Integrative biology of nitric oxide and exercise

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue , 1999, Pages 219-253

  Balon, Thomas W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENZYME ACTIVATOR; ISOENZYME; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ADAPTATION; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGY; BLOOD FLOW; CYTOLOGY; EXERCISE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; VASCULARIZATION;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; APOPTOSIS; BIOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVATORS; EXERCISE; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 0033288105     PISSN: 00916331     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Adachi, H., P.H. Nguyen, R. Belardinelli, D. Hunter, T. Jung, and K. Wasserman. Nitric oxide production during exercise in chronic heart failure. Am. Heart J. 133:196-202, 1997.
2. Adams, V.J. Yu, S. Mobius-Winkler, et al. Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with chronic heart failure. Biochem. Mol. Med. 61:152-160, 1997.
3. Albina, J.E., S. Cui, R.B. Mateo, and J.S. Reichner. Nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 150:5080-5085, 1993.
4. Albina, J.E., and B. Mastrofrancesco. Modulation of glucose metabolism in macrophages by products of nitric oxide synthase. Am. J. Physiol. 264:01594-1599, 1993.
5. Alonso, J., L. Sanchez de Miquel, M. Monton, S. Casado, and A. Lopez-Farre. Endothelial cytosolic proteins bind to the 3′ untranslated region of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA: regulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5719-5726, 1997.
6. Archer, S. Measurement of nitric oxide in biological models. FASEB J. 7:349-360, 1993.
7. Asano, M., K. Kaneoka, T. Nomura, et al. Increase in serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels during altitude training. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162:455-459, 1998.
8. Aymerich, M.S., M.T. Bengoechea-Alonso, M.J. Lopez-Zabalza, E. Santiago, and N. Lopez-Moratalla. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in human monocytes triggered by β-endorphin through an increase in cAMP. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:717-721, 1998.
9. Bachmann, S., H.M. Bosse, and P. Mundel. Topography of nitric oxide synthesis by localizing constitutive NO synthases in mammalian kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 268:F885-F898, 1995.
10. Bailey, D.A., Faulkner, R.A., and H.A. McKay. Growth, physical activity and bone mineral acquisition. Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev. 24:233-266, 1996.
11. Baker, P.F., and A. Carruthers. Insulin stimulates sugar transport in giant muscle fibres of the barnacle. Nature 286:276-279, 1980.
12. Baker, P.F., and A. Carruthers. Insulin regulation of sugar transport in giant muscle fibres of the barnacle. J. Physiol. 336:397-431, 1983.
13. Balligand, J.L., D. Ungureanu-Longrois, W.W. Simmons, et al. Cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:27580-27588, 1994.
14. Balon, T.W. Personal Communication, 1997.
15. Balon, T.W., and J.L. Nadler. Nitric oxide release is present from incubated skeletal muscle preparations. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:2519-2521, 1994.
16. Balon, T.W., and J.L. Nadler. Evidence that nitric oxide increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:359-363, 1997.
17. Barclay, J.K., and N.E. Woodley. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors do not alter functional hyperemia in canine skeletal muscle. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 72:1035-1041, 1994.
18. Baron, A.D. The coupling of glucose metabolism and perfusion in human skeletal muscle: the potential role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Diabetes. 45(suppl.1):S105-S109, 1996.
19. Bauer, J.A., J.A. Wald, S. Doran, and D. Soda. Endogenous nitric oxide in expired air: effects of acute exercise in humans. Life Sci. 55:1903-1909, 1994.
20. Beckman, J.S., T.W. Beckman, J. Chen, P.A. Marshall, and B.A. Freeman. Apparent hydroyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1620-1624, 1990.
21. Beckman, J.S., J. Chen, H. Ischiropoulos, and J.P. Crow. Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite. Methods Enzymol. 223:229-240, 1994.
22. Beckman, J.S., and W. H. Koppenol. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am. J. Physiol. 271:C1424-1437, 1996.
23. Beckmann, J.S., Y.Z. Ye, P.G. Anderson, et al. Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 375:81-88, 1994.
24. Bedard, S., B. Marcotte, and A. Marette. Cytokines modulate glucose transport in skeletal muscle by inducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem. J. 325:487-493, 1997.
25. Bland-Ward, P.A., and P.K. Moore. 7-nitro indazole derivatives are potent inhibitors of brain, endothelium and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Life Sci. 57:PL131-PL135, 1995.
26. Blottner, D., and G. Luck. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mouse skeletal muscle development and differentiated myoblasts. Cell Tissue Res. 292:293-302, 1998.
27. Bocchi, E.A., J.O. Auler, Jr., G. V. Guimaraes, et al. Nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary tidal volume during exercise in severe chronic heart failure. Am. Heart J. 134: 737-744, 1997.
28. Booth. F.W., and D.B. Thomason. Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives of various models. Physiol. Rev. 71:541-585, 1991.
29. Bosse, H.M., R. Bohm, S. Resch, and S. Bachmann. Parallel regulation of constitutive NO synthase and renin at JGA of rat kidney under various stimuli. Am. J. Physiol. 269:F793-F805, 1995.
30. Brady, A.J.B., J.B. Warren, P.A. Poole-Wilson, T.J. Williams, and S.E. Harding. Nitric oxide attenuates cardiac myocyte contraction. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H176-H182, 1993.
31. Bredt, D.S., P.M. Hwang, C.E. Glatt, C. Lowenstein, R.R. Reed, and S.H. Snyder. Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase. Nature. 351:714-718, 1991.
32. Breen, E.G., E.C. Johnson, H. Wagner, H-M. Tseng, L.A. Sung, and P.D. Wagner. Angiogenic growth factor mRNA responses in muscle to a single bout of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:355-361, 1996.
33. 2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:731-737, 1996.
34. Brown, G.G. Hypothesis: nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and cell functions by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. FEBS Lett. 369:136-139, 1995.
35. Brune, B., C. Gotz, U.K. Messmer, K. Sandau, M-R. Hirvonen, and E.G. Lapetina. Superoxide formation and macrophage resistance to nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:7253-7258, 1997.
36. Brune, B., and E.G. Lapetina. Phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase by protein kinase A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:921-926, 1991.
37. Bucher, M., K.P. Ittner, M. Zimmermann, K. Wolf, J. Hobbhahn, and A. Kurtz. Nitric oxide synthase isoform III gene expression in rat liver is up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. FEBS Lett. 412:511-514, 1997.
38. Buck, M., and M. Chojkier. Muscle wasting and dedifferentiation induced by oxidative stress in a murine model of cachexia is prevented by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis and antioxidants. EMBO J. 15:1753-1765, 1996.
39. Busconi, L., and T. Michel. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 268:8410-8413, 1993.
40. Calderone, A., C.M. Thaik, N. Takahashi, D.L.F. Chang, and W.S. Colucci. Nitric oxide, atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclic GMP inhibit the growth-promoting effects of norepinephrine in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 101:812-818, 1998.
41. Capanni, C., S. Squarzoni, S. Petrini, et al. Increase of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat skeletal muscle during ageing. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:216-219, 1998.
42. 2+ mobilization. Circ. Res. 81:885-892, 1997.
43. Chang, W.J., S.T. Iannaccone, K.S. Lau, et al. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9142-9147, 1996.
44. Chao, D.S., F. Silvagno, H. Xia, T.L. Cornwell, T.M. Lincoln, and D.S. Bredt. Nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase concentrated at the neuromuscular endplate. Neuroscience 76:665-672, 1997.
45. Charpie, J.R., and R.C. Webb. Vascular myocyte-derived nitric oxide is an autocrine that limits vasoconstriction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194:763-768, 1993.
46. Chen, C.C., J.K. Wang, W.C. Chen, and S.B. Lin. Protein kinase C eta mediates lipopolysaccaride-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in primary astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:19424-19430, 1998.
47. Chirpaz-Oddou, M.F, A. Favre-Juvin, P. Flore, et al. Nitric oxide response in exhaled air during an incremental exhaustive exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:1311-1318, 1997.
48. Christopherson, K.S., and D.S. Bredt. Nitric oxide in excitable tissues: physiological roles and disease. J. Clin. Invest. 100:2424-2429, 1997.
49. Cleland, P.J.F., G.J. Appleby, S. Rattigan, and M.G. Clark. Exercise-induced translocation of protein kinase C and production of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid in rat skeletal muscle in vivo: relationship to changes in glucose transport. J. Biol. Chem. 264:17704-17711, 1989.
50. Cocks, T.M., J.A. Angus, J.H. Campbell, and G.R. Campbell. Release and properties of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from endothelial cells in culture. J. Cell Physiol. 123:310-320, 1985.
51. Culotta, E., and D.E. Koshland, Jr. NO news is good news. Science. 258:1862-1865, 1992.
52. DaSilva, J., B. Pierrat. J.L. Mary, and W. Lesslauer. Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibits inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in mouse astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:28373-28380, 1997.
53. Dudek, R.W., G.L. Dohm, G.D. Holman, S.W. Cushman, and C.M. Wilson. Glucose transporter localization in rat skeletal muscle: autoradiographic study using ATB-[2-3H] BMPA photolabel. FEBS Lett. 339:205-208, 1994.
54. El-Dwairi, Q., A. Comtois, Y. Guo, and S.N.A. Hussain. Endotoxin-induced skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction: contribution of nitric oxide synthases. Am. J. Physiol. 274: C770-C779, 1998.
55. Etgen, G.J., Jr., D.A. Fryburg, and E.M. Gibbs. Nitric oxide stimulates skeletal muscle glucose transport through a calcium/contraction-and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-independent pathway. Diabetes 46:1915-1919, 1997.
56. Farkas, J., and E.J. Menzel. Proteins lose their nitric oxide stabilizing function after advanced glycosylation. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1245:305-310, 1995.
57. Feelisch, M., and J.S. Stamler. Methods in Nitric Oxide Research. Chichester, UK, 1996.
58. Feron, O., L. Belhassen, L. Kobzik, T.W Smith, R.A. Kelly, and T. Michel. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase targeting to caveolae: specific interactions with caveolin isoforms in cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:22810-22814, 1996.
59. Ford, P.C., D.A. Wink, and D.M. Stanbury. Mini-review: autoxidation kinetics of aqueous nitric oxide. FEBS Lett. 326:1-3, 1993.
60. Forstermann, U., J.P. Boissel, and H. Kleinert. Expressional control of the 'constitutive' isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J. 12:773-790, 1998.
61. Frandsen, U., M. Lopez-Figueroa, and Y. Hellsten. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in human skeletal muscle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 227:88-93, 1996.
62. G-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits the blood flow but not the insulin-like response of forearm muscle to IGF-I: possible role of nitric oxide in muscle protein synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1319-1328, 1996.
63. Galler, S., K. Hilber, and A. Gobesberger. Effects of nitric oxide on force-generating proteins of skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch. 434:242-245, 1997.
64. Garcia-Cardena, G., R. Fan, V. Shah, R. Sorrentino, G. Cirino, A. Papapetropoulos, and W.C. Sessa. Dynamic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by Hsp90. Nature. 392:821-824, 1998
65. Garcia-Cardena G., R. Fan, D.F. Stern, J. Liu, and W.C. Sessa. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation and interacts with caveolin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 271:27237-27240, 1996.
66. Garcia-Cardena, G., P. Martasek, B.S.S., Masters, et al. Dissecting the interaction between nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and caveolin: functional significance of the nos caveolin binding domain in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 272:25437-25440, 1997.
67. Gardiner, S.M., A.M. Compton, T. Bennett, R.M. Palmer, and S. Moncada. Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension 15:486-492, 1990.
68. Gath, I., E.I. Closs, U. Godtel-Armbrust, et al. Inducible NO synthase II and neuronal NO synthase I are constitutively expressed in different structures of guinea pig skeletal muscle: implications for contractile function. FASEB J. 10:1614-1620, 1996.
69. Gilligan, D.M., J.A. Panza, C.M. Kilcoyne, M.A. Waclawiw, P.R. Casino, and A.A. Quyyumi. Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilation. circulation 90:2853-2858, 1994.
70. Goodyear, L.J., P.Y. Chang, DJ. Sherwood, S. D. Dufresne, and D.E. Moller. Effects of exercise and insulin on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 271:E403-E408, 1996.
71. Gorren, A.C.F., A. Schrammel, K. Schmidt, and B. Mayer. Effects of pH on the structure and function of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Biochem. J. 331:801-807, 1998.
72. Gossrau, R. Caveolin-3 and nitric oxide synthase I in healthy and diseased skeletal muscle. Acta Histochem. 100:99-112, 1998.
73. Griffith, T.M., D.H. Edwards, M.J. Lewis, A.C. Newby, and A.H. Henderson. The nature of endothelium-derived vascular relaxant factor. Nature 308:645-647, 1984.
74. Gross, W.L., M.I. Bak, J.S. Ingwall, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits creatine kinase and regulates rat heart contractile reserve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5604-5609, 1996.
75. Grozdanovic, Z., G. Nakos, G. Dahrmann, B. Mayer, and R. Gossrau. Species-independent expression of nitric oxide synthase in the sacrolemma region of visceral and somatic striated muscle fibers. Cell Tissue Res. 281:493-499, 1995.
76. +-AT-Pase activity by nitric oxide: a cGMP-independent effect. Am. J. Physiol. 266:H2146-2151, 1994.
77. Gustafsson, L.E., A.M. Leone, M.G. Perrson, N.P. Wilkund, and S. Moncada. Endogenous nitric oxide production is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:852-857, 1991.
78. Gustavsson, J., S. Parpal, and P. Stralfors. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake involves the transition of glucose transporters to a caveolae-rich fraction within the plasma membrane: implications for type II diabetes. Mol. Med. 2:367-372, 1996.
79. Harrison D.G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest. 100:2153-2157, 1997.
80. Hauschka, P.V., and P.D. Damoulis. Functions of nitric oxide in bone. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 26:39-44, 1998.
81. Heath, G.W., J.R. Gavin III, J.M. Hinderliter, J.M. Hagberg, S.A. Bloomfield, and J.O. Holloszy. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:512-517, 1983.
82. Hermann, L. Ueber die Wirkung des Nitroprussidnatriums. Arch. Ges. Physiol. 39:419, 1886.
83. Hester, R.L., A. Eraslan, and Y. Saito. Differences in EDNO contribution to arteriolar diameters at rest and during functional dilation in striated muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H146-H151, 1993.
84. Hickner, R.C., J.S. Fisher, A.A. Ehsani, and W.M. Kohrt. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and during dynamic exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273:H405-H410, 1997.
85. Hikiji, H., W.S. Shin, S. Oida, T. Takato, T. Koizumi, and T. Toyo-oka. Direct action of nitric oxide on osteoblastic differentiation. FEBS Lett. 410: 238-242, 1997.
86. Hirai, T., M.D. Visneski, K.J. Kearns, R. Zelis, and T.I. Musch. Effects of NO synthase inhibition on the muscular blood flow response to treadmill exercise in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:1288-1293, 1994.
87. Hirai, T., R. Zelis, and T.I. Musch. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the muscle blood flow response to exercise in rats with heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 30:469-476, 1995.
88. Hirata, K., R. Kuroda, T. Sakoda, et al. Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by protein kinase C. Hypertension 25:180-185, 1995.
89. Holloszy, J.O., and H.T. Narahara. Nitrate Ions: potentiation of increased permeability to sugar associated with muscle contraction. Science 155:573-575, 1967.
90. Hood, J.D., C.J. Meininger, M. Ziehe, and H.J. Granger. VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein, and NO production in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 274:H1054-H1058, 1998.
91. Hortelano, S., B. Dallaporta, N. Zamzami, et al. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via triggering mitochondrial permeability transition. FEBS Lett. 410:373-377, 1997.
92. Horton, R.A., E.D. Ceppi, R.G. Knowles, and M.A. Titheradge. Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by nitric oxide: a comparison with endotoxic shock. Biochem.J. 299:735-739, 1994.
93. Huang, K., L. Kuo, and J.C. Liao. Lipopolysaccharide activates endothelial oxide synthase through protein tyrosine kinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:33-37, 1998.
94. Huang, A., D. Sun, A. Koller, and G. Kaley. Gender differences in myogenic tone of rat arterioles is due to estrogen-induced, enhanced release of NO. Am. J. Physiol. 272:H1804-H1809, 1997.
95. Hussain, S.N.A., Q. El-Dwairi, M.N. Abdul-Hussain, and D. Sakkal. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in normal ventilatory and limb muscles. J. Appl. Physiol. 83:348-353, 1997.
96. Hwang, S.M., C.A. Lopez, D.E. Heck, et al. Osteopontin inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by inflammatory mediators in mouse kidney epithelial cells. J. Biol Chem. 269:711-715, 1994.
97. Hyde, R.W., E.J. Geigel, A.J. Olszowka, et al. Determination of production of nitric oxide by lower airways of humans-theory. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:1290-1296, 1997.
98. Ignarro, L., and F. Murad. (eds.) Nitric oxide: biochemistry, molecular biology and therapeutic implications. Advances in Pharmacology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp.1-530.
99. Joyner, M.J., and N.M. Deitz. Nitric oxide and vasodilation in human limbs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83:1785-1796, 1997.
100. Ju, H., R. Zou, V.J. Venema, and R.C. Venema. Direct interaction of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and caveolin-1 inhibits synthase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272:18522-18525, 1997.
101. Kapur, S., S. Bedard, B. Marcotte, C.H. Cote, and A. Marette. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle: a novel role for nitric oxide as a modulator of insulin action. Diabetes. 46:1691-1700, 1997.
102. Kilbourn, R.G., D.L. Traber, and C. Szabo. Nitric oxide and shock. Dis. Mon. 43:281-348, 1997.
103. Kim, Y.M., M.E. de Vera, S.C. Watkins, T.R. Billiar. Nitric oxide protects cultured rat hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis by inducing heat shock protein 70 expression. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1404-1411, 1997.
104. Klebl, B.M., A.T. Ayoub, and D. Pette. Protein oxidation, tyrosine nitration, and inactivation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in low-frequency stimulated rabbit muscle. FEBS Lett. 422:381-384, 1998.
105. Kobzik, L., M.B. Reid, D.S. Bredt, andJ .S. Stamler. Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature. 372:546-548, 1994.
106. Kobzik, L., B. Stringer, J. Balligand, M.B. Reid, and J.S. Stamler. Endothelial type nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle fibers: mitochondrial relationships. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 211(2):375-381, 1995.
107. Koizumi, T., R. Gupta, M. Banerjee, and J.H. Newman. Changes in pulmonary vascular tone during exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 94:2275-2282, 1994.
108. Koller-Strametz, J., B. Matulla, M. Wolzt, et al. Role of nitric oxide in exercise-induced vasodilation in man. Life. Sci. 62:1035-1042, 1998.
109. Ku, D.D., J.K. Zaleski, S. Liu, and T.A. Brock. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces EDRF-dependent relaxation in coronary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H586-H592, 1993.
110. Kusner, L.L., and H.J. Kaminski. Nitric oxide synthase is concentrated at the skeletal muscle endplate. Brain Res. 730:238-242, 1996.
111. Lancaster, J. (ed.). Nitric Oxide: Principles and Actions. San Diego: Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1-355.
112. Lander, H.M., A.T. Jacovina, R.J. Davis, and J.M. Tauras. Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by nitric oxide-related species. J. Biol. Chem. 271:19705-19709, 1996.
113. Lander, H.M., P. Sehajpal, D.M. Levine, and A. Novogrodsky. Activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nitric oxide-generating compounds. J. Immunol. 150:1509-1516, 1993.
114. Laughlin, M.H., R.J. Korthuis, D.J. Duncker, and R.J. Bache. Control of blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle during exercise. Handbook of Physiology, Section 12, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. L.B. Rowell and J.T. Shepherd (eds.). New York:Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 705-769.
115. Leaf, C.D., J.S. Wishnok, J.P. Hurley, W.D. Rosenblad, J.G. Fox, and S.R. Tannenbaum. Nitrate biosynthesis in rats, ferrets and humans: precursor studies with L-arginine. Caranogenesis 11:855-858, 1990.
116. Lee, K.H., M.Y. Baek, K.Y. Moon, et al. Nitric oxide as a messenger molecule for myoblast fusion. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14371-14374, 1994.
117. Lin, K.T., J.Y. Xue, M.C. Lin, E.G. Spokas, F.F. Sun, and P.Y.K. Wong. Peroxynitrite induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by activation of a caspase-3 family protease. Am. J. Physiol. 274:C855-C860, 1998.
118. Lin, K.T., J.Y Xue, M. Nomen, B. Spur, and P.Y.K. Wong. Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16487-16490, 1995.
119. Liu, S., I.M. Adcock, R.W. Old, P.J. Barnes, and T.W. Evans. Lipopolysaccaride treatment in vivo induces widespread tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:1208-1213, 1993.
120. Liu, J., G. Garcia-Cardena, and W.C. Sessa. Palmitoylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is necessary for optimal stimulated release of nitric oxide: implications for caveolae localization. Biochem. 35:13277-13281, 1996.
121. Locke, M. The cellular stress response to exercise: role of stress protein. Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev. 25:105-136, 1997.
122. Lowenstein, C.J., E.W. Alley, P. Raval, et al. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9730-9734, 1993.
123. Luck, G., I. Oberbaumer, and D. Blottner. In situ identification of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) mRNA in mouse and rat skeletal muscle. Neurosci. Lett. 246:77-80, 1998.
124. Lundberg, J. Airborne nitric oxide: Inflammatory marker and aerocrine messenger in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 633:1-27, 1996.
125. Maines, M.D. (ed.). Nitric Oxide Synthase: Characterization and Functional Analysis. San Diego:Academic Press, 1996, pp.1-354.
126. Maroun, M.J., S. Mehta, R. Turcotte, M.G. Cosio, and S.N.A. Hussain. Effects of physical conditioning on endogenous nitric oxide output during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1219-1225, 1995.
127. Matsumoto, A., Y. Hirata, S. Momomura, et al. Increased nitric oxide production during exercise. Lancet 343:849-850, 1994.
128. Michel, T., and O. Feron. Nitric oxide synthases: which, where, how and why? J. Clin. Invest. 100:2146-2152, 1997.
129. Michel, T., G.K. Li, and L. Busconi. Phosphorylation and subcellular translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6252-6256, 1993.
130. Millar, T.M., C.R. Stevens, N. Benjamin, R. Eisenthal, R. Harrison, and D.R. Blake. Xanthine oxidoreductase catalyses the reduction of nitrates and nitrite to nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions. FEBS Lett. 427:225-228, 1998.
131. Miller, R.R., L.A. Vismara, R. Zelis, E.A. Amsterdam, and D.T. Mason. Clinical use of sodium nitroprusside in chronic ischemic heart disease: effects on peripheral vascular resistance and venous tone and on ventricular volume, pump and mechanical performance. Circulation 51:328-336, 1975.
132. Mohr, S., J.S. Stamler, and B. Brune. Posttranslational modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by S-nitrosylation and subsequent NADH attachment. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4209-4214, 1996.
133. Moncada, S., A. Higgs, and R. Furchgott. XIV. International Union of Pharmacology Nomenclature in Nitric Oxide Research. Pharmacol. Rev. 49:137-142, 1997.
134. Morbidelli, L., C.H. Chang, J.G. Douglas, H.J. Granger, F. Ledda, and M. Ziehe. Nitric oxide mediates mitogenic effect of VEGF on coronary venular endothelium. Am. J. Physiol. 270:H411-H415, 1996.
135. Morris, S.M., Jr., and T.R. Billiar. New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 266:E829-E839, 1994.
136. Muijsers, R.B.R., G. Folkerts, P.A.J. Henricks, G. Sadeghi-Hashjin, and F.P. Nijkamp. Minireview: Peroxynitrite: a two-faced metabolite of nitric oxide. Life Sci. 60:1833-1845, 1997.
137. Nakane, M., J. Mitchell, U. Forstermann, and F. Murad. Phosphorylation by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180:1396-1402, 1991.
138. Nakane, M., H.H.H.W. Schmidt, J.S. Pollack, U. Forstermann, and F. Murad. Cloned human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett. 316:175-180, 1993.
139. Nathan, C. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: what difference does it make? J. Clin. Invest. 100:2417-2423, 1997.
140. Nishio, E., K. Fukushima, M. Shiozaki, and Y. Watanabe. Nitric oxide donor SNAP induces apoptosis in smooth muscle cells through cGMP-independent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 221:163-168, 1996.
141. Nitric Oxide. Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1997.
142. Ohlstein, E.H., L. Vickery, C. Sauermelch, and R.N. Willette. Vasodilation induced by endothelin: role of EDRF and prostanoids in rat hindquarters. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H1835-H1841, 1990.
143. Okuda, S., F. Kanda, Y. Kawahara, and K. Chihara. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 272:C35-C40, 1997.
144. Packer, L. (ed.). Nitric oxide: part A Sources and Detection of NO; NO synthase. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 268. Academic Press:San Diego, 1996, pp.1-555.
145. Packer, L. (ed.). Nitric oxide: part B Physiological and Pathological Processes. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 269. Academic Press:San Diego, 1996, pp.1-528.
146. Packer, M.A., J.L. Scarlett, S.W. Martin, and M.P. Murphy. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by peroxynitrite. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25:909-914, 1997.
147. Park, C-S., R. Park, and G. Krishna. Constitutive expression and structural diversity of inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in human tissues. Life Sci. 59:219-225, 1996.
148. Parton, R.G., M. Way, N. Zorzi, and E. Stang. Caveolin-3 associates with developing t-tubules during muscle differentiation. J. Cell. Biol. 136: 137-154, 1997.
149. Perkins, W.J., Y.S. Han, and G.C. Sieck. Skeletal muscle force and actomyosin ATPase activity reduced by nitric oxide donor. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4):1326-1332, 1997.
150. Persson, M.G., N.P. Wiklund, and L.E. Gustafsson. Endogenous nitric oxide in single exhalations and the change during exercise. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1210-1214, 1993.
151. Peterson, D.A., D.C. Peterson, S. Archer, and E.K. Weir. The non specificity of specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commin. 187:797-801, 1992.
152. Phillips, C.R., G.D. Giraud, and W.E. Holden. Exhaled nitric oxide during exercise: site of release and modulation by ventilation and blood flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:1865-1871, 1996.
153. Pilz, R.B., M. Suhasini, S. Idriss, J.L. Meinkoth, and G.R. Boss. Nitric oxide and cGMP analogs activate transcription from AP-1-responsive promoters in mammalian cells. FASEB J. 9:552-558, 1995.
154. Playfair, L. On the nitroprussides: A New Class of Salts. R.J.E. Taylor:London, 1849.
155. Poortmans, J.R. Exercise and renal function. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 5:255-294, 1977.
156. Pryor, W.A., and G.L. Squadrito. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am. J. Physiol. 268:L699-L722, 1995.
157. Quest, A.F.G. Regulation of protein kinase C: a tale of lipids and proteins. Enzyme Protein 49:231-261, 1996.
158. Ralston, S.H., D. Todd, M. Helfrich, N. Benjamin, and P.S. Grabowski. Human osteoblast-like cells produce nitric oxide and express inducible nitric oxide synthase. Endocrinology 135:330-336, 1994.
159. Reid, M.B. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle: synthesis, distribution and functional importance. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162:401-409, 1998.
160. Reiser P. J., W.O. Kline, and P.L. Vaghy. Induction of neuronal type nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle by chronic electrical stimulation in vivo. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(4):1250-1255, 1997.
161. Rengasamy, A., C. Xue, and R.A. Johns. Immunohistochemical demonstration of a paracrine role of nitric oxide in bronchial function. Am. J. Physiol. 267:L704-L711, 1994.
162. Ribiere, C., A.M. Jaubert, N. Gaudiot, et al. White adipose tissue nitric oxide synthase: a potential source for NO production. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 222:706-712, 1996.
163. Riley, M.S., J. Porszasz, J. Miranda, M.P.K.J. Engelen, B. Brundage, and K. Wasserman. Exhaled nitric oxide during exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 111:44-50, 1997.
164. Robbins, R.A., P.J. Barnes, D.R. Springall, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide in human lung epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203:209-218, 1994.
165. Roberts, C. K., R.J. Barnard, S.H. Scheck, and T.W. Balon. Exercise-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is nitric oxide dependent. Am. J. Physiol. 273:E220-E225, 1997.
166. Robinson, L.J., L. Busconi, and T. Michel. Agonist-modulated palmitoylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 270:995-998, 1995.
167. Robinson, L.J., and T. Michel. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11776-11780, 1995.
168. Roy, D., M. Perreault, and A. Marette. Insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues in vivo is NO dependent. Am. J. Physiol. 274:E692-E699, 1998.
169. Rubin, B.B., A. Romaschin, P.M. Walker, D.C. Gute, and R.J. Korthius. Mechanisms of postischemic injury in skeletal muscle-intervention strategies. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:369-387, 1996.
170. Rubinstein, I., Z. Abassi, R. Coleman, F. Milman, J. Winaver, and O.S. Better. Involvement of nitric oxide system in experimental muscle crush injury. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1325-1333, 1998.
171. 2+-independent nitric oxide synthases. FEBS Lett. 291:145-149, 1991.
172. Schedin, U., C. Frostell, M.G. Persson, J. Jakobsson, G. Andersson, and L.E. Gustafsson. Contribution from upper and lower airways to exhaled endogenous nitric oxide in humans. Acta Anaethesiol. Scand. 39:327-332, 1995.
173. Schmidt, H.H.H.W., H. Hofmann, U. Schindler, Z.S. Shutenko, D.D. Cunningham, and M. Feelisch. No •NO from NO synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14492-14497, 1996.
174. Sciorati, C., P. Rovere, M. Ferrarini, S. Heltai, A.A. Manfredi, and E. Clementi. Autocrine nitric oxide modulates CD95-induced apoptosis in γδ T lymphocytes. J.Biol. Chem. 272:23211-23215, 1997.
175. Seekamp, A., M.S. Mulligan, G.O. Till, and P.A. Ward. Requirements for neutrophil products and L-arginine in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am. J. Pathol. 142:1217-1226, 1993.
176. Sessa, W.C., C.M. Barber, and K.R. Lynch. Mutation of N-myristoylation site converts endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase from a membrane to a cytosolic protein. Circ. Res. 72:921-924, 1993.
177. Sessa, W.C., K. Pritchard, N. Seyedi, J. Wang, and T.H. Hintze. Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Circ. Res. 74:349-353, 1994.
178. Shen, W., T.H. Hintze, and M.S. Wolin. Nitric oxide: an important signaling mechanism between vascular endothelium and parenchymal cells in the regulation of oxygen consumption. Circulation 92:3505-3512, 1995.
179. Shen, W., M. Lundborg, J. Wang, et al. Role of EDRF in the regulation of regional blood flow and vascular resistance at rest and during exercise in conscious dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:165-172, 1994.
180. Shen, W., M.S. Wolin, and T.H. Hintze. Defective endogenous nitric oxide-mediated modulation of cellular respiration in canine skeletal muscle after the development of heart failure. J. Heart Lung Transplant 16:1026-1034, 1997.
181. Shepard, R.J., and P.N. Shek. Impact of physical activity and sport on the immune system. Rev. Environ. Health 11:133-147, 1996.
182. Shoemaker, J.K., J.R. Halliwill, R.L. Hughson, and M.J. Joyner. Contributions of acetylcholine and nitric oxide to forearm blood flow at exercise onset and recovery. Am. J. Physiol. 273:H2388-H2395, 1997.
183. Silvagno, F., H. Xia, and D.S. Bredt. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-u, an alternatively spliced isoform expressed in differentiated skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 271:11204-11208, 1996.
184. Simmons, W.W., D. Ungureanu-Longrosis, G.K. Smith, T.W. Smith, and R.A. Kelly. Glucocorticoids regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and L-arginine transport. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23928-23937, 1996.
185. So, H.S., R.K. Park, M.S. Kim, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) via S-nitrosylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247:809-813, 1998.
186. Sprangers, F., H.P. Sauerwein, J.A. Romijn, G.M. van Woerkom, and A.J. Meijer. Nitric oxide inhibits glycogen synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 330:1045-1049, 1998.
187. Stamler, J.S., O. Jaraki, J. Osborne, et al. Nitric oxide circulates in mammalian plasma primarily as an S-nitroso adduct of serum albumin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:7674-7677, 1992.
188. Stamler, J.S., D.I. Simon, J.A. Osborne, et al. S-Nitrosylation of proteins with nitric oxide: synthesis and characterization of biologically active compounds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:444-448, 1992.
189. 2 and nitric oxide-mediated oxidative stress induce apoptosis in rat skeletal muscle myoblasts. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:36-43, 1996.
190. Sudhir, K., G.L. Jennings, J.W. Funder, and P.A. Komesaroff. Estrogen enhances basal nitric oxide release in the forearm vasculature in perimenopausal women. Hypertension. 28:330-334, 1996.
191. Sun, D., A. Huang, A. Koller, and G. Kabor. Short-term daily exercise activity enhances endothelial NO synthesis in skeletal muscle arterioles of rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 76:2241-2247, 1994.
192. Sundberg, C.J. Exercise and training during graded leg ischemia in healthy man with special reference to effects on skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 615:1-50, 1994.
193. Tang, Z., P.E. Scherer, T. Okamoto, et al. Molecular cloning of caveolin-3, a novel member of the caveolin gene family expressed predominately in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 271:2255-2261, 1996.
194. Tetsuka, T., and A.R. Morrison. Tyrosine kinase activation is necessary for inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by interleukin-1β. Am. J. Physiol. 269:C55-C59, 1995.
195. Thompson, M., L. Becker. D. Bryant, et al. Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in diaphragm and skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2415-2420, 1996.
196. Trachtman, H., S. Futterweit, N. Franki, and P.C. Singhal. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on nitric oxide production by cultured rat mesangial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 245:443-446, 1998.
197. Trolin, G., T. Anden, and G. Hedenstierna. Nitric oxide (NO) in expired air at rest and during exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 151:159-163, 1994.
198. Tschudi, M.R., M. Barton, N.A. Bersinger, et al. Effect of age on kinetics of nitric oxide release in rat aorta and pulmonary artery. J. Clin. Invest. 98:899-905, 1996.
199. Ungureanu-Longrois, D., J.L. Balligand, I. Okada, et al. Contractile responsiveness of ventricular myocytes to isoproterenol is regulated by induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells in heterorypic primary culture. Circ. Res. 77:486-493, 1995.
200. Ungureanu-Longrois, D., J.L. Balligand, W.W. Simmons, et al. Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity by cytokines in ventricular myocytes is necessary but not sufficient to decrease contractile responsiveness to β-adrenergic contractile agonists. Circ. Res. 77:494-502, 1995.
201. Utriainen, T., S. Makimattila, A. Virkamaki, H. Lindholm, A. Sovijarvi, and H. Yki-Jarvinen. Physical fitness and endothelial function (nitric oxide synthesis) are independent determinants of insulin-stimulated blood flow in normal subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:4258-4263, 1996.
202. Van der Vusse, G.J., and R.S. Reneman. Lipid Metabolism in Muscle. Handbook of Physiology, Section 12, Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. L.B. Rowell and J.T. Shepherd (eds.). New York:Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 952-994.
203. Venema, V.J., H. Ju, R. Zou, and R.C. Venema. Interaction of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase with caveolin-3 in skeletal muscle: Identification of a novel caveolin scaffolding/in-hibitory domain./ Biol. Chem. 272:28187-28190, 1997.
204. 2+ changes in endothelial cells independent of cGMP. J. Cell. Physiol. 172:296-305, 1997.
205. Wasserman, D.H., R.M. O'Doherty, and B.A. Zinker. Role of the endocrine pancreas in control of fuel metabolism by the liver during exercise. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19(Suppl4):S22-S30, 1995.
206. Watanabe, Y., K. Terashima, and H. Hidaka. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase specific autophosphorylation in baculovirus/Sf9 insect cell system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 219:638-643, 1996.
207. Weiner, C.P., I. Lizasoain, S.A. Baylis, R.G. Knowles, I.G. Charles, and S. Moncada. Induction of calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthases by sex hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:5212-5216, 1994.
208. Weitzberg, E., and J.O.N. Lundberg. Nonenzymatic nitric oxide production in humans. Nitric Oxide 2:1-7, 1998.
209. Williams, G., L. Becker, D. Bryant, S. Willis, and B.P. Giroir. Effects of transforming growth factor-β1 on nitric oxide synthesis by C2C12 skeletal myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 270:R145-R152, 1996.
210. Williams, G., T. Brown, L. Becker, M. Prager, and B.P. Giroir. Cytokine-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase in C2C12 skeletal muscle myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 267:R1020-R1025, 1994.
211. Wilson, J.R., and S. Kapoor. Contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factor to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:2740-2744, 1993.
212. Wu, H.M., Y. Yuan, M. McCarty, and H.J. Granger. Acidic and basic FGFs dilate arterioles of skeletal muscle through a NO-dependent mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. 271:H1087-H1093, 1996.
213. Xu, Q., Y. Hu, R. Kleindienst, and G. Wick. Nitric oxide induces heat-shock protein 70 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of heat shock factor 1. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1089-1097, 1997.
214. Yamamoto, K., Q.N. Dang, R.A. Kelly, and R.T. Lee. Mechanical strain suppresses inducible nitric-oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:11862-11866, 1998.
215. Yang, H.T., R.W. Ogilvie, and R.L. Terjung. Exercise training enhances basic fibroblast growth factor-induced collateral blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. 274:H2053-H2061, 1998.
216. Young, J.C.J. Enslin, and B. Kuca. Exercise intensity and glucose tolerance in trained and nontrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 67:39-43, 1989.
217. Young, M.E., and B. Leighton. Evidence for altered sensitivity of the nitric oxide/cGMP signalling cascade in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Biochem. J. 329:73-79, 1998.
218. Young, M.E., and B. Leighton. Fuel oxidation in skeletal muscle is increased by nitric oxide/cGMP evidence for involvement of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett. 424:79-83, 1998.
219. Young, M.E., G. K. Radda, and B. Leighton. Nitric oxide stimulates glucose transport and metabolism in rat skeletal muscle in vitro. Biochem. J. 322:223-228, 1997.
220. Zhang, J., J.M. Patel, Y.D. Li, and E.R. Block. Proinflammatory cytokines downregulate gene expression and activity of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Res. Comm. Mol. Pathol, Pharmacol. 96(1):71-87, 1997.
221. Ziehe, M., L. Morbidelli, R. Choudhuri, et al. Nitric oxide synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 99:2625-2634, 1997.
222. Zweier, J.L., P. Wang, A. Samouilov, and P. Kuppusamy. Enzyme-independent formation of nitric oxide in biological tissues. Nat Med. 1:804-809, 1995.