Queen Elizabeth's Image Repair Discourse: Insensitive Royal or Compassionate Queen?

Public Relations Review

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 145-156

  Benoit, William L ^a   Brinson, Susan L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033147881     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0363-8111(99)80159-3     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. R. L. Higgins and C. R. Snyder, "The Business of Excuses," in R. A. Giacalone and P. Rosenfeld (eds.), Impression Management in the Organization (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), p. 74.
2. Barry R. Schlenker, Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1980), p. 131.
3. Erving Goffman, Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), p. 27.
4. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
5. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
6. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
7. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
8. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
9. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Richard M. Nixon's Rhetorical Strategies in his Public Statements on Watergate," Southern Speech Communication Journal 47 (1982), pp. 192-211; William L. Benoit, "Senator Edward M. Kennedy and the Chappaquiddick Tragedy," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 187-199; William L. Benoit, Paul Gullifor, and Dan Panici, "Reagan's Discourse on the Iran-Contra Affair," Communication Studies 42 (1991), pp. 272-294; William L. Benoit and William T. Wells, Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996); Kimberly A. Kennedy and William L. Benoit "The Newt Gingrich Book Deal Controversy: Self-Defense Rhetoric," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1997), pp. 197-216; Robert A. Vartabedian, "Nixon's Vietnam Rhetoric: A Case Study of Apologia as Generic Paradox," Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1985), pp. 366-381.
10. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
11. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
12. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
13. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
14. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
15. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
16. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
17. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
18. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
19. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Sears' Repair of its Auto Repair Image: Image Restoration Discourse in the Corporate Sector," Communication Studies 46 (1995), pp. 89-109; William L. Benoit and Susan L. Brinson, "AT&T: Apologies Are not Enough," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 75-88; William L. Benoit and Anne Czerwinski, "A Critical Analysis of USAir's Image Repair Discourse," Business Communication Quarterly 60 (1997), pp. 38-57; William L. Benoit and James J. Lindsey, "Argument Strategies: Antidote to Tylenol's Poisoned Image," Journal of the American Forensic Association 23 (1987), pp. 136-146; Susan L. Brinson and William L Benoit, "Dow Corning's Image Repair Strategies in the Breast Implant Crisis," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 29-41; Sonya K. Foss, "Retooling an Image: Chrysler Corporation's Rhetoric of Redemption," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 75-91; Keith M. Hearit, "Apologies and Public Relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo," Public Relations Review 20 (1994), pp. 113-125; Keith M. Hearit, "The Use of Counter-Attack in Apologetic Public Relations Crises: The Case of General Motors vs. Dateline NBC," Public Relations Review 22 (1996), pp. 233-248; Keith M. Hearit, "On the Use of Transcendence as an Apologia Strategy: The Case of Johnson Controls, and Its Fetal Protection Policy," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 217-231; Richard Ice, "Corporate Publics and Rhetorical Strategies: The Case of Union Carbide's Bhopal Crisis," Management Communication Quarterly 4 (1991), pp. 341-362.
20. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Hugh Grant's Image Restoration Discourse: An Actor Apologizes," Communication Quarterly 45 (1997), pp. 251-267; William L. Benoit and K. Kerby Anderson, "Blending Politics and Entertainment: Dan Quayle versus Murphy Brown," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1996), pp. 73-85; William L. Benoit and Robert S. Hanczor, "The Tonya Harding Controversy: An Analysis of Image Repair Strategies," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 416-433; J. Nelson, "The Defense of Billie Jean King," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 92-102.
21. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Hugh Grant's Image Restoration Discourse: An Actor Apologizes," Communication Quarterly 45 (1997), pp. 251-267; William L. Benoit and K. Kerby Anderson, "Blending Politics and Entertainment: Dan Quayle versus Murphy Brown," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1996), pp. 73-85; William L. Benoit and Robert S. Hanczor, "The Tonya Harding Controversy: An Analysis of Image Repair Strategies," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 416-433; J. Nelson, "The Defense of Billie Jean King," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 92-102.
22. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Hugh Grant's Image Restoration Discourse: An Actor Apologizes," Communication Quarterly 45 (1997), pp. 251-267; William L. Benoit and K. Kerby Anderson, "Blending Politics and Entertainment: Dan Quayle versus Murphy Brown," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1996), pp. 73-85; William L. Benoit and Robert S. Hanczor, "The Tonya Harding Controversy: An Analysis of Image Repair Strategies," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 416-433; J. Nelson, "The Defense of Billie Jean King," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 92-102.
23. See, e.g., William L. Benoit, "Hugh Grant's Image Restoration Discourse: An Actor Apologizes," Communication Quarterly 45 (1997), pp. 251-267; William L. Benoit and K. Kerby Anderson, "Blending Politics and Entertainment: Dan Quayle versus Murphy Brown," Southern Communication Journal 62 (1996), pp. 73-85; William L. Benoit and Robert S. Hanczor, "The Tonya Harding Controversy: An Analysis of Image Repair Strategies," Communication Quarterly 42 (1994), pp. 416-433; J. Nelson, "The Defense of Billie Jean King," Western Journal of Speech Communication 48 (1984), pp. 92-102.
24. Royal Press Releases, (1997, August 31), http://www.coi.gov.uk/coi/depts/GQB/ GQB.html.
25. Warren Hoge, "Royal Family, Stung by Critics, Responds to Grieving Nation," New York Times (Sept. 4, 1997a), p. A1.
26. Alan Hamilton, Andrew Pierce, and Philip Webster, "Royal Family is Deeply Touched by Public Support," The [London] Times (Sept. 4, 1997), p. 1.
27. "Royal Protocol and Public Grief," The [London] Times (Sept. 4, 1997), p. 19.
28. Hamilton, Pierce, and Webster, op. cit.
29. Hamilton, Pierce, and Webster, op. cit., p. A5.
30. Philip Webster and Alan Hamilton, "Queen to Make TV Broadcast," The [London] Times (Sept. 5, 1997), p. 1.
31. Warren Hoge, "Responding to Britain's Sorrow, Queen Will Address Nation," New York Times (Sept. 5, 1997b), p. A1.
32. Warren Hoge, "Elizabeth Returns to London to Bury, and Praise, Diana," New York Times (Sept. 6, 1997c), p. A1.
33. Hoge, op. cit., 1997b, p. A6.
34. Hamilton, Pierce, and Webster, op. cit, p. 1.
35. Webster and Hamilton, op. cit.
36. "Monarch and Media," The [London] Times (Sept. 5, 1997), p. 3.
37. Hoge, op. cit. (1997c).
38. Caryn James, "Windsors Through a Lens, Stiffly," New York Times (Sept. 6, 1997), p. A6.
39. Andrew Phillips, "Grief on Demand," New York Times (Sept. 7, 1997), Section 4, p. 16.
40. Halford R. Ryan, "Baldwin Versus Edward VIII: A Case Study in Kategoria and Apologia," Southern Speech Communication Journal 49 (1984), pp. 125-134; Halford R. Ryan, "Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin vs. King Edward VIII," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 53-62.
41. Halford R. Ryan, "Baldwin Versus Edward VIII: A Case Study in Kategoria and Apologia," Southern Speech Communication Journal 49 (1984), pp. 125-134; Halford R. Ryan, "Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin vs. King Edward VIII," in Halford R. Ryan (ed.), Oratorical Encounters (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 53-62.
42. See, e.g., Kenneth Burke, The Rhetoric of Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970); B. L. Ware and Wil A. Linkugel, "They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia," Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973), 273-283.
43. See, e.g., Kenneth Burke, The Rhetoric of Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970); B. L. Ware and Wil A. Linkugel, "They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia," Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973), 273-283.
44. William L. Benoit, Accounts, Excuses, Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Strategies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); William L. Benoit, "Image Repair Discourse and Crisis Communication," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 177-186.
45. William L. Benoit, Accounts, Excuses, Apologies: A Theory of Image Restoration Strategies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995); William L. Benoit, "Image Repair Discourse and Crisis Communication," Public Relations Review 23 (1997), pp. 177-186.
46. Halford R. Ryan, "Kategoria and Apologia: On their Rhetorical Criticism as a Speech Set," Quarterly Journal of Speech 68 (1982), pp. 256-261.
47. William L. Benoit and Bruce Dorries, "Dateline NBC's Persuasive Attack of Wal-Mart," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 463-477; Benoit and Wells, op. cit.
48. William L. Benoit and Bruce Dorries, "Dateline NBC's Persuasive Attack of Wal-Mart," Communication Quarterly 44 (1996), pp. 463-477; Benoit and Wells, op. cit.
49. Queen Elizabeth, "The Queen's Message," http://www.coi.gov.ak/coi/depts/ GQB/coi2175d.ok (Sept. 5, 1997).
50. Karlyn K. Campbell and Kathleen H. Jamieson, "Form and Genre in Rhetorical Criticism: An Introduction," in Karlyn K. Campbell and Kathleen H. Jamieson (eds.), Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action (Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1978), pp. 9-32.
51. Ibid., p. 10.
52. Alan Hamilton and Daniel McGrory, "The Queen Shares her Sadness," The [London] Times (Sept. 6, 1997), p. 3.
53. Adrian Lee, "Generous Words Earn Universal Praise," The [London] Times (Sept. 6, 1997), p. 2.
54. Alan Hamilton, Philip Webster, and Daniel McGrory, "Queen Pays Tribute to 'Exceptional and Gifted Human Being,'" The [London] Times (Sept. 6, 1997), p. 1.
55. Ryan, op. cit. (1988).