Improving the nutrient composition of plants to enhance human nutrition and health

Annual Review of Plant Biology

Volumn 50, Issue , 1999, Pages 133-161

  Grusak, Michael A ^a   Dellapenna, Dean ^b  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

Alpha tocopherol; Iron; Minerals; Phytochemicals; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033499242     PISSN: 15435008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.133     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Aggett PJ, Bresson J, Haschke F, Hernell O, Koletzko B, et al. 1997. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs), Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), and Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) are not "recommended intakes". J. Pediatr. Gastroenter. Nutr. 25:236-41
2. Aggett PJ, Comerford JG. 1995. Zinc and human health. Nutr. Rev. 53:S(II)16-22
3. American Soybean Association. 1997. Soy Stats: A Reference Guide to Important Soybean Facts and Figures. http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/∼stratsoy/97/ soystats/
4. Arnaud CD, Sanchez SD. 1996. Calcium and phosphorus. See Ref. 168, pp. 245-55
5. Baldet P, Alban C, Douce R. 1997. Biotin synthesis in higher plants: purification and characterization of bioB gene product equivalent from Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressed in Escherichia coli and its subcellular localization in pea leaf cells. FEBS Lett. 419:206-10
6. Ball G. 1988. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Assays in Food Analysis. A Comprehensive Review. London: Elsevier. 317 pp.
7. Beard JL, Dawson H, Pinero DJ. 1996. Iron metabolism: a comprehensive review. Nutr. Rev. 54:295-317
8. Belanger FC, Leustek T, Chu B, Kriz AL. 1995. Evidence for the thiamin biosynthetic pathway in higher plants and its developmental regulation. Plant Mol. Biol. 29:809-21
9. Bienfait HF. 1988. Proteins under the control of the gene for Fe efficiency in tomato. Plant Physiol. 88:785-87
10. Bienfait HF. 1989. Prevention of stress in iron metabolism of plants. Acta Bot. Neerl. 38:105-29
11. Bingham SA, Atkinson C, Liggins J, Bluck L, Coward A. 1998. Phytooestrogens: Where are we now? Br. J. Nutr. 79:393-406
12. Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. 1992. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer 18:1-29
13. Bouis H. 1996. Enrichment of food staples through plant breeding: a new strategy for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. Nutr. Rev. 54:131-37
14. Briat J-F Fobis-Loisy I, Grignon N, Lobréaux S, Pascal N, et al. 1995. Cellular and molecular aspects of iron metabolism in plants. Biol. Cell 84:69-81
15. Briat J-F, Lobréaux S. 1997. Iron transport and storage in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2:187-93
16. Briggs SP. 1998. Plant genomics: more than food for thought. Proc. Natl. Acac. Sci. USA 95:1986-88
17. Bronner F. 1993. Nutrient bioavailability, with special reference to calcium. J. Nutr. 123:797-802
18. 3+ reduction, and chlorophyll concentration in plants. Agron. J. 71:1015-21
19. Brüggemann W, Maas-Kantel K, Moog PR. 1993. Iron uptake by leaf mesophyll cells: the role of the plasma membrane-bound ferric-chelate reductase. Planta 190:151-55
20. Buring JE, Hennekens CH. 1997. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Nutr. Rev. 55:853-60
21. Butterworth CE Jr, Bendich A. 1996. Folic acid and the prevention of birth defects. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16:73-97
22. Calloway DH. 1995. Human Nutrition: Food and Micronutrient Relationships. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. 23 pp.
23. Consaul JR, Lee K. 1983. Extrinsic tagging in iron bioavailability research: a critical review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 31:684-89
24. Cook WB, Miles D. 1992. Nuclear mutations affecting plastoquinone accumulation in maize. Photosyn. Res. 31:99-111
25. Crowley DE, Wang YC, Reid CPP, Szaniszlo PJ. 1991. Mechanisms of iron acquisition from siderophores by microorganisms and plants. In Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants, ed. Y Chen, Y Hadar, pp. 213-32. Dordrecht: Kluwer
26. Cunningham FX Jr, Gantt E. 1998. Genes and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49:557-83
27. Decker EA. 1997. Phenolics: prooxidants or antioxidants? Nutr. Rev. 55: 396-98
28. Delange F. 1994. The disorders induced by iodine deficiency. Thyroid 4:107-28
29. DeLuca HF, Zierold C. 1998. Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutr. Rev. 56:S4-10
30. Demurin Y. 1993. Genetic variability of tocopherol composition in sunflower seeds. Helia 16:59-62
31. D'Harlingue A, Camara B. 1985. Plastid enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis: purification and characterization of a gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 260:15200-3
32. Dreosti IE. 1995. Magnesium status and health. Nutr. Rev. 53:S(11)23-27
33. Dreosti IE. 1996. Bioactive ingredients: antioxidants and polyphenols in tea. Nutr. Rev. 54:S51-58
34. Eide D, Broderius M, Fett J, Guerinot ML. 1996. A novel iron-regulated metal transporter from plants identified by functional expression in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5624-28
35. Eitenmiller RR. 1997. Vitamin E content of fats and oils: nutritional implications. Food Technol. 51:78-81
36. Evans HM, Bishop KS. 1922. On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction. Science 56:650-51
37. Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. 1997. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10367-72
38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Int. Life Sei. Inst. 1997. Preventing Micronutrient Malnutrition: A Guide to Food-Based Approaches. Washington, DC: Int. Life Sci. Inst. 105 pp.
39. Fox TC, Guerinot ML. 1998. Molecular biology of cation transport in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol 49:669-96
40. Franceschi VR, Horner HT Jr. 1980. Calcium oxalate crystals in plants. Bot. Rev. 46:361-427
41. Fryer MJ. 1992. The antioxidant effects of thylakoid vitamin E (α-tocopherol) Plant Cell Environ. 15:381-92
42. - posomes. Lipid 17:511-13
43. Furuya T, Yoshikawa T, Kimura T, Kaneko H. 1987. Production of tocopherols by cell cultures of safflower. Phytochemistry 26:2741-47
44. Garcia I, Rodgers M, Lenne C, Rolland A, Sailland A, Matringe M. 1997. Subcellular localization and purification of a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from cultured carrot cells and characterization of the corresponding cDNA. Biochem. J. 325:761-69
45. Glahn RP, Van Campen DR. 1997. Iron uptake is enhanced in Caco-2 cell monolayers by cysteine and reduced cysteinyl glycine. J. Nutr. 127:642-47
46. Golden S. 1988. Mutagenesis of cyanobacteria by classical and gene-transfer-based methods. Meth. Enzymol. 167: 714-27
47. Graham RD, Welch RM. 1996. Breeding For Staple Food Crops With High Micronutrient Density. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. 79 pp.
48. Grusak MA. 1994. Iron transport to developing ovules of Pisum sativum. I. Seed import characteristics and phloem iron-loading capacity of source regions. Plant Physiol. 104:649-55
49. Grusak MA. 1995. Whole-root iron(III)-reductase activity throughout the life cycle of iron-grown Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae): relevance to the iron nutrition of developing seeds. Planta 197:111-17
50. Grusak MA. 1997. Intrinsic stable isotope labeling of plants for nutritional investigations in humans. Nutr. Biochem. 8:164-71
51. Grusak MA, DellaPenna D, Welch RM. 1999. Physiological processes affecting the content and distribution of phytonutrients in plants. Nutr. Rev. In press
52. Grusak MA, Pearson N, Marentes E. 1999. The physiology of micronutrient homeostasis in field crops. Field Crops Res. 60:41-56
53. Grusak MA, Pezeshgi S. 1996. Shoot-to-root signal transmission regulates root Fe(III) reductase activity in the dgl mutant of pea. Plant Physiol. 110:329-34
54. Grusak MA, Stephens BW, Merhaut DJ. 1996. Influence of whole-plant net calcium influx and partitioning on calcium concentration in snap bean pods. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 121:656-59
55. Grusak MA, Welch RM, Kochian LV. 1990. Does iron deficiency in Pisum sativum enhance the activity of the root plasmalemma iron transport protein? Plant Physiol. 94:1353-57
56. Guerinot ML, Yi Y. 1994. Iron: nutritious, noxious, and not readily available. Plant Physiol. 104:815-20
57. Harper AE. 1985. Origin of Recommended Dietary Allowances - an historic overview. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41: 140-48
58. Harper AE. 1987. Evolution of Recommended Dietary Allowances - new directions? Annu. Rev. Nutr. 7:509-37
59. 3+, and oxygen react with DNA-derived radicals formed during ironmediated Fenton reactions. Biochemistry 35:12212-19
60. Herbert V. 1996. Vitamin B-12. See Ref. 168, pp. 191-205
61. Hess JL. 1993. Vitamin E, α-tocopherol. In Antioxidants in Higher Plants, ed. R Alscher, J Hess, pp. 111-134. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
62. Higuchi K, Kanazawa K, Nishizawa N-K, Chino M, Mori S. 1994. Purification and characterization of nicotianamine synthase from Fe-deficient barley roots. Plant Soil 165:173-79
63. 3+-chelate reductase activity of plasma membranes isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots. Comparison of enzymes from Fe deficient and Fe-sufficient roots. Plant Physiol. 97:537-44
64. Hosomi A, Arita M, Sato Y, Kiyose C, Ueda T, Igarashi O, Arai H, Inoue K. 1997. Affinity for α-tocopherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin E analogs. FEBS Lett. 409:105-8
65. Innis SM. 1996. Essential dietary lipids. See Ref. 168, pp. 58-66
66. Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Food and Nutrition Board. 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances be Revised? Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 36pp.
67. Ishiko H, Shigeoka S, Nakano Y, Mitsunaga T. 1992. Some properties of gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase solubilized from spinach chloroplast. Phytochemistry 31:1499-500
68. Jacob RA, Swendseid ME. 1996. Niacin. See Ref. 168, pp. 184-90
69. Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, Slowing KV, Thomas CF, et al. 1997. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 275:218-20
70. Jefferson T. 1984. A memorandum (Services to my country), circa 1800. In Writings, ed. MD Peterson, pp. 702-4. New York: Library of America. 1600 pp.
71. Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. 365 pp. 2nd ed.
72. Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist LA. 1996. The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids 31:671-701
73. Kanazawa K, Higuchi K, Nishizawa N-K, Fushiya S, Chino M, et al. 1994. Nicotianamine aminotransferase activities are correlated to the phytosiderophore secretions under Fe-deficient conditions in Gramineae. J. Exp. Bot. 45:1903-6
74. Kanazawa K, Higuchi K, Nishizawa N-K, Fushiya S, Mori S. 1998. Detection of two distinct isozymes of nicotianamine aminotransferase in Fe-deficient barley roots. J. Exp. Bot. 46: 1241-44
75. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, et al. 1996. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res. 3:109-36
76. Keen CL, Zidenberg-Cherr S. 1996. Manganese. See Ref. 168, pp. 334-43
77. Kehrer JP, Smith CV. 1994. Free radicals in biology: sources, reactivities, and roles in the etiology of human diseases. In Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Diseases, ed. B Frei, pp. 2:25-62. San Diego: Academic. 588 pp.
78. Keller Y, Bouvier F, d'Harlingue A, Camara B. 1998. Metabolic compartmentation of plastid prenyllipid biosynthesis - evidence for the involvement of a multifunctional geranylgeranyl reductase. Eur. J. Biochem. 251:413-17
79. Kleerekoper M, Balena R. 1991. Fluorides and osteoporosis. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11:309-24
80. Kneen BE, LaRue TA, Welch RM, Weeden NF. 1990. Pleiotropic effects of brz. A mutation in Pisum sativum (L.) cv 'Sparkle' conditioning decreased nodulation and increased iron uptake and leaf necrosis. Plant Physiol. 93:717-22
81. Kochian LV. 1991. Mechanisms of micronutrient uptake and translocation in plants. In Micronutrients in Agriculture, ed. JJ Mordvedt, FR Cox, LM Shuman, RM Welch, pp. 229-96. Madison, WI: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 2nd ed.
82. Kurzer MS, Xu X. 1997. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17:353-81
83. Lachance PA. 1998. Overview of key nutrients: micronutrient aspects. Nutr. Rev. 56:S34-39
84. Landsberg E-C. 1984. Regulation of iron-stress-response by whole-plant activity. J. Plant Nutr. 7:609-21
85. Landsberg E-C. 1996. Hormonal regulation of iron-stress response in sunflower roots: a morphological and cytological investigation. Protoplasma 194:69-80
86. Laulhère J-P, Barcelò F, Fontecave M. 1995. Dynamic equilibria in iron uptake and release by ferritin. BioMetals 9:303-9
87. Laulhère J-P, Briat J-F. 1993. Iron release and uptake by plant ferritin: effects of pH, reduction and chelation. Biochem. J. 290:693-99
88. Leklem JE. 1996. Vitamin B-6. See Ref. 168, pp. 174-83
89. Levander OA, Burk RF. 1996. Selenium. See Ref. 168, pp. 320-28
90. Linder MC. 1991. Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism: With Clinical Applications. New York: Elsevier. 603 pp. 2nd ed.
91. Linder MC. 1996. Copper. See Ref. 168, pp. 307-19
92. Lobréaux S, Thoiron S, Briat J-F. 1995. Induction of ferritin synthesis in maize leaves by an iron-mediated oxidative stress. Plant J. 8:443-49
93. Lucas WJ, Ding B, Van der Schoot C. 1993. Plasmodesmata and the supracellular nature of plants. New Phytol. 125:435-76
94. Luft FC. 1996. Potassium and its regulation. See Ref. 168, pp. 272-76
95. Luwe MWF, Takahama U, Heber U. 1993. Role of ascorbate in detoxifying ozone in the apoplast of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Physiol. 101:969-76
96. Ma J-F, Kusano G, Kimura S, Nomoto K. 1993. Specific recognition of mugineic acid-ferric complex by barley roots. Phytochemistry 34:599-603
97. Ma J-F, Shinada T, Matsuda C, Nomoto K. 1995. Biosynthesis of phytosiderophores, mugineic acids associated with methionine recycling. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16549-54
98. Maas FM, van de Wetering DAM, van Buesichem ML, Bienfait HF. 1988. Characterization of phloem iron and its possible role in the regulation of Fe-efficiency reactions. Plant Physiol. 87:167-71
99. Marentes E, Grusak MA. 1998. Iron transport and storage within the seed coat and embryo of developing seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed Sci. Res. 8:367-75
100. Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. San Diego: Academic. 889 pp.
101. Marschner H, Römheld V. 1994. Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron. Plant Soil 165:261-74
102. Maxwell MH, Kleeman CR, Narins RG. 1987. Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism. New York: McGraw-Hill
103. McCormick DB. 1994. Riboflavin. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, ed. ME Shils, JA Olson, M Shike, pp. 366-75. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 8th ed.
104. McLaughlin P, Weihrauch JC. 1979. Vitamin E content of foods. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 75:647-65
105. Mertz W. 1993. Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J. Nutr. 123:626-33
106. Mock DM. 1996. Biotin. See Ref. 168, pp. 220-35
107. Moog PR, Brüggemann W. 1994. Iron reductase systems on the plant plasma membrane - a review. Plant Soil 165:241-60
108. Mori S. 1994. Mechanisms of iron acquisition by graminaceous (Strategy II) plants. In Biochemistry of Metal Micronutrients in the Rhizosphere, ed. JA Manthey, DE Crowley, DG Luster, 15:225-249. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis. 372 pp.
109. Mori S, Nishizawa N. 1987. Methionine as a dominant precursor of phytosiderophores in Graminaceae plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 28:1081-92
110. National Research Council (U.S.), Food and Nutrition Board. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 284 pp. 10th ed.
111. Neuburger M, Rebeille F, Jourdain A, Nakamura S, Douce R. 1996. Mitochondria are a major site for folate and thymidylate synthesis in plants. J. Biol Chem. 271:9466-72
112. Nishizawa N, Mori S. 1987. The particular vesicle appearing in the barley root cells and its relation to mugineic acid secretion. J. Plant Nutr. 11:915-24
113. Norris SR, Barrette TR, DellaPenna D. 1995. Genetic dissection of carotenoid synthesis in Arabidopsis defines plastoquinone as an essential component of phytoene desaturation. Plant Cell 7: 2139-48
114. Norris SR, Shen X, DellaPenna D. 1998. Complementation of the Arabidopsis pds1 mutation with the gene encoding p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Plant Physiol. 117:1317-23
115. Pich A, Scholz G, Stephan UW. 1994. Iron-dependent changes of heavy metals, nicotianamine, and citrate in different organs and in the xylem exudate of two tomato genotypes. Nicotianamine as possible copper translocator. Plant Soil 165:189-96
116. Proudhon D, Wei J, Briat J-F, Theil EC. 1996. Ferritin gene organization: Differences between plants and animals suggest possible kingdom-specific selective constraints. J. Mol. Evol. 42:325-36
117. Pushnik JC, Miller GW. 1989. Iron regulation of chloroplast photosynthetic function: mediation of PSI development. J. Plant Nutr. 12:407-21
118. 1 families and four cultivars of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 121:789-93
119. Rajagopalan KV. 1988. Molybdenum: an essential trace element in human nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 8:401-27
120. Rebeille F, Macherel D, Mouillon JM, Garin J, Douce R. 1997. Folate biosynthesis in higher plants: purification and molecular cloning of a bifunctional 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase/7,8-dihydropteroate synthase localized in mitochondria. EMBO J. 16:947-57
121. Rindi G. 1996. Thiamin. See Ref. 168, pp. 160-66
122. Robinson NJ, Sadjuga, Groom QJ. 1997. The froh gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana: putative iron-chelate reductases. Plant Soil 196:245-48
123. Robinson NJ, Sadjuga MR, Groom QJ. 1997. The froh gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana: putative iron-chelate reductases. In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, ed. T Ando, pp. 191-94. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 982 pp.
124. Rock CL. 1997. Carotenoids: biology and treatment. Pharmacol. Ther. 75: 185-97
125. Romera FJ, Alcántara E, de la Guardia MD. 1992. Role of roots and shoots in the regulation of the Fe efficiency responses in sunflower and cucumber. Physiol. Plant. 85:141-46
126. Saier MH Jr. 1998. Genome sequencing and informatics: new tools for biochemical discoveries. Plant Physiol. 117:1129-33
127. Salunkhe DK, Desai BB. 1987. Effects of agricultural practices, handling, processing, and storage on vegetables. In Nutritional Evaluation of Food Processing, ed. E Karmas, RS Harris, 3:23-71. New York: AVI. 786 pp. 3rd ed.
128. Samuelsen AI, Martin RC, Mok DWS, Mok MC. 1998. Expression of the yeast FRE genes in transgenic tobacco. Plant Physiol. 118:51-58
129. Sauberlich HE. 1994. Pharmacology of vitamin C. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 14:371-91
130. Scholz G, Becker R, Pich A, Stephan UW. 1992. Nicotianamine - a common constituent of strategies I and II of iron acquisition by plants: a review. J. Plant Nutr. 15:1647-65
131. Scholz G, Becker R, Stephan UW, Rudolph A, Pich A. 1988. The regulation of iron uptake and possible functions of nicotianamine in higher plants. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 183:257-69
132. Schonhof I, Krumbein A. 1996. Gehalt an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen verschiedener Brokkolitypen (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). Gartenbauwissenschaft 61:281-88
133. Shigeoka S, Ishiko H, Nakano Y, Mitsunaga T. 1992. Isolation and properties of a-tocopherol methyltransferase in Euglena gracilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1128:220-26
134. Shintani D, DellaPenna D. 1998. Elevating the vitamin E content of plants through metabolic engineering. Science. 282:2098-100
135. Shojima S, Nishizawa N-K, Fushiya S, Nozoe S, Irifune T, Mori S. 1990. Biosynthesis of phytosiderophores. In vitro biosynthesis of 2'-deoxymugineic acid from L-methionine and nicotianamine. Plant Physiol. 93:1497-503
136. Simon PW, Wolff XY, Peterson CE, Kammerlohr DS. 1989. High carotene mass carrot population. HortScience 24: 174
137. Soil J, Schultz G. 1979. Comparison of geranylgeranyl and phytyl substituted methylquinols in the tocopherol synthesis of spinach chloroplast. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91:715-20
138. Soll J, Schultz G. 1980. 2-methyl-6-phytylquinol and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytylquinol as precursors of tocopherol synthesis in spinach chloroplasts. Phytochemistry 19:215-18
139. Souci SW, Fachmann W, Kraut H. 1989. Food Composition and Nutrition Tables 1989/90. Stuttgart: Wiss. Verl.ges. 1028 pp. 4th ed.
140. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. 1996. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 96:1027-39
141. Stephan UW, Schmidke I, Pich A. 1994. Phloem translocation of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn in Ricinus seedlings in relation to the concentrations of nicotianamine, an endogenous chelator of divalent metal ions, in different seedling parts. Plant Soil 165:181-88
142. Stephan UW, Scholz G. 1993. Nicotianamine: mediator of transport of iron and heavy metals in the phloem? Physiol. Plant. 88:522-29
143. Stocker A, Fretz H, Frick H, Ruttimann A, Woggon WD. 1996. The substrate specificity of tocopherol cyclase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:1129-34
144. Stocker A, Netscher T, Ruttimann A, Muller RK, Schneider H, et al. 1994. The reaction mechanism of chromanolring formation catalyzed by tocopherol cyclase from Anabaena variabilis Kutzing (Cyanobacteria). Helv. Chim. Acta 77:1721-37
145. Stommel JR. 1994. Inheritance of beta carotene content in the wild tomato species Lycopersicon cheesmanii. J. Hered. 85:401-4
146. Subar A, Heimendinger J, Krebs-Smith S, Patterson B, Kessler R, Pivonka E. 1992.5 A Day for Better Health: A Baseline Study of Americans ' Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Washington, DC: Natl. Cancer Inst.
147. Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. 1991. Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitam. Horm. 46:165-228
148. Takagi S-I. 1993. Production of phytosiderophores. In Iron Chelation in Plants and Soil Microorganisms, ed. LL Barton, BC Hemming, 4:111-31. San Diego: Academic. 490 pp.
149. Tangney CC. 1997. Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease. Nutr. Today 32:13-22
150. Tanksley SD, McCouch SR. 1997. Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277:1063-66
151. Taylor P, Barnes P. 1981. Analysis of vitamin E in edible oils by high performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Ind. (Oct. 17):722-26
152. Tigchelaar EC, Tomes ML. 1974. Carorich tomato. HortScience 9:82
153. Tijburg LB, Mattem T, Folts JD, Weisgerber UM, Katan MB. 1997. Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular disease: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 37: 771-85
154. Timberlake WE. 1998. Agricultural genomics comes of age. Nature Biotech. 16:116-17
155. Traber MG, Sies H. 1996. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16:321-347
156. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1998. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 12. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp
157. Vermeer C, Jie K-SG, Knapen MHJ. 1995. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 15:1-22
158. von Wirén N, Marschner H, Römheld V. 1995. Uptake kinetics of ironphytosiderophores in two maize genotypes differing in iron deficiency. Physiol. Plant. 93:611-16
159. 1 hybrids and open-pollinated cultivars of red beet. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 121:1040-42
160. Weaver CM, Heaney RP. 1991. Isotopic exchange of ingested calcium between labeled sources. Evidence that ingested calcium does not form a common absorptive pool. Calcif. Tissue Int. 49:244-47
161. Welch RM. 1986. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on seed production and quality. Adv. Plant Nutr. 2:205-47
162. Welch RM. 1995. Micronutrient nutrition of plants. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 14:49-82
163. Welch RM, Combs GF Jr, Duxbury JM. 1997. Toward a 'greener' revolution. Issues Sci. Technol. (Fall):55-63
164. Whistance GR, Threlfall DR. 1970. Biosynthesis of phytoquinones; homogentisic acid: a precursor of plastoquinones, tocopherols and alpha-tocopherolquinone in higher plants, green algae and blue-green algae. Biochem. J. 117:593-600
165. White MC, Decker AM, Chaney RL. 1981. Metal complexation in xylem fluid. I. Chemical composition of tomato and soybean stem exudate. Plant Physiol. 67:292-300
166. Winzerling JJ, Law LH. 1997. Comparative nutrition of iron and copper. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17:501-26
167. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: Am. Inst. Cancer Res.
168. Yi Y, Guerinot ML. 1996. Genetic evidence that induction of root Fe(III) chelate reductase activity is necessary for iron uptake under iron deficiency. Plant J. 10:835-44
169. Zhang F-U, Römheld V, Marschner H. 1991. Diurnal rhythm of release of phytosiderophores and uptake rate of zinc in iron-deficient wheat. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 37:671-78
170. Ziegler EE, Filer LJ Jr, eds. 1996. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: Int. Life Sci. Inst. 684 pp. 7th ed.