Keeping an eye on retinal clocks

Chronobiology International

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 229-247

  Herzog, Erik D ^a   Block, G D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Circadian; Melatonin pacemaker; Photoreceptor; Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN;

CHRONOBIOLOGY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; NONHUMAN; PHOTORECEPTOR; RETINA; REVIEW; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS;

AMPHIBIA; INVERTEBRATA; MAMMALIA; MOLLUSCA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033034374     PISSN: 07420528     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07420529909116855     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Abran D, Anctil M, Ali MA. 1994. Melatonin activity rhythms in eyes and cerebral ganglia of Aplysia californica. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 96:215-22.
2. Albrecht U, Sun ZS, Eichele G, et al. 1997. A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light. Cell. 91:1055-64.
3. Allada R, White NE, So WV, et al. 1998. A mutant Drosophila homolog of mammalian Clock disrupts circadian rhythms and transcription of period and timeless. Cell. 93: 791-804.
4. Antoch MP, Song EJ, Chang AM, et al. 1997. Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell. 89:655-67.
5. Balsalobre A, Damiola F, Schibler U. 1998. A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells. Cell. 93:929-37.
6. Barlow RB. 1983. Circadian rhythms in the Limulus visual system. J Neurosci. 3:856-70.
7. Barlow RB. 1990. What the brain tells the eye. Sci Am. 262:90-95.
8. Barlow RB, Bolanowski SJJ, Brachman ML. 1977. Efferent optic nerve fibers mediate circadian rhythms in the Limulus eye. Science. 197:86-89.
9. Barnes S, Jacklet JW. 1997. Ionic currents of isolated retinal pacemaker neurons: projected daily phase differences and selective enhancement by a phase-shifting neurotransmitter. J Neurophys. 77:3075-84.
10. Bassi CJ, Powers MK. 1986. Daily fluctuations in the detectability of dim lights by humans. Phys Behav. 38:871-77.
11. Bassi CJ, Powers MK. 1987. Circadian rhythm in goldfish visual sensitivity. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 28:1811-15.
12. Bassi CJ, Powers MK. 1990. Rod outer segment length and visual sensitivity. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 31:2320-24.
13. Behrens UD, Douglas RH, Wagner HJ. 1993. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a neuropeptide of efferent projections to the teleost retina induces light-adaptive spinule formation on horizontal cell dendrites in dark-adapted preparations kept in vitro. Neurosci Lett. 164:59-62.
14. Besharse JC, Dunis DA. 1983. Methoxyindoles and photoreceptor metabolism: activation of rod shedding. Science. 219:1341-43.
15. Besharse JC, Iuvone PM. 1983. Circadian clock in Xenopus eye controlling retinal serotonin N-acetyltransferase. Nature. 305:133-35.
16. Block GD. 1981. In vivo recording of the ocular circadian rhythm in Aplysia. Brain Res. 222:138-43.
17. Block GD, Davenport PA. 1982. Circadian rhythm in Bulla gouldiana: role of the eyes in controlling locomotor behavior. J Exp Zool. 224:57-63.
18. Block GD, Khalsa SB, McMahon DG, Michel S, Geusz M. 1993. Biological clocks in the retina: cellular mechanisms of biological timekeeping. Int Rev Cytol. 146: 83-144.
19. Block GD, McMahon DG. 1983. Localized illumination of the Aplysia and Bulla eye reveals new relationships between retinal layers. Brain Res. 265:134-37.
20. Block GD, McMahon DG, Wallace SF, et al. 1984. Cellular analysis of the Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker system: I. A model for retinal organization. J Comp Physiol A. 155:365-78.
21. Block GD, Roberts MH. 1982. Circadian pacemaker in the Bursatella eye: properties of the rhythm and its effect on the locomotor behavior. J Comp Physiol A. 142: 403-10.
22. Block GD, Roberts MH, Lusska AE. 1986. Cellular analysis of ocular circadian pacemaker coupling in Bulla: role of efferent impulses in phase shifting. J Biol Rhythms. 1:199-217.
23. Block GD, Wallace SF. 1982. Localization of a circadian pacemaker in the eye of a mollusc, Bulla. Science. 217:155-57.
24. Bons N. 1987. Demonstration of centrifugal fibers in the optic chiasma and optic nerves in the rat after lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 181:274-81.
25. Cahill GM. 1996. Circadian regulation of melatonin production in cultured zebrafish pineal and retina. Brain Res. 708:177-81.
26. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. 1989. Retinal melatonin is metabolized within the eye of Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:1098-1102.
27. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. 1990. Circadian regulation of melatonin in the retina of Xenopus laevis: limitation by serotonin availability. J Neurochem. 54:716-19.
28. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. 1991. Resetting the circadian clock in cultured Xenopus eye-cups: regulation of retinal melatonin rhythms by light and D2 dopamine receptors. J Neurosci. 11:2959-71.
29. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. 1993. Circadian clock functions localized in Xenopus retinal photoreceptors. Neuron. 10:573-77.
30. Cahill GM, Besharse JC. 1995. Circadian rhythmicity in vertebrate retinas: regulation by a photoreceptor oscillator. Prog Ret Eye Res. 14:267-91.
31. Cahill GM, Grace MS, Besharse JC. 1991. Rhythmic regulation of retinal melatonin: metabolic pathways, neurochemical mechanisms, and the ocular circadian clock. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 11:529-60.
32. Cassone VM. 1990. Effects of melatonin on the vertebrate circadian system. Trends Neurosci. 13:457-64.
33. Cassone VM, Menaker M. 1984. Is the avian circadian system a neuroendocrine loop? J Exp Zool. 232:539-49.
34. Chabot CC, Menaker M. 1992. Effects of physiological cycles of infused melatonin on circadian rhythmicity in pigeons. J Comp Physiol A. 170:615-22.
35. Colwell CS. 1990. Light and serotonin interact in affecting the circadian system of Aplysia. J Comp Physiol A. 167:841-45.
36. Colwell CS, Whitmore D, Michel S, et al. 1994. Calcium plays a central role in phase shifting the ocular circadian pacemaker of Aplysia. J Comp Physiol A. 175:415-23.
37. Corrent G, Eskin A. 1982. Transmitterlike action of serotonin in phase shifting a rhythm from the Aplysia eye. Am J Physiol. 242:R333-38.
38. Corrent G, Eskin A, Kay I. 1982. Entrainment of the circadian rhythm from the eye of Aplysia: role of serotonin. Am J Physiol. 242:R326-32.
39. Corrent G, McAdoo DJ, Eskin A. 1978. Serotonin shifts the phase of the circadian rhythm from the Aplysia eye. Science. 202:977-79.
40. Crosthwaite SK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. 1997. Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity. Science. 276:763-69.
41. Darlington TK, Wagner-Smith K, Ceriani MF, et al. 1998. Closing the circadian loop -CLOCK-induced transcription of its own inhibitors, PER and TIM. Science. 280: 1599-1603.
42. Dearry A, Burnside B. 1986a. Dopaminergic regulation of cone retinomotor movement in isolated teleost retinas. I. Induction of cone contraction is mediated by D2 receptors. J Neurochem. 46:1006-21.
43. Dearry A, Burnside B. 1986b. Dopaminergic regulation of cone retinomotor movement in isolated teleost retinas. II. Modulation by gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin. J Neurochem. 46:1022-31.
44. Dkhissi O, Chanut E, Versaux-Botteri C, et al. 1996. Changes in retinal dopaminergic cells and dopamine rhythmic metabolism during the development of a glaucoma-like disorder in quails. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 37:2335-44.
45. Dowling JE. 1987. The retina. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
46. Doyle S, Grace MS, and Menaker M. 1998. Circadian rhythms of retinal dopamine and serotonin in C57BL/6 mice lacking melatonin. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 24:696.
47. Dubocovich ML. 1983. Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature. 306:782-84.
48. Dubocovich ML. 1988. Luzindole (N-0774): a novel melatonin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 246:902-10.
49. Dulai KS, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD, et al. 1994. Sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and Old World monkeys. Vis Res. 34:2483-91.
50. Dunlap JC. 1998. Circadian rhythms: an end in the beginning. Science. 280:1548-49.
51. Eakin RM. 1973. The third eye. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
52. Ebihara S, Uchiyama K, Oshima I. 1984. Circadian organization in the pigeon, Columbia livia: the role of the pineal organ and the eye. J Comp Physiol A. 154:59-69.
53. Ekstrom P. 1984. Central neural connections of the pineal organ and retina in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J Comp Neurol. 226:321-35.
54. Emery IF, Noveral JM, Jamison CF, et al. 1997. Rhythms of Drosophila period gene expression in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:4092-96.
55. Engbretson GA, Reiner A, Brecha N. 1981. Habenular asymmetry and the central connections of the parietal eye of the lizard. J Comp Neurol. 198:155-65.
56. Eskin A. 1971. Properties of the Aplysia visual system: in vitro entrainment of the circadian rhythm and centrifugal regulation of the eye. Z vergleichende Physiol. 74: 353-71.
57. Eskin A. 1972. Phase shifting a circadian rhythm in the eye of Aplysia by high potassium pulses. J Comp Physiol A. 80:353-76.
58. Eskin A. 1977. Neurophysiological mechanisms involved in photo-entrainment of the circadian rhythm from the Aplysia eye. J Neurobiol. 8:273-99.
59. Eskin A. 1982. Increasing external K+ blocks phase shifts in a circadian rhythm produced by serotonin or 8-benzylthio-cAMP. J Neurobiol. 13:241-49.
60. Eskin A, Takahashi JS, Zatz M, et al. 1984. Cyclic guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate mimics the effects of light on a circadian pacemaker in the eye of Aplysia. J Neurosci. 4:2466-71.
61. Fleissner G. 1988. Efferent control of visual sensitivity in arthropod eyes: with emphasis on circadian rhythms. In: Information processing in animals. New York: Gustav Fischer, p. 5.
62. L. Science. 270:811-15.
63. Gekakis N, Staknis D, Nguyen HB, et al. 1998. Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science. 280:1564-69.
64. Geusz ME, Block GD. 1992. The retinal cells generating the circadian small spikes in the Bulla optic nerve. J Biol Rhythms. 7:255-68.
65. Geusz ME, Foster RG, Degrip WJ, et al. 1997. Opsin-like immunoreactivity in the circadian pacemaker neurons and photoreceptors of the eye of the opisthobranch mollusc Bulla gouldiana. Cell Tissue Res. 287:203-10.
66. Geusz ME, Michel S, Block GD. 1994. Intracellular calcium responses of circadian pacemaker neurons measured with fura-2. Brain Res. 638:109-16.
67. Geusz ME, Page TL. 1990. The circadian rhythm and photosensitivity of small impulses of the Bulla eye. J Comp Physiol A. 166:795-801.
68. Geusz ME, Page TL. 1991. An opsin-based photopigment mediates phase shifts of the Bulla circadian pacemaker. J Comp Physiol A. 168:565-70.
69. Giebultowicz JM, Hege DM. 1997. Circadian clock in Malpighian tubules. Nature. 386: 664.
70. Goldman AI, Teirstein PS, O'Brien PJ. 1980. The role of ambient lighting in circadian disc shedding in the rod outer segment of the rat retina. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 19:1257-67.
71. Grace MS, Chiba A, Menaker M. 1998. Rhythmic retinal photoreceptor outer segment disk shedding: melatonin is neither required nor sufficient. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 39:5236.
72. Green CB, Besharse JC. 1996a. Identification of a novel vertebrate circadian clock-regulated gene encoding the protein nocturnin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93: 14884-88.
73. Green CB, Besharse JC. 1996b. Use of a high stringency differential display screen for identification of retinal mRNAs that are regulated by a circadian clock. Mol Brain Res. 37:157-65.
74. Hasegawa M, Cahill GM. 1998. Cyclic AMP resets the circadian clock in cultured Xenopus retinal photoreceptor layers. J Neurochem. 70:1523-31.
75. Herzog ED, Barlow RB. 1992. The Limulus - eye view of the world. Vis Neurosci. 9: 571-80.
76. Herzog ED, Powers MK, Barlow RB. 1996. Limulus vision in the ocean day and night: effects of image size and contrast. Vis Neurosci. 13:31-41.
77. Herzog ED, Takahashi JS, Block GD. 1998. Clock controls circadian period in isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Nature Neurosci. 1:708-13.
78. Hunt DM, Fitzgibbon J, Slobodyanyuk SJ, et al. 1996. Spectral tuning and molecular evolution of rod visual pigments in the species flock of cottoid fish in Lake Baikal. Vis Res. 36:1217-24.
79. Iuvone PM, Besharse JC. 1983. Regulation of indoleamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the retina: effects of light and dark, protein synthesis inhibitors and cyclic nucleotide analogs. Brain Res. 273:111-19.
80. Jacklet JW. 1969. Circadian rhythm of optic nerve impulses recorded in darkness from isolated eye of Aplysia. Science. 164:562-63.
81. Jacklet JW. 1974. The effects of constant light and light pulses on the circadian rhythm in the eye of Aplysia. J Comp Physiol A. 90:33-45.
82. Jacklet JW. 1980. Protein synthesis requirement of the Aplysia circadian clock. Tested by active and inactive derivatives of the inhibitor anisomycin. J Exp Biol. 85: 33-42.
83. Jacklet JW, Barnes S. 1993. Photoresponsive pacemaker neurons from the dissociated retina of Aplysia. Neuroreport. 5:209-12.
84. Jacklet JW, Klose M, Goldberg M. 1987. FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive efferent fibers and FMRF-amide suppression of pacemaker neurons in eyes of Bulla. J Neurobiol. 18:433-49.
85. Khalsa SB, Block GD. 1988. Calcium channels mediate phase shifts of the Bulla circadian pacemaker. J Comp Physiol A. 164:195-206.
86. Khalsa SB, Whitmore D, Block GD. 1992. Stopping the circadian pacemaker with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:10862-66.
87. Khalsa SB, Whitmore D, Bogart B, et al. 1996. Evidence for a central role of transcription in the timing mechanism of a circadian clock. Am J Physiol. 271:C1646-51.
88. King DP, Zhao Y, Sangoram AM, et al. 1997. Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell. 89:641-53.
89. ε. Cell. 94:97-107.
90. Koumenis C, Tran Q, Eskin A. 1996. The use of a reversible transcription inhibitor, DRB, to investigate the involvement of specific proteins in the ocular circadian system of Aplysia. J Biol Rhythms. 11:45-56.
91. Kraus-Ruppert R, Lembeck F. 1965. Die Wirkung von Melatonin aug die Pigmentzellen der Retina von Fröschen. Pflugers Arch. 284:160-68.
92. Land MF, Fernald RD. 1992. The evolution of eyes. Annu Rev Neurosci. 15:1-29.
93. LaVail MM. 1976. Rod outer segment disc shedding in relation to cyclic lighting. Exp Eye Res. 23:277-80.
94. Lickey ME, Block GD, Hudson DJ, et al. 1976. Circadian oscillators and photoreceptors in the gastropod, Aplysia. Photophysiology. 23:253-73.
95. McMahon DG, Block GD. 1987. The Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker. I. Pacemaker neuron membrane potential controls phase through a calcium-dependent mechanism. J Comp Physiol A. 161:335-46.
96. McMahon DG, Wallace SF, Block GD. 1984. Cellular analysis of the Bulla ocular circadian system: II. Neurophysiological basis of circadian rhythmicity. J Comp Physiol A. 155:379-85.
97. Menaker M. 1982. The search for principles of physiological organization in vertebrate circadian systems. In: Aschoff J, Daan S, Groos G, editors. Vertebrate circadian systems. Berlin: Springer, pp. 1-11.
98. Menaker M, Takahashi JS, Eskin A. 1978. The physiology of circadian pacemakers. Annu Rev Physiol. 40:501-26.
99. Menaker M, Tosini G. 1996. The evolution of vertebrate circadian systems. In: Honma K-I, Honma S. Proceedings of the sixth Sapporo Symposium on Biological Rhythms. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press, pp. 39-52.
100. Michel S, Geusz ME, Zaritsky JJ, et al. 1993. Circadian rhythm in membrane conductance expressed in isolated neurons. Science. 259:239-41.
101. Millar AJ, Short SR, Chua NH, et al. 1992. A novel circadian phenotype based on firefly luciferase expression in transgenic plants. Plant Cell. 4:1075-87.
102. Miyamoto Y, Sancar A. 1998. Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retino-hypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:6097-6102.
103. Morris ME, Viswanathan N, Kuhlman S, et al. 1998. A screen for genes induced in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by light. Science. 279:1544-47.
104. Oren DA. 1991. Retinal melatonin and dopamine in seasonal affective disorder. J Neural Transm. 83:85-95.
105. Page TL, Caldarola PC, Pittendrigh CS. 1977. Mutual entrainment of bilaterally distributed circadian pacemaker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 74:1277-81.
106. Page TL, Nalovic KG. 1992. Properties of mutual coupling between the two circadian pacemakers in the eyes of the mollusc Bulla gouldiana. J Biol Rhythms. 7:213-26.
107. Page TL, Wassmer GT, Fletcher J, et al. 1997. Aftereffects of entrainment on the period of the pacemaker in the eye of the mollusk Bulla gouldiana. J Biol Rhythms. 12: 218-25.
108. Pierce ME, Besharse JC. 1985. Circadian regulation of retinomotor movements. I. Interaction of melatonin and dopamine in the control of cone length. J Gen Physiol. 86: 671-89.
109. Pierce ME, Besharse JC. 1988. Circadian regulation of retinomotor movements: II. The role of GABA in the regulation of cone position. J Comp Neurol. 270:279-87.
110. Pierce ME, Sheshberadaran H, Zhang Z, et al. 1993. Circadian regulation of iodopsin gene expression in embryonic photoreceptors in retinal cell culture. Neuron. 10: 579-84.
111. Plautz JD, Kaneko M, Hall JC, et al. 1997. Independent photoreceptive circadian clocks throughout Drosophila. Science. 278:1632-35.
112. Powers MK, Barlow RB, Kass L. 1991. Visual performance of horseshoe crabs day and night. Vis Neurosci. 7:179-89.
113. Price JL, Blau J, Rothenfluh A, et al. 1998. Double-time is a novel Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation. Cell. 94:83-95.
114. Provencio I, Foster RG. 1995. Circadian rhythms in mice can be regulated by photoreceptors with cone-like characteristics. Brain Res. 694:183-90.
115. Provencio I, Jiang G, De Grip WJ, et al. 1998. Melanopsin: an opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:340-45.
116. Raju U, Koumenis C, Nunez-Regueiro M, et al. 1991. Alteration of the phase and period of a circadian oscillator by a reversible transcription inhibitor. Science. 253:673-75.
117. Ralph MR, Block GD. 1990. Circadian and light-induced conductance changes in putative pacemaker cells of Bulla gouldiana. J Comp Physiol A. 166:589-95.
118. Ralph MR, Khalsa SBS, Block GD. 1992. Cyclic nucleotides and circadian rhythm generation in Bulla gouldiana. Comp Biochem Physiol. 101A:813-17.
119. Reme C, Terman M, Wirz-Justice A. 1990. Are deficient retinal photoreceptor renewal mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of winter depression? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:878-79.
120. Roberts MH, Bernstein MF, Moore RY. 1987. Differentiation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in fetal rat anterior hypothalamic transplants in oculo. Brain Res. 429: 59-66.
121. Roberts MH, Block GD. 1983. Mutual coupling between the ocular circadian pacemakers of Bulla gouldiana. Science. 221:87-89.
122. Roberts MH, Block GD. 1985. Analysis of mutual circadian pacemaker coupling between the two eyes of Bulla. J Biol Rhythms. 1:55-75.
123. Roenneberg T. 1995. The effects of light on the Gonyaulax circadian system. Ciba Found Symp. 183:117-27; discussion 128-33.
124. Rosenwasser A, Raibert M, Terman JS, et al. 1979. Circadian rhythm in luminance detectability in the rat. Phys Behav. 23:17-21.
125. Rutila JE, Suri V, Le M, et al. 1998. CYCLE is a second bHLH-PAS clock protein essential for circadian rhythmicity and transcription of Drosophila period and timeless. Cell. 93:805-14.
126. Salvini-Plawen LV, Mayr E. 1977. On the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes. Evol Biol. 10:207-63.
127. Sangoram AM, Saez L, Antoch MP, et al. 1998. Mammalian circadian autoregulatory loop: a Timeless ortholog and mPer1 interact and negatively regulate CLOCK-BMAL1-induced transcription. Neuron. 21:1101-13.
128. Solessio E, Engbretson GA. 1993. Antagonistic chromatic mechanisms in photoreceptors of the parietal eye of lizards. Nature. 364:442-45.
129. Soni BG, Foster RG. 1997. A novel and ancient vertebrate opsin. FEBS Lett. 406: 279-83.
130. b mutation identifies cryptochrome as a circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. Cell. 95:681-92.
131. Strumwasser F, Alvarez RB, Viele DP, et al. 1979. Structure and function of a neuronal circadian oscillator system. In: Suda M, Hayaishi O, Nakagawa H, editors. Biological rhythms and their central mechanism: a Naito Foundation Symposium. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 39-57.
132. Sun ZS, Albrecht U, Zhuchenko O, et al. 1997. RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell. 90:1003-11.
133. Takahashi JS, Murakami N, Nikaido SS, et al. 1989. The avian pineal, a vertebrate model system of the circadian oscillator: cellular regulation of circadian rhythms by light, second messengers, and macromolecular synthesis. Rec Prog Horm Res. 45:279-352.
134. Tei H, Okamura H, Shigeyoshi Y, et al. 1997. Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. Nature. 389:512-16.
135. Terman JS, Reme CE, Terman M. 1993. Rod outer segment disk shedding in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 605:256-64.
136. Terman M, Reme CE, Wirz-Justice A. 1991. The visual input stage of the mammalian circadian pacemaking system: II. The effect of light and drugs on retinal function. J Biol Rhythms. 6:31-48.
137. Terman M, Terman J. 1985. A circadian pacemaker for visual sensitivity? Ann NY Acad Sci. 453:147-61.
138. Tosini G, Menaker M. 1996. Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science. 272:419-21.
139. Tosini G, Menaker M. 1998a. The clock in the mouse retina: melatonin synthesis and photoreceptor degeneration. Brain Res. 789:221-28.
140. Tosini G, Menaker M. 1998b. Multioscillatory circadian organization in a vertebrate, Iguana iguana. J Neurosci. 18:1105-14.
141. Underwood H. 1977. Circadian organization in lizards: the role of the pineal organ. Science. 195:587-89.
142. Underwood H, Barrett RK, Siopes T. 1990. The quail's eye: a biological clock. J Biol Rhythms. 5:257-65.
143. Underwood H, Binkley S, Siopes T, et al. 1984. Melatonin rhythms in the eyes, pineal bodies, and blood of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 56:70-81.
144. Vitaterna MH, King DP, Chang AM, et al. 1994. Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science. 264:719-25.
145. Wang Y, Mangel SC. 1996. A circadian clock regulates rod and cone input to fish retinal cone horizontal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:4655-60.
146. Weiler R, Kobler K, Kirsch M, et al. 1988. Glutamate and dopamine modulate synaptic plasticity in horizontal cell dendrites of fish retina. Neurosci Lett. 87:205-9.
147. Whitmore D, Foulkes NS, Strahle U, et al. 1998. Zebrafish Clock rhythmic expression reveals independent peripheral circadian oscillators. Nature Neurosci. 1:701-7.
148. Wiechmann AF, Bok D, Horwitz J. 1985. Localization of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in the mammalian pineal gland and retina. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci. 26: 253-65.
149. Wiechmann AF, Hollyfield JG. 1987. Localization of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptors and cone bipolar cells in the human retina: a light and electron microscope study. J Comp Neurol. 258:253-66.
150. Wiechmann AF, O'Steen WK. 1990. Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in rat retinal bipolar cells: persistence following photoreceptor destruction. Brain Res. 506: 14-18.
151. Wulle I, Kirsch M, Wagner HJ. 1990. Cyclic changes in dopamine and DOPAC content, and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the retina of a cichlid fish. Brain Res. 515: 163-67.
152. Yamazaki S, Merhar SL, Wang W-C, et al. 1998. Does the retinal oscillator influence circadian behavior and/or photoperiodic reproductive response of golden hamster? [Abstract]. Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, p. 66.
153. Yeung SC, Eskin A. 1988. Responses of the circadian system in the Aplysia eye to inhibitors of protein synthesis. J Biol Rhythms. 3:225-36.
154. Yokoyama S. 1995. Amino acid replacements and wavelength absorption of visual pigments in vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol. 12:53-61.
155. Yokoyama S. 1996. Molecular evolution of retinal and nonretinal opsins. Genes to Cells. 1:787-94.