Pages 851-860

  Haggerty, Stephen E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; DIAMOND; NITROGEN; SULFUR;

COSMOCHEMISTRY; DIAMOND; SUPERCONTINENT;

ASTRONOMY; GEOLOGY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 0033529648     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5429.851     Document Type: Review

References (205)

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3. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
4. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
5. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
6. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
7. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
8. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
9. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
10. R. C. DeVries, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 17, 161 (1987); K. Nassau, in Diamond Films and Coatings, R. F. Davies, Ed. (Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, 1993), pp. 31-67; P. S. De Carli and J. C. Jamieson, Science 133, 1821 (1961); X.-E. Zhao, R. Roy, K. A. Cherian, A. Badzian, Nature 385, 513 (1997); H. Kanda et al., J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 11, 2336 (1976); H. T. Hall, Science 169, 868 (1970); N. R. Greiner, Nature 333, 440 (1988); I. Sunagawa, J. Cryst. Growth 99, 1156 (1990); R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists (Times Books, Random House, New York, 1993).
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14. Carat is derived from qirat (Arabic), the carob bean, which has been used since antiquity and recognized as a remarkably constant measure of weight
15. J. B. Dawson, Kimberlites and Their Xenoliths (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980).
16. Kimberlites are fully discussed in (6) and by R. H. Mitchell [Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology (Plenum, New York, 1986)]. Lamproites are reviewed by R. H. Mitchell and S. C. Bergman [Petrology of Lamproites (Plenum, New York, 1991)] and N. M. S. Rock [Lampropryres (Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, 1991)]. The nomenclature of kimbertites, lamproltes, and closely related alkali rocks was discussed over a period of 6 years by a subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Among the final recommendations [A. R. Woolley et al., Can. Mineral. 34, 175 (1996)] were the following statements: "It must be stressed that the hierarchical system presented here is not definitive and has minimal genetic content. Any classification of a rock as a lamprophyre, kimbertite, or lamproite using this system should be considered provisional..." (p. 176). Hence, KCRs, as justified by J. B. Dawson [in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1987), pp. 95-101], is adopted here. The taxonomy of KCRs, with 50 to 90% olivine and variable contents of mica, amphibole, calcite, mineral oxides, and diamond (74), will continue to evolve but is unlikely to affect the conclusions of this review.
17. Kimberlites are fully discussed in (6) and by R. H. Mitchell [Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology (Plenum, New York, 1986)]. Lamproites are reviewed by R. H. Mitchell and S. C. Bergman [Petrology of Lamproites (Plenum, New York, 1991)] and N. M. S. Rock [Lampropryres (Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, 1991)]. The nomenclature of kimbertites, lamproltes, and closely related alkali rocks was discussed over a period of 6 years by a subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Among the final recommendations [A. R. Woolley et al., Can. Mineral. 34, 175 (1996)] were the following statements: "It must be stressed that the hierarchical system presented here is not definitive and has minimal genetic content. Any classification of a rock as a lamprophyre, kimbertite, or lamproite using this system should be considered provisional..." (p. 176). Hence, KCRs, as justified by J. B. Dawson [in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1987), pp. 95-101], is adopted here. The taxonomy of KCRs, with 50 to 90% olivine and variable contents of mica, amphibole, calcite, mineral oxides, and diamond (74), will continue to evolve but is unlikely to affect the conclusions of this review.
18. Kimberlites are fully discussed in (6) and by R. H. Mitchell [Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology (Plenum, New York, 1986)]. Lamproites are reviewed by R. H. Mitchell and S. C. Bergman [Petrology of Lamproites (Plenum, New York, 1991)] and N. M. S. Rock [Lampropryres (Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, 1991)]. The nomenclature of kimbertites, lamproltes, and closely related alkali rocks was discussed over a period of 6 years by a subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Among the final recommendations [A. R. Woolley et al., Can. Mineral. 34, 175 (1996)] were the following statements: "It must be stressed that the hierarchical system presented here is not definitive and has minimal genetic content. Any classification of a rock as a lamprophyre, kimbertite, or lamproite using this system should be considered provisional..." (p. 176). Hence, KCRs, as justified by J. B. Dawson [in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1987), pp. 95-101], is adopted here. The taxonomy of KCRs, with 50 to 90% olivine and variable contents of mica, amphibole, calcite, mineral oxides, and diamond (74), will continue to evolve but is unlikely to affect the conclusions of this review.
19. Kimberlites are fully discussed in (6) and by R. H. Mitchell [Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology (Plenum, New York, 1986)]. Lamproites are reviewed by R. H. Mitchell and S. C. Bergman [Petrology of Lamproites (Plenum, New York, 1991)] and N. M. S. Rock [Lampropryres (Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, 1991)]. The nomenclature of kimbertites, lamproltes, and closely related alkali rocks was discussed over a period of 6 years by a subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Among the final recommendations [A. R. Woolley et al., Can. Mineral. 34, 175 (1996)] were the following statements: "It must be stressed that the hierarchical system presented here is not definitive and has minimal genetic content. Any classification of a rock as a lamprophyre, kimbertite, or lamproite using this system should be considered provisional..." (p. 176). Hence, KCRs, as justified by J. B. Dawson [in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1987), pp. 95-101], is adopted here. The taxonomy of KCRs, with 50 to 90% olivine and variable contents of mica, amphibole, calcite, mineral oxides, and diamond (74), will continue to evolve but is unlikely to affect the conclusions of this review.
20. Kimberlites are fully discussed in (6) and by R. H. Mitchell [Kimberlites: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology (Plenum, New York, 1986)]. Lamproites are reviewed by R. H. Mitchell and S. C. Bergman [Petrology of Lamproites (Plenum, New York, 1991)] and N. M. S. Rock [Lampropryres (Blackie, Glasgow, Scotland, 1991)]. The nomenclature of kimbertites, lamproltes, and closely related alkali rocks was discussed over a period of 6 years by a subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences. Among the final recommendations [A. R. Woolley et al., Can. Mineral. 34, 175 (1996)] were the following statements: "It must be stressed that the hierarchical system presented here is not definitive and has minimal genetic content. Any classification of a rock as a lamprophyre, kimbertite, or lamproite using this system should be considered provisional..." (p. 176). Hence, KCRs, as justified by J. B. Dawson [in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds. (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1987), pp. 95-101], is adopted here. The taxonomy of KCRs, with 50 to 90% olivine and variable contents of mica, amphibole, calcite, mineral oxides, and diamond (74), will continue to evolve but is unlikely to affect the conclusions of this review.
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42. C T. Herzberg, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 120, 13 (1993); S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, The Continental Crust; Its Composition and evolution (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1985); K. C. Condie, Precambrian Res. 32, 261 (1986); J. B. Dawson et al., Eds., The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1986); M. E. Bickford, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1375 (1988); M. J. De Wit and R. A. Hart, Lithos 30, 309 (1993); D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, R. W. Kay, Eds., Continental Lower Crust, vol. 23 of Developments in Tectonics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992); R. L Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Rev. Geophys. 33, 267 (1995).
43. C T. Herzberg, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 120, 13 (1993); S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, The Continental Crust; Its Composition and evolution (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1985); K. C. Condie, Precambrian Res. 32, 261 (1986); J. B. Dawson et al., Eds., The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1986); M. E. Bickford, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1375 (1988); M. J. De Wit and R. A. Hart, Lithos 30, 309 (1993); D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, R. W. Kay, Eds., Continental Lower Crust, vol. 23 of Developments in Tectonics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992); R. L Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Rev. Geophys. 33, 267 (1995).
44. C T. Herzberg, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 120, 13 (1993); S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, The Continental Crust; Its Composition and evolution (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1985); K. C. Condie, Precambrian Res. 32, 261 (1986); J. B. Dawson et al., Eds., The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1986); M. E. Bickford, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1375 (1988); M. J. De Wit and R. A. Hart, Lithos 30, 309 (1993); D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, R. W. Kay, Eds., Continental Lower Crust, vol. 23 of Developments in Tectonics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992); R. L Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Rev. Geophys. 33, 267 (1995).
45. C T. Herzberg, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 120, 13 (1993); S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, The Continental Crust; Its Composition and evolution (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1985); K. C. Condie, Precambrian Res. 32, 261 (1986); J. B. Dawson et al., Eds., The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1986); M. E. Bickford, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1375 (1988); M. J. De Wit and R. A. Hart, Lithos 30, 309 (1993); D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, R. W. Kay, Eds., Continental Lower Crust, vol. 23 of Developments in Tectonics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992); R. L Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Rev. Geophys. 33, 267 (1995).
46. C T. Herzberg, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 120, 13 (1993); S. R. Taylor and S. M. McLennan, The Continental Crust; Its Composition and evolution (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1985); K. C. Condie, Precambrian Res. 32, 261 (1986); J. B. Dawson et al., Eds., The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust (Blackwell Scientific, London, 1986); M. E. Bickford, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 100, 1375 (1988); M. J. De Wit and R. A. Hart, Lithos 30, 309 (1993); D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, R. W. Kay, Eds., Continental Lower Crust, vol. 23 of Developments in Tectonics (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992); R. L Rudnick and D. M. Fountain, Rev. Geophys. 33, 267 (1995).
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48. Geochemical depletion refers to the melt extraction of basaltic (basalt is pyroxene plus feldspar, with or without olivine) components (Si, Fe, and Ca) from geochemically fertile mantle Iherzolite (garnet or spinel plus olivine and Ca- and Mg-pyroxene). The residue that remains in the mantle has low Si and high Mg/Fe ratios; the rocks are dunite (largely olivine) and harzburgite (olivine and Mg-pyroxene). Melt extraction in early Earth also included olivine-and pyroxene-rich komatiite (volcanic peridotites). Basaltic compositions that are trapped in the mantle crystallize garnet and Ca-Na pyroxene (omphacite), and this bimineralic rock is known as eclogite; subducted ocean floor basalts are transformed to amplibolite and at higher pressures to eclogite. Another important rock in the mantle is metasomite; these rocks have enriched chemistries in large-ion lithophile (typical of the crust) elements (K, Na, Sr, and Ba) and in high-field-strength elements ( Ti, Zr, Nb, and P) and unusual mineralogies of ferriphlogopite (mica), K-richterite (amphibole), and exotic alkali titanites in substrates of previously depleted harzburgite [M. A. Menzies and C. C. Hawksworth, Eds., Mantle Metasomatism (Academic Press, London, 1987)]. Metasomites are considered essential to the bulk chemistries of KCRs, and the melting and assimilation of two mantle horizons, shown in Fig. 2, by rising proto-KCR melts from the asthenosphere and the lower mantle have been proposed [S. E. Haggerty, in Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution, K. Bell, Ed. (Unwin Hyman, London, 1989), pp. 546-560; P. J. Wyllie, Geol. Soc. Austr. Spec. Publ. 14, 603 (1989)]. Because of the hybrid nature of KCRs, experimental studies have contributed little to the identification of primary melts [S. F. Foley, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth Planet. Sci. Sect. 99, 57 (1990)].
49. Geochemical depletion refers to the melt extraction of basaltic (basalt is pyroxene plus feldspar, with or without olivine) components (Si, Fe, and Ca) from geochemically fertile mantle Iherzolite (garnet or spinel plus olivine and Ca- and Mg-pyroxene). The residue that remains in the mantle has low Si and high Mg/Fe ratios; the rocks are dunite (largely olivine) and harzburgite (olivine and Mg-pyroxene). Melt extraction in early Earth also included olivine- and pyroxene-rich komatiite (volcanic peridotites). Basaltic compositions that are trapped in the mantle crystallize garnet and Ca-Na pyroxene (omphacite), and this bimineralic rock is known as eclogite; subducted ocean floor basalts are transformed to amplibolite and at higher pressures to eclogite. Another important rock in the mantle is metasomite; these rocks have enriched chemistries in large-ion lithophile (typical of the crust) elements (K, Na, Sr, and Ba) and in high-field-strength elements ( Ti, Zr, Nb, and P) and unusual mineralogies of ferriphlogopite (mica), K-richterite (amphibole), and exotic alkali titanites in substrates of previously depleted harzburgite [M. A. Menzies and C. C. Hawksworth, Eds., Mantle Metasomatism (Academic Press, London, 1987)]. Metasomites are considered essential to the bulk chemistries of KCRs, and the melting and assimilation of two mantle horizons, shown in Fig. 2, by rising proto-KCR melts from the asthenosphere and the lower mantle have been proposed [S. E. Haggerty, in Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution, K. Bell, Ed. (Unwin Hyman, London, 1989), pp. 546-560; P. J. Wyllie, Geol. Soc. Austr. Spec. Publ. 14, 603 (1989)]. Because of the hybrid nature of KCRs, experimental studies have contributed little to the identification of primary melts [S. F. Foley, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth Planet. Sci. Sect. 99, 57 (1990)].
50. Geochemical depletion refers to the melt extraction of basaltic (basalt is pyroxene plus feldspar, with or without olivine) components (Si, Fe, and Ca) from geochemically fertile mantle Iherzolite (garnet or spinel plus olivine and Ca- and Mg-pyroxene). The residue that remains in the mantle has low Si and high Mg/Fe ratios; the rocks are dunite (largely olivine) and harzburgite (olivine and Mg-pyroxene). Melt extraction in early Earth also included olivine- and pyroxene-rich komatiite (volcanic peridotites). Basaltic compositions that are trapped in the mantle crystallize garnet and Ca-Na pyroxene (omphacite), and this bimineralic rock is known as eclogite; subducted ocean floor basalts are transformed to amplibolite and at higher pressures to eclogite. Another important rock in the mantle is metasomite; these rocks have enriched chemistries in large-ion lithophile (typical of the crust) elements (K, Na, Sr, and Ba) and in high-field-strength elements ( Ti, Zr, Nb, and P) and unusual mineralogies of ferriphlogopite (mica), K-richterite (amphibole), and exotic alkali titanites in substrates of previously depleted harzburgite [M. A. Menzies and C. C. Hawksworth, Eds., Mantle Metasomatism (Academic Press, London, 1987)]. Metasomites are considered essential to the bulk chemistries of KCRs, and the melting and assimilation of two mantle horizons, shown in Fig. 2, by rising proto-KCR melts from the asthenosphere and the lower mantle have been proposed [S. E. Haggerty, in Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution, K. Bell, Ed. (Unwin Hyman, London, 1989), pp. 546-560; P. J. Wyllie, Geol. Soc. Austr. Spec. Publ. 14, 603 (1989)]. Because of the hybrid nature of KCRs, experimental studies have contributed little to the identification of primary melts [S. F. Foley, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth Planet. Sci. Sect. 99, 57 (1990)].
51. Geochemical depletion refers to the melt extraction of basaltic (basalt is pyroxene plus feldspar, with or without olivine) components (Si, Fe, and Ca) from geochemically fertile mantle Iherzolite (garnet or spinel plus olivine and Ca- and Mg-pyroxene). The residue that remains in the mantle has low Si and high Mg/Fe ratios; the rocks are dunite (largely olivine) and harzburgite (olivine and Mg-pyroxene). Melt extraction in early Earth also included olivine- and pyroxene-rich komatiite (volcanic peridotites). Basaltic compositions that are trapped in the mantle crystallize garnet and Ca-Na pyroxene (omphacite), and this bimineralic rock is known as eclogite; subducted ocean floor basalts are transformed to amplibolite and at higher pressures to eclogite. Another important rock in the mantle is metasomite; these rocks have enriched chemistries in large-ion lithophile (typical of the crust) elements (K, Na, Sr, and Ba) and in high-field-strength elements ( Ti, Zr, Nb, and P) and unusual mineralogies of ferriphlogopite (mica), K-richterite (amphibole), and exotic alkali titanites in substrates of previously depleted harzburgite [M. A. Menzies and C. C. Hawksworth, Eds., Mantle Metasomatism (Academic Press, London, 1987)]. Metasomites are considered essential to the bulk chemistries of KCRs, and the melting and assimilation of two mantle horizons, shown in Fig. 2, by rising proto-KCR melts from the asthenosphere and the lower mantle have been proposed [S. E. Haggerty, in Carbonatites: Genesis and evolution, K. Bell, Ed. (Unwin Hyman, London, 1989), pp. 546-560; P. J. Wyllie, Geol. Soc. Austr. Spec. Publ. 14, 603 (1989)]. Because of the hybrid nature of KCRs, experimental studies have contributed little to the identification of primary melts [S. F. Foley, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Earth Planet. Sci. Sect. 99, 57 (1990)].
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205. Research that contributed to this review has been supported over several years by the NSF, most recently by grant EAR98-05091, and by the goodwill of governments and mining companies that allowed access to diamond deposits worldwide. These contributions are gratefully acknowledged, as are the constructive comments given by colleagues S. A. Morse, M. L Williams, S. Seaman, and the external reviewers.