메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1999, Pages 191-206

Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives

Author keywords

Chlorine resistance; Drinking water; Microbiologic safety; Pathogens; Waterborne disease

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

EID: 0032955293     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107s1191     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (166)

References (204)
  • 2
    • 0029539742 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the incidence of waterborne infectious disease related to drinking water in the United States
    • (Reichard EG, Zapponi GA, eds). IAHS Publ no 233. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences
    • Morris RD, Levin R. Estimating the incidence of waterborne infectious disease related to drinking water in the United States. In: Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications (Reichard EG, Zapponi GA, eds). IAHS Publ no 233. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 1995;75-88.
    • (1995) Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications , pp. 75-88
    • Morris, R.D.1    Levin, R.2
  • 4
    • 0003012058 scopus 로고
    • The microbial ecology of water distribution and outfall systems
    • (Ford TE, ed). Boston:Blackwell
    • Ford TE. The microbial ecology of water distribution and outfall systems. In: Aquatic Microbiology; an Ecological Approach (Ford TE, ed). Boston:Blackwell, 1993:455-482.
    • (1993) Aquatic Microbiology; An Ecological Approach , pp. 455-482
    • Ford, T.E.1
  • 6
    • 0031871930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status and diarrhoeal pathogen in hospitalized children in Bangladesh
    • Dewan N, Faruque AS, Fuchs GJ. Nutritional status and diarrhoeal pathogen in hospitalized children in Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr 87: 627-630 (1998).
    • (1998) Acta Paediatr , vol.87 , pp. 627-630
    • Dewan, N.1    Faruque, A.S.2    Fuchs, G.J.3
  • 7
    • 0002791434 scopus 로고
    • World fresh water resources
    • (Gleick PH, ed). New York: Oxford University Press
    • Shiklomanov IA. World fresh water resources. In: Water in Crisis (Gleick PH, ed). New York: Oxford University Press, 1993;13-24.
    • (1993) Water in Crisis , pp. 13-24
    • Shiklomanov, I.A.1
  • 9
    • 0002622780 scopus 로고
    • Water quality and health
    • (Gleick PH, ed). New York:Oxford University Press
    • Nash L. Water quality and health. In: Water in Crisis (Gleick PH, ed). New York:Oxford University Press, 1993;25-39.
    • (1993) Water in Crisis , pp. 25-39
    • Nash, L.1
  • 10
    • 0003771862 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization
    • WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd ed. Vol 1: Recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.
    • (1993) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2nd Ed. , vol.1
  • 11
    • 0001970006 scopus 로고
    • Tropical source water
    • (McFeters GA, ed). New York:Springer
    • Hazen TC, Toranzos GA. Tropical source water. In: Drinking Water Microbiology (McFeters GA, ed). New York:Springer 1990;32-53.
    • (1990) Drinking Water Microbiology , pp. 32-53
    • Hazen, T.C.1    Toranzos, G.A.2
  • 13
    • 0028349159 scopus 로고
    • Cholera in the United States, 1965-1991. Risks at home and abroad
    • Weber JT, Levine WC, Hopkins DP, Tauxe RV. Cholera in the United States, 1965-1991. Risks at home and abroad. Arch Intern Med 154:551-556 (1994).
    • (1994) Arch Intern Med , vol.154 , pp. 551-556
    • Weber, J.T.1    Levine, W.C.2    Hopkins, D.P.3    Tauxe, R.V.4
  • 14
    • 0031836404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legionnaires' disease: Clinical, epidemiological, and public health perspectives
    • Breiman RF, Butler JC. Legionnaires' disease: clinical, epidemiological, and public health perspectives. Semin Respir Infect 13:84-89 (1998).
    • (1998) Semin Respir Infect , vol.13 , pp. 84-89
    • Breiman, R.F.1    Butler, J.C.2
  • 15
    • 0031950948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural infection with microsporidian organisms (KW19) in Vanella spp. (Gymnamoebia) isolated from a domestic tap-water supply
    • Hoffman R, Michel R, Schmid EN, Muller K-D. Natural infection with microsporidian organisms (KW19) in Vanella spp. (Gymnamoebia) isolated from a domestic tap-water supply. Parasitol Res 84:164-166 (1998).
    • (1998) Parasitol Res , vol.84 , pp. 164-166
    • Hoffman, R.1    Michel, R.2    Schmid, E.N.3    Muller, K.-D.4
  • 20
    • 0344208492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholera and related illnesses caused by Vibrio species and Aeromonas
    • (Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, eds). Philadelphia:Saunders
    • Sack DA. Cholera and related illnesses caused by Vibrio species and Aeromonas. In: Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed (Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, eds). Philadelphia:Saunders, 1998;738-748.
    • (1998) Infectious Diseases. 2nd Ed , pp. 738-748
    • Sack, D.A.1
  • 21
    • 0344640096 scopus 로고
    • Global considerations in the control of cholera
    • (Pestana de Castro AF, Almeida WF, eds). Washington:ILSI Press
    • Tullock J. Global considerations in the control of cholera. In: Cholera on the American Continents (Pestana de Castro AF, Almeida WF, eds). Washington:ILSI Press , 1993;3-9.
    • (1993) Cholera on the American Continents , pp. 3-9
    • Tullock, J.1
  • 22
    • 0029669910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of oral rehydration and selected public health interventions on reduction of mortality from childhood diarrhoeal diseases in Mexico
    • Gutierrez G, Tapia-Conyer R, Guiscafre H, Reyes H, Martinez H, Kumate J. Impact of oral rehydration and selected public health interventions on reduction of mortality from childhood diarrhoeal diseases in Mexico. Bull WHO 74: 189-197 (1996).
    • (1996) Bull WHO , vol.74 , pp. 189-197
    • Gutierrez, G.1    Tapia-Conyer, R.2    Guiscafre, H.3    Reyes, H.4    Martinez, H.5    Kumate, J.6
  • 24
    • 0026000645 scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards
    • Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E. A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. Am J Public Health 81:703-708 (1991).
    • (1991) Am J Public Health , vol.81 , pp. 703-708
    • Payment, P.1    Richardson, L.2    Siemiatycki, J.3    Dewar, R.4    Edwardes, M.5    Franco, E.6
  • 25
    • 0030058054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation in drinking water turbidity and physician diagnosed gastrointesinal infections in Milwaukee
    • Morris RD, Naumova EN, Levin R, Munasinghe RL. Temporal variation in drinking water turbidity and physician diagnosed gastrointesinal infections in Milwaukee. Am J Public Health 86:237-239 (1996).
    • (1996) Am J Public Health , vol.86 , pp. 237-239
    • Morris, R.D.1    Naumova, E.N.2    Levin, R.3    Munasinghe, R.L.4
  • 26
    • 0030778894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking water turbidity and pediatric hospital use for gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia
    • Schwartz J, Levin R, Hodge K. Drinking water turbidity and pediatric hospital use for gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia. Epidemiology 8:615-620 (1997).
    • (1997) Epidemiology , vol.8 , pp. 615-620
    • Schwartz, J.1    Levin, R.2    Hodge, K.3
  • 29
    • 0022783704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and public health significance of invertebrates in drinking water systems
    • Levy RV, Hart FL, Cheetham RD. Occurrence and public health significance of invertebrates in drinking water systems. J Am Water Works Assoc 78:105-110.
    • J Am Water Works Assoc , vol.78 , pp. 105-110
    • Levy, R.V.1    Hart, F.L.2    Cheetham, R.D.3
  • 30
    • 0032138269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shock chloramination: Potential treatment for Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae nuisance abatement in water supply systems
    • Broza M, Halpern M, Teltsch B, Porat R, Gasith A. Shock chloramination: potential treatment for Chironomidae (Diptera) larvae nuisance abatement in water supply systems. J Econ Entomol 91:834-840 (1998).
    • (1998) J Econ Entomol , vol.91 , pp. 834-840
    • Broza, M.1    Halpern, M.2    Teltsch, B.3    Porat, R.4    Gasith, A.5
  • 33
    • 0030446912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global climate and infectious disease: The cholera paradigm
    • Colwell RR. Global climate and infectious disease: the cholera paradigm. Science 274: 2025-2031 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 2025-2031
    • Colwell, R.R.1
  • 35
    • 0029335552 scopus 로고
    • Pan-American Health Organization. Cholera in the Americas
    • Pan-American Health Organization. Cholera in the Americas. Epidemiol Bull 16:11-13 (1995).
    • (1995) Epidemiol Bull , vol.16 , pp. 11-13
  • 37
    • 0031885990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funerals during the 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: The need for disinfection of bodies of persons dying of cholera
    • Gunnlaugsson G, Einarsdottir J, Angulo FJ, Mentambanar SA, Passa A, Tauxe RV. Funerals during the 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: the need for disinfection of bodies of persons dying of cholera. Epidemiol Infect 120:7-15 (1998).
    • (1998) Epidemiol Infect , vol.120 , pp. 7-15
    • Gunnlaugsson, G.1    Einarsdottir, J.2    Angulo, F.J.3    Mentambanar, S.A.4    Passa, A.5    Tauxe, R.V.6
  • 38
    • 0028626162 scopus 로고
    • Two strains of Vibrio cholerae non-01 possessing somatic (0) antigen factors in common with V. Cholerae serogroup 0139 Synonym 'Bengal.'
    • Shimada T, Arakawa E, ltoh K, Nakazato T, Okitsu T, Yamai S, Kusum M, Nair GB, Takeda Y. Two strains of Vibrio cholerae non-01 possessing somatic (0) antigen factors in common with V. cholerae serogroup 0139 Synonym 'Bengal.' Curr Microbiol 29:331-3 (1994).
    • (1994) Curr Microbiol , vol.29 , pp. 331-333
    • Shimada, T.1    Arakawa, E.2    Ltoh, K.3    Nakazato, T.4    Okitsu, T.5    Yamai, S.6    Kusum, M.7    Nair, G.B.8    Takeda, Y.9
  • 39
    • 0029048914 scopus 로고
    • The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental non-toxigenic non-01 Vibrio cholerae
    • Karaolis DKR, Lan R, Reeves PR. The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental non-toxigenic non-01 Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 177:3191-8 (1995).
    • (1995) J Bacteriol , vol.177 , pp. 3191-3198
    • Karaolis, D.K.R.1    Lan, R.2    Reeves, P.R.3
  • 40
    • 0028847868 scopus 로고
    • Genesis of the novel epidemic vibrio cholerae 0139 strain: Evidence for horizontal transfer of genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis
    • Bik EM, Bunschoten AE, Gouw RD, Mooi FR. Genesis of the novel epidemic Vibrio cholerae 0139 strain: evidence for horizontal transfer of genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis. EMBO J 14:209-216 (1995).
    • (1995) EMBO J , vol.14 , pp. 209-216
    • Bik, E.M.1    Bunschoten, A.E.2    Gouw, R.D.3    Mooi, F.R.4
  • 41
    • 0029562634 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Vibrio cholerae bacterioptiage K139 and use of a novel mini-transposon to identify a phage-encoded virulence factor
    • Reidl J, Mekalanos JJ. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae bacterioptiage K139 and use of a novel mini-transposon to identify a phage-encoded virulence factor. Mol Microbiol 18:685-701 (1995).
    • (1995) Mol Microbiol , vol.18 , pp. 685-701
    • Reidl, J.1    Mekalanos, J.J.2
  • 42
    • 0030057090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin
    • Waldor MK, Mekalanos JJ. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272:1910-1914 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1910-1914
    • Waldor, M.K.1    Mekalanos, J.J.2
  • 46
    • 0021201015 scopus 로고
    • Influence of water, temperature, salinity, and pH on survival and growth of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serovar 01 associated with live cope-pods in laboratory microcosms
    • Huq A, West PA, Small EB, Huq Ml, Colwell RR. Influence of water, temperature, salinity, and pH on survival and growth of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serovar 01 associated with live cope-pods in laboratory microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:420-424 (1984).
    • (1984) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 420-424
    • Huq, A.1    West, P.A.2    Small, E.B.3    Huq, M.4    Colwell, R.R.5
  • 48
    • 0002392856 scopus 로고
    • Vibrios in the environment: Viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae
    • (Wachsmuth IK, Olsvik O, Blake PA, eds). Washington:American Society of Microbiology
    • Colwell RR, Huq A. Vibrios in the environment: viable but nonculturable Vibrio cholerae. In: Vibrio cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives (Wachsmuth IK, Olsvik O, Blake PA, eds). Washington:American Society of Microbiology, 1994;117-133.
    • (1994) Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera: Molecular to Global Perspectives , pp. 117-133
    • Colwell, R.R.1    Huq, A.2
  • 49
    • 0028610093 scopus 로고
    • Marine ecosystem health: Implications for public health
    • (Wilson ME, Levins R, Spielman A, eds.), New York:New York Academy of Sciences
    • Epstein PR, Ford TE, Puccia C, da Possas C. Marine ecosystem health: implications for public health. In: Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Diseases. (Wilson ME, Levins R, Spielman A, eds.), New York:New York Academy of Sciences 1994;740:13-24.
    • (1994) Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Diseases , vol.740 , pp. 13-24
    • Epstein, P.R.1    Ford, T.E.2    Puccia, C.3    Da Possas, C.4
  • 51
    • 0028974351 scopus 로고
    • A common-source outbreak of shigellosis involving a piped public water supply in northern Thai communities
    • Swaddiwudhipong W, Karintraratana S, Kavinum S. A common-source outbreak of shigellosis involving a piped public water supply in northern Thai communities. J Trop Med Hyg 98:145-150 (1995)
    • (1995) J Trop Med Hyg , vol.98 , pp. 145-150
    • Swaddiwudhipong, W.1    Karintraratana, S.2    Kavinum, S.3
  • 54
    • 0031107978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typhoid fever in Chile 1977-1990: An emergent disease
    • Cabello F, Springer AD. Typhoid fever in Chile 1977-1990: an emergent disease. Rev Med Chil 125:474-482 (1997).
    • (1997) Rev Med Chil , vol.125 , pp. 474-482
    • Cabello, F.1    Springer, A.D.2
  • 55
    • 0030064499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of environmental and human isolates of Salmonella typhi
    • Thong KL, Cordano AM, Yassin RM, Pang T. Molecular analysis of environmental and human isolates of Salmonella typhi. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:271-274 (1996).
    • (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 271-274
    • Thong, K.L.1    Cordano, A.M.2    Yassin, R.M.3    Pang, T.4
  • 56
    • 0029891062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic typhoid in chile: Analysis by molecular and conventional methods of Salmonella typhi strain diversity in epidemic (1977 and 1981) and nonepidemic (1990) years
    • Fica AE, Prat-Miranda S, Fernandez-Ricci A, D'Ottone K, Cabello FC. Epidemic typhoid in Chile: analysis by molecular and conventional methods of Salmonella typhi strain diversity in epidemic (1977 and 1981) and nonepidemic (1990) years. J Clin Microbiol 34:1701-1707 (1996).
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 1701-1707
    • Fica, A.E.1    Prat-Miranda, S.2    Fernandez-Ricci, A.3    D'Ottone, K.4    Cabello, F.C.5
  • 62
    • 0025727548 scopus 로고
    • Serovars of multi-antibiotic resistant Escherchia coli from the freshwater environs of Calcutta, India
    • Ghosh AR, Nair GB, Naik TN, Sarkar SK, Mazumdar R, Pal SC, Sen D. Serovars of multi-antibiotic resistant Escherchia coli from the freshwater environs of Calcutta, India. Microbiol Immunol 35:273-287 (1991).
    • (1991) Microbiol Immunol , vol.35 , pp. 273-287
    • Ghosh, A.R.1    Nair, G.B.2    Naik, T.N.3    Sarkar, S.K.4    Mazumdar, R.5    Pal, S.C.6    Sen, D.7
  • 64
    • 0029943912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiological quality & incidence of organisms of public health importance in food & water in Ludhiana
    • Ram S, Khurana S, Khurana SB, Vadehra DV, Sharma S, Chhina RS. Microbiological quality & incidence of organisms of public health importance in food & water in Ludhiana. Indian J Med Res 103:253-258 (1996).
    • (1996) Indian J Med Res , vol.103 , pp. 253-258
    • Ram, S.1    Khurana, S.2    Khurana, S.B.3    Vadehra, D.V.4    Sharma, S.5    Chhina, R.S.6
  • 65
    • 0026465297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of E. coli 0157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhoea and death
    • Swerdlow DL, Woodruff BA, Brady RC. A waterborne outbreak in Missouri of E. coli 0157:H7 associated with bloody diarrhoea and death. Ann Intern Med 117:812-819.
    • Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 812-819
    • Swerdlow, D.L.1    Woodruff, B.A.2    Brady, R.C.3
  • 67
    • 0031557226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreaks of Campylobacter infection: Rare events for a common pathogen
    • Pebody RG, Ryan MJ, Wall PG. Outbreaks of Campylobacter infection: rare events for a common pathogen. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 7:33-37 (1997).
    • (1997) Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev , vol.7 , pp. 33-37
    • Pebody, R.G.1    Ryan, M.J.2    Wall, P.G.3
  • 68
    • 0025967188 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Campylobacter enteritis
    • Skirrow MB. Epidemiology of Campylobacter enteritis. Int J Food Microbiol 12:9-16 (1991).
    • (1991) Int J Food Microbiol , vol.12 , pp. 9-16
    • Skirrow, M.B.1
  • 69
  • 70
    • 0026433178 scopus 로고
    • Waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Christchurch: The importance of a combined epidemiologic and microbiologic investigation
    • Stehr-Green JK, Nicholls C, McEwan S, Payne A, Mitchell P. Waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Christchurch: the importance of a combined epidemiologic and microbiologic investigation. NZ Med J 104:356-358 (1991).
    • (1991) Nz Med J , vol.104 , pp. 356-358
    • Stehr-Green, J.K.1    Nicholls, C.2    McEwan, S.3    Payne, A.4    Mitchell, P.5
  • 71
    • 0029985856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA fingerprinting and serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from epidemic outbreaks
    • Lind L, Sjogren E, Melby K, Kaijser B. DNA fingerprinting and serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from epidemic outbreaks. J Clin Microbiol 34:892-896 (1996).
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 892-896
    • Lind, L.1    Sjogren, E.2    Melby, K.3    Kaijser, B.4
  • 74
    • 0345502234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter Press Service. Lexis®-Nexis®. Miamisburg, OH:Reed Eisevier, (February 10, 1999)
    • Gonzalez M. Health-Ecuador: alarm over El niño-linked epidemics. Inter Press Service. Lexis®-Nexis®. Miamisburg, OH:Reed Eisevier, 1998. www.lexis-nexis.com (February 10, 1999).
    • (1998) Health-Ecuador: Alarm over El Niño-linked Epidemics
    • Gonzalez, M.1
  • 77
    • 0025197719 scopus 로고
    • A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan
    • Corwin A, Ryan A, Bloys W, Thomas R, Deniega B, Watts D. A waterborne outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Okinawa, Japan, Int J Epidemiol 19:743-748 (1990).
    • (1990) Int J Epidemiol , vol.19 , pp. 743-748
    • Corwin, A.1    Ryan, A.2    Bloys, W.3    Thomas, R.4    Deniega, B.5    Watts, D.6
  • 78
    • 0031024344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis on Oahu: An outbreak among military personnel associated with recreational exposure
    • Katz AR, Sasaki DM, Mumm AH, Escamilla J, Middleton CR, Romero SE. Leptospirosis on Oahu: an outbreak among military personnel associated with recreational exposure. Mil Med 162:101-104 (1997).
    • (1997) Mil Med , vol.162 , pp. 101-104
    • Katz, A.R.1    Sasaki, D.M.2    Mumm, A.H.3    Escamilla, J.4    Middleton, C.R.5    Romero, S.E.6
  • 80
    • 0031587870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters - Costa Rica, 1996
    • MMWR. Outbreak of leptospirosis among white-water rafters - Costa Rica, 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46:577-579 (1997).
    • (1997) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.46 , pp. 577-579
  • 83
    • 2942609903 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of tularaemia
    • Morner T. The ecology of tularaemia. Rev Sci Tech 11:1123-1130 (1992).
    • (1992) Rev Sci Tech , vol.11 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Morner, T.1
  • 85
    • 0031002852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yersinia enterocolitica: The charisma continues
    • Bottone EJ. Yersinia enterocolitica: the charisma continues. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:257-276 (1997).
    • (1997) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.10 , pp. 257-276
    • Bottone, E.J.1
  • 87
    • 0023832134 scopus 로고
    • Serological and biochemical characteristics of 416 Yersinia strains from well water and drinking water plants in the Federal Republic of Germany: Lack of evidence that these strains are of public health importance
    • Aleksic S, Bockemuhl J. Serological and biochemical characteristics of 416 Yersinia strains from well water and drinking water plants in the Federal Republic of Germany: lack of evidence that these strains are of public health importance. Z Bak Mik Hyg 185:527-533 (1988).
    • (1988) Z Bak Mik Hyg , vol.185 , pp. 527-533
    • Aleksic, S.1    Bockemuhl, J.2
  • 88
    • 0031968482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic identification of Aeromonas genomospecies from clinical and environmental sources
    • Borrell N, Figueras MJ, Guarro J. Phenotypic identification of Aeromonas genomospecies from clinical and environmental sources. Can J Microbiol 44:103-108 (1998).
    • (1998) Can J Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 103-108
    • Borrell, N.1    Figueras, M.J.2    Guarro, J.3
  • 89
    • 0031894065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of mesophilic Aeromonas within a public drinking water supply in northeast Scotland
    • Gavriel AA, Landre JP, Lamb AJ. Incidence of mesophilic Aeromonas within a public drinking water supply in northeast Scotland. J Appl Microbiol 84:383-392 (1998).
    • (1998) J Appl Microbiol , vol.84 , pp. 383-392
    • Gavriel, A.A.1    Landre, J.P.2    Lamb, A.J.3
  • 90
    • 0027393441 scopus 로고
    • Aeromonas hydrophila infections of skin and soft tissue: Report of 11 cases and review
    • Gold WL, Salit IE. Aeromonas hydrophila infections of skin and soft tissue: report of 11 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 16:69-74 (1993).
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 69-74
    • Gold, W.L.1    Salit, I.E.2
  • 91
    • 0021125604 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a metropolitan water supply: Seasonal correlation with clinical isolates
    • Burke V, Robinson J, Gracey M, Peterson D, Partridge K. Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a metropolitan water supply: seasonal correlation with clinical isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:361-366 (1984).
    • (1984) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 361-366
    • Burke, V.1    Robinson, J.2    Gracey, M.3    Peterson, D.4    Partridge, K.5
  • 92
    • 0032557260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with a contaminated water supply -Livingston County
    • New York, 1996
    • MMWR. Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella serotype Hartford infections associated with a contaminated water supply -Livingston County, New York, 1996. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:394-396 (1998)
    • (1998) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.47 , pp. 394-396
  • 95
    • 0025770755 scopus 로고
    • Water source as a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children
    • Klein PD, Graham DY, Gaillour A, Opeken AR, Smith EO. Water source as a risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Lancet 337:1503-1506 (1991).
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 1503-1506
    • Klein, P.D.1    Graham, D.Y.2    Gaillour, A.3    Opeken, A.R.4    Smith, E.O.5
  • 99
    • 0028453914 scopus 로고
    • Legionellosis: Ecological factors of an environmentally 'new disease.'
    • Kramer MHJ, Ford TE. Legionellosis: ecological factors of an environmentally 'new disease.' Zbl Hyg 195:470-482 (1994).
    • (1994) Zbl Hyg , vol.195 , pp. 470-482
    • Kramer, M.H.J.1    Ford, T.E.2
  • 102
    • 0020033274 scopus 로고
    • Ubiquitousness of Legionella pneumophila in the water supply of a hospital with endemic Legionnaires' disease
    • Stout JE, Yu VL, Vickers RM, Zuravleff J, Best M, Brown A, Yee RB, Wadowsky R. Ubiquitousness of Legionella pneumophila in the water supply of a hospital with endemic Legionnaires' disease. N Engl J Med 306: 466-468 (1982).
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.306 , pp. 466-468
    • Stout, J.E.1    Yu, V.L.2    Vickers, R.M.3    Zuravleff, J.4    Best, M.5    Brown, A.6    Yee, R.B.7    Wadowsky, R.8
  • 103
    • 0020960541 scopus 로고
    • Epidemic legionellosis in England and Wales 1979-1982
    • Bartlett CL, Bibby LF. Epidemic legionellosis in England and Wales 1979-1982. Z Bak Mik Hyg 255:64-70 (1983).
    • (1983) Z Bak Mik Hyg , vol.255 , pp. 64-70
    • Bartlett, C.L.1    Bibby, L.F.2
  • 104
    • 0026349681 scopus 로고
    • Potable water as a cause of sporadic cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease
    • Stout JE, Yu VL, Muraca P, Joly J, Troup N, Tompkins LS. Potable water as a cause of sporadic cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease. N Engl J Med 326:151-155 (1992).
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 151-155
    • Stout, J.E.1    Yu, V.L.2    Muraca, P.3    Joly, J.4    Troup, N.5    Tompkins, L.S.6
  • 105
    • 0021931907 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems
    • Stout JE, Yu VL, Best MG. Ecology of Legionella pneumophila within water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:221-228 (1985).
    • (1985) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 221-228
    • Stout, J.E.1    Yu, V.L.2    Best, M.G.3
  • 107
    • 0028293276 scopus 로고
    • Persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS
    • von Reyn CF, Maslow JN, Barber TW, Falkinham JO, Arbeit RD. Persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. Lancet 343:1137-1141 (1994).
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 1137-1141
    • Von Reyn, C.F.1    Maslow, J.N.2    Barber, T.W.3    Falkinham, J.O.4    Arbeit, R.D.5
  • 109
    • 0025852336 scopus 로고
    • Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Horsburgh CR. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 324:1332-1338 (1991).
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 1332-1338
    • Horsburgh, C.R.1
  • 111
    • 84920318029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protozoan parasites in drinking water: A UK perspective
    • Smith HV, Lloyd A. Protozoan parasites in drinking water: a UK perspective. Water Management Int 11-17 (1996).
    • (1996) Water Management Int , pp. 11-17
    • Smith, H.V.1    Lloyd, A.2
  • 112
    • 0026358601 scopus 로고
    • Survey of potable water supplies for Cryptosporidium and Giardia
    • Rose JB, Gerba CP, Jakubowski. Survey of potable water supplies for Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Environ Sci Technol 25:1393-1400 (1991).
    • (1991) Environ Sci Technol , vol.25 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Rose, J.B.1    Gerba, C.P.2    Jakubowski3
  • 114
    • 0025809736 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of Giardia and Cryprosporidium spp. In filtered drinking water supplies
    • LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Occurrence of Giardia and Cryprosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2617-2621 (1991).
    • (1991) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 2617-2621
    • Lechevallier, M.W.1    Norton, W.D.2    Lee, R.G.3
  • 115
    • 0029743876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryprosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. Isolated from drinking water in Canada
    • Wallis PM, Erlandsen SL, Isaac-Renton JL, Olson ME, Robertson WJ, van Keulen H. Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryprosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2789-2797 (1996).
    • (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 2789-2797
    • Wallis, P.M.1    Erlandsen, S.L.2    Isaac-Renton, J.L.3    Olson, M.E.4    Robertson, W.J.5    Van Keulen, H.6
  • 120
    • 0029122032 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK
    • Atherton F, Newman CP, Casemore DP. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK. Epidemiol Infect 115:123-131 (1995).
    • (1995) Epidemiol Infect , vol.115 , pp. 123-131
    • Atherton, F.1    Newman, C.P.2    Casemore, D.P.3
  • 122
  • 123
    • 0028229940 scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of cryptosporidial antibodies during infancy, childhood, and adolescence
    • Kuhls TL, Mosier DA, Crawford DL, Griffis J. Seroprevalence of cryptosporidial antibodies during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Clin Infect Dis 18:731-735 (1994).
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 731-735
    • Kuhls, T.L.1    Mosier, D.A.2    Crawford, D.L.3    Griffis, J.4
  • 124
    • 0031964266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in sera of persons from Germany
    • Petry F, Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies in sera of persons from Germany. Infect 26:7-10 (1998).
    • (1998) Infect , vol.26 , pp. 7-10
    • Petry, F.1
  • 125
    • 0031867815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giardia spp. Cysts and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis)
    • Graczyk TK, Fayer R, Trout JM, Lewis EJ, Farley CA, Sulaiman I, Lal AA. Giardia spp. cysts and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the feces of migratory Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2736-2738 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 2736-2738
    • Graczyk, T.K.1    Fayer, R.2    Trout, J.M.3    Lewis, E.J.4    Farley, C.A.5    Sulaiman, I.6    Lal, A.A.7
  • 126
    • 0030955032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications
    • Rose JB. Environmental ecology of Cryptosporidium and public health implications. Ann Rev Public Health 18:135-161 (1997).
    • (1997) Ann Rev Public Health , vol.18 , pp. 135-161
    • Rose, J.B.1
  • 127
    • 0023850652 scopus 로고
    • Biology of Naegleria spp
    • Marciano-Cabral F. Biology of Naegleria spp. Microbiol Rev 52:114-133 (1988).
    • (1988) Microbiol Rev , vol.52 , pp. 114-133
    • Marciano-Cabral, F.1
  • 129
    • 0022406015 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between Naegleria fowleri and Legionella pneumophila
    • Newsome AL, Baker RL, Miller RD, Arnold RR. Interactions between Naegleria fowleri and Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun 50:449-452 (1985).
    • (1985) Infect Immun , vol.50 , pp. 449-452
    • Newsome, A.L.1    Baker, R.L.2    Miller, R.D.3    Arnold, R.R.4
  • 130
    • 0031778135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycobacterium avium bacilli grow saprozoically in coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survive within cyst walls
    • Steinert M, Birkness K, White E, Fields B, Quinn F. Mycobacterium avium bacilli grow saprozoically in coculture with Acanthamoeba polyphaga and survive within cyst walls. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2256-2261 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 2256-2261
    • Steinert, M.1    Birkness, K.2    White, E.3    Fields, B.4    Quinn, F.5
  • 131
    • 0024215723 scopus 로고
    • Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination
    • King CH, Shotts EB, Wooley RE, Porter KG. Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:3023-3033 (1988).
    • (1988) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 3023-3033
    • King, Ch.1    Shotts, E.B.2    Wooley, R.E.3    Porter, K.G.4
  • 133
    • 0026426834 scopus 로고
    • Centers for disease control and prevention. Outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies-Chicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies-Chicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 40:325-327 (1991).
    • (1991) Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.40 , pp. 325-327
  • 134
    • 0031009275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The cyclospora working group
    • Herwaldt DL, Ackers M-L. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group. N Engl J Med 336:1548-1556 (1996).
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1548-1556
    • Herwaldt, D.L.1    Ackers, M.-L.2
  • 135
    • 0031461059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru
    • Ortega YR, Roxas CR, Gilman RH, Miller N, Cabrera L, Taquiri C, Sterling C. Isolation of cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from vegetables collected in markets of an endemic region in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57:683-686 (1997).
    • (1997) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.57 , pp. 683-686
    • Ortega, Y.R.1    Roxas, C.R.2    Gilman, R.H.3    Miller, N.4    Cabrera, L.5    Taquiri, C.6    Sterling, C.7
  • 139
    • 0029421309 scopus 로고
    • Parasitic contamination of stored water used for drinking/cooking in Hyderabad
    • Jonnalagadda PR, Bhat RV. Parasitic contamination of stored water used for drinking/cooking in Hyderabad. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 26:789-794 (1995).
    • (1995) Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health , vol.26 , pp. 789-794
    • Jonnalagadda, P.R.1    Bhat, R.V.2
  • 140
    • 0031578297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma investigation team
    • Bowie WR, King AS, Werker DH, Isaac-Renton JL, Bell A, Eng SB, Marion SA. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma investigation team. Lancet 350:173-177 (1997).
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 173-177
    • Bowie, W.R.1    King, A.S.2    Werker, D.H.3    Isaac-Renton, J.L.4    Bell, A.5    Eng, S.B.6    Marion, S.A.7
  • 141
    • 0032471935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsporidiosis: Molecular and diagnostic aspects
    • Weiss LM, Vossbrinck CR. Microsporidiosis: molecular and diagnostic aspects. Adv Parasitol 40:351-395 (1998).
    • (1998) Adv Parasitol , vol.40 , pp. 351-395
    • Weiss, L.M.1    Vossbrinck, C.R.2
  • 143
    • 0027185519 scopus 로고
    • Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis
    • Hedberg CW, Osterholm MT. Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Rev 6:199-210 (1993).
    • (1993) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.6 , pp. 199-210
    • Hedberg, C.W.1    Osterholm, M.T.2
  • 144
    • 0028081495 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of Norwalk virus infections during a prospective epidemiological study of drinking water-related gastrointestinal illness
    • Payment P, Franco E, Fout GS. Incidence of Norwalk virus infections during a prospective epidemiological study of drinking water-related gastrointestinal illness. Can J Microbiol 40:805-809 (1994).
    • (1994) Can J Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 805-809
    • Payment, P.1    Franco, E.2    Fout, G.S.3
  • 148
  • 151
  • 154
    • 0028134673 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E epidemic in Somalia
    • Bile K, Isse A, Mohamud O, Allebeck P, Nilsson L, Norder H, Mushahwar IK, Magnus LO. Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E epidemic in Somalia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51:466-474 (1994).
    • (1994) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.51 , pp. 466-474
    • Bile, K.1    Isse, A.2    Mohamud, O.3    Allebeck, P.4    Nilsson, L.5    Norder, H.6    Mushahwar, I.K.7    Magnus, L.O.8
  • 156
    • 0031913293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of hepatitis E virus with an outbreak of hepatitis at a military training camp in Nepal
    • Clayson ET, Vaughn DW. Innis BL, Shrestha MP, Pandey R, Malla DB. Association of hepatitis E virus with an outbreak of hepatitis at a military training camp in Nepal. J Med Virol 54: 178-182 (1998).
    • (1998) J Med Virol , vol.54 , pp. 178-182
    • Clayson, E.T.1    Vaughn, D.W.2    Innis, B.L.3    Shrestha, M.P.4    Pandey, R.5    Malla, D.B.6
  • 159
    • 0030037672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water
    • LeChevallier MW, Welch NJ, Smith DB. Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2201-2211.
    • Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 2201-2211
    • Lechevallier, M.W.1    Welch, N.J.2    Smith, D.B.3
  • 160
  • 161
    • 0031831197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state
    • Bogosian G, Morris PJL, O'Neil JP. A mixed culture recovery method indicates that enteric bacteria do not enter the viable but nonculturable state. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 1736-1742 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1736-1742
    • Bogosian, G.1    Morris, P.J.L.2    O'Neil, J.P.3
  • 162
    • 84966196942 scopus 로고
    • Viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae and related pathogens in the environment: Implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms
    • Colwell RR, Brayton PR, Grimes DJ, Roszak DB, Huq SA, Palmer LM. Viable but non-culturable Vibrio cholerae and related pathogens in the environment: implications for release of genetically engineered microorganisms. Bio/Technol 3:817-820 (1985).
    • (1985) Bio/technol , vol.3 , pp. 817-820
    • Colwell, R.R.1    Brayton, P.R.2    Grimes, D.J.3    Roszak, D.B.4    Huq, S.A.5    Palmer, L.M.6
  • 163
    • 0021280886 scopus 로고
    • Viable but nonrecoverable stage of Salmonella enteritidis in aquatic systems
    • Roszak DB, Grimes DJ, Colwell RR. Viable but nonrecoverable stage of Salmonella enteritidis in aquatic systems. Can J Microbiol 30: 334-338 (1984).
    • (1984) Can J Microbiol , vol.30 , pp. 334-338
    • Roszak, D.B.1    Grimes, D.J.2    Colwell, R.R.3
  • 164
    • 0022542108 scopus 로고
    • Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment
    • Rollins DM, Colwell RR. Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 52:531-538 (1986).
    • (1986) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.52 , pp. 531-538
    • Rollins, D.M.1    Colwell, R.R.2
  • 166
    • 0001811915 scopus 로고
    • Injury of enteropathogenic bacteria in drinking water
    • (McFeters GA, ed). New York:Springer
    • Singh A, McFeters GA. Injury of enteropathogenic bacteria in drinking water. In: Drinking Water Microbiology (McFeters GA, ed). New York:Springer, 1990;368-379.
    • (1990) Drinking Water Microbiology , pp. 368-379
    • Singh, A.1    McFeters, G.A.2
  • 167
    • 0031964977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of respirable vesicles containing live Legionella pneumophila cells by two Acanthamoeba spp
    • Berk SG, Ting RS, Turner GW, Ashburn RJ. Production of respirable vesicles containing live Legionella pneumophila cells by two Acanthamoeba spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:279-286 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 279-286
    • Berk, S.G.1    Ting, R.S.2    Turner, G.W.3    Ashburn, R.J.4
  • 168
    • 0031985851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity in the attachment and uptake mechanisms of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, by protozoan hosts
    • Harb OS, Venkataraman C, Haack BJ, Gao L-Y, Abu Kwaik Y. Heterogeneity in the attachment and uptake mechanisms of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, by protozoan hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:126-132 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 126-132
    • Harb, O.S.1    Venkataraman, C.2    Haack, B.J.3    Gao, L.-Y.4    Abu Kwaik, Y.5
  • 169
    • 0031803908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of an amoeba naturally harboring a distinctive Legionella species
    • Newsome AL, Scott TM, Benson RF, Fields BS. Isolation of an amoeba naturally harboring a distinctive Legionella species. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1688-1693 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1688-1693
    • Newsome, A.L.1    Scott, T.M.2    Benson, R.F.3    Fields, B.S.4
  • 170
    • 0344004080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resucitation of viable but nonculturable Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia JR32 by Acanthamoeba castellanii
    • Steinert M, Emody L, Amann R, Hacker J. Resucitation of viable but nonculturable Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia JR32 by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2047-2053.
    • Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.63 , pp. 2047-2053
    • Steinert, M.1    Emody, L.2    Amann, R.3    Hacker, J.4
  • 171
    • 0029035034 scopus 로고
    • Nonuniform spatial patterns of respiratory activity within biofilms during disinfection
    • Huang CT, Yu FP, McFeters GA, Stewart PS. Nonuniform spatial patterns of respiratory activity within biofilms during disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2252-2256 (1995).
    • (1995) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 2252-2256
    • Huang, C.T.1    Yu, F.P.2    McFeters, G.A.3    Stewart, P.S.4
  • 172
    • 0030858018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substratum topography influences susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis biofilms to trisodium phosphate
    • Korber DR, Choi A, Wolfaardt GM, Ingham SC, Caldwell DE. Substratum topography influences susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis biofilms to trisodium phosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3352-3358 (1997).
    • (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.63 , pp. 3352-3358
    • Korber, D.R.1    Choi, A.2    Wolfaardt, G.M.3    Ingham, S.C.4    Caldwell, D.E.5
  • 173
    • 0031938501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. In water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and -rRNA staining
    • Buswell CM, Herlihy YM, Lawrence LM, McGuiggan JTM, Marsh PD, Keevil CW, Leach SA. Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and -rRNA staining. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:733-741 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 733-741
    • Buswell, C.M.1    Herlihy, Y.M.2    Lawrence, L.M.3    McGuiggan, J.T.M.4    Marsh, P.D.5    Keevil, C.W.6    Leach, S.A.7
  • 174
    • 0028212860 scopus 로고
    • Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora
    • Rogers J, Dowsett AB, Dennis PJ, Lee JV, Keevil CW. Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1585-1592 (1994).
    • (1994) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1585-1592
    • Rogers, J.1    Dowsett, A.B.2    Dennis, P.J.3    Lee, J.V.4    Keevil, C.W.5
  • 176
    • 85072413659 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of a model coliphage virus in water by iodine
    • Brion GM, Silverstein J. Inactivation of a model coliphage virus in water by iodine. SAE Trans. 101:1310-1316 (1992).
    • (1992) SAE Trans. , vol.101 , pp. 1310-1316
    • Brion, G.M.1    Silverstein, J.2
  • 177
    • 0029002110 scopus 로고
    • Gene exchange in drinking water and biofilms by natural transformation
    • Lisle JT, Rose JB. Gene exchange in drinking water and biofilms by natural transformation. Wat Sci Technol 31:41-46 (1995).
    • (1995) Wat Sci Technol , vol.31 , pp. 41-46
    • Lisle, J.T.1    Rose, J.B.2
  • 178
    • 0345502205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and viability of bacterial pathogens in biofilms
    • 17-21 May 1998, Atlanta, Georgia. Washington: ASM Press
    • McFeters GA, Camper AK. Distribution and viability of bacterial pathogens in biofilms. 98th General Meeting, American Society for Microbiology, 17-21 May 1998, Atlanta, Georgia. Washington: ASM Press. 1998.
    • (1998) 98th General Meeting, American Society for Microbiology
    • McFeters, G.A.1    Camper, A.K.2
  • 179
    • 0029888559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immuno-affinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR
    • Schwab KJ, De Leon R, Sobsey MD. Immuno-affinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2086-2094 (1996).
    • (1996) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.62 , pp. 2086-2094
    • Schwab, K.J.1    De Leon, R.2    Sobsey, M.D.3
  • 180
    • 0031813760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flow cytometry detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental and clinical samples
    • Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A. Flow cytometry detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental and clinical samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2392-2396 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 2392-2396
    • Abad, F.X.1    Pinto, R.M.2    Bosch, A.3
  • 181
    • 0031958235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a direct in situ PCR method for detection of specific bacteria in natural environments
    • Tani K, Kurokawa, Nasu M. Development of a direct in situ PCR method for detection of specific bacteria in natural environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1536-1540 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1536-1540
    • Tani, K.1    Kurokawa2    Nasu, M.3
  • 182
    • 0031965095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR amplification and species determination of Microsporidia in formalin-fixed feces after immunomagnetic separation
    • Dowd SE, Gerba CP, Enriquez FJ, Pepper IL. PCR amplification and species determination of Microsporidia in formalin-fixed feces after immunomagnetic separation. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:333-336 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 333-336
    • Dowd, S.E.1    Gerba, C.P.2    Enriquez, F.J.3    Pepper, I.L.4
  • 183
    • 0031834279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive and rapid detection of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in large-volume water samples with wound fiberglass cartridge filters and reverse transcription-PCR
    • Kaucner C, Stinear T. Sensitive and rapid detection of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in large-volume water samples with wound fiberglass cartridge filters and reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:1743-1749 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1743-1749
    • Kaucner, C.1    Stinear, T.2
  • 184
    • 0000724644 scopus 로고
    • National primary drinking water regulations: Monitoring requirements for public drinking water supplies: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, viruses, disinfection byproducts, water treatment plant data and other information requirements
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water regulations: monitoring requirements for public drinking water supplies: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, viruses, disinfection byproducts, water treatment plant data and other information requirements. Fed Reg 59:6332-6444 (1994).
    • (1994) Fed Reg , vol.59 , pp. 6332-6444
  • 185
    • 0031936942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomagnetic capture PCR for the rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples
    • Jothikumar N, Cliver DO, Mariam TW. Immunomagnetic capture PCR for the rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:504-508 (1998).
    • (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 504-508
    • Jothikumar, N.1    Cliver, D.O.2    Mariam, T.W.3
  • 186
    • 0032005454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptosporidium in tap water: Comparison of predicted risks with observed levels of disease
    • Perz JF, Ennever FK, Le Blancq SM. Cryptosporidium in tap water: comparison of predicted risks with observed levels of disease. Am J Epidemiol 147:289-300 (1998).
    • (1998) Am J Epidemiol , vol.147 , pp. 289-300
    • Perz, J.F.1    Ennever, F.K.2    Le Blancq, S.M.3
  • 187
    • 0029911362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developments in microbiological risk assessment models for drinking water - A short review
    • Gale P. Developments in microbiological risk assessment models for drinking water - a short review. J Appl Bacteriol 81:403-410 (1996).
    • (1996) J Appl Bacteriol , vol.81 , pp. 403-410
    • Gale, P.1
  • 188
    • 0030803310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vitro method for detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture
    • Slifko TR, Friedman D, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. An in vitro method for detecting infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts with cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3669-3675 (1997).
    • (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.63 , pp. 3669-3675
    • Slifko, T.R.1    Friedman, D.2    Rose, J.B.3    Jakubowski, W.4
  • 189
    • 0030895390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An assay combining cell culture with reverse transcriptase PCR to detect and determine the infectivity of waterborne Cryprosporidium parvum
    • Rochelle PA, Ferguson DM, Handojo TJ, De Leon R, Stewart MH, Wolfe RL. An assay combining cell culture with reverse transcriptase PCR to detect and determine the infectivity of waterborne Cryprosporidium parvum. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2029-2037 (1997).
    • (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.63 , pp. 2029-2037
    • Rochelle, P.A.1    Ferguson, D.M.2    Handojo, T.J.3    De Leon, R.4    Stewart, M.H.5    Wolfe, R.L.6
  • 190
    • 0030777014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health risk assessment of drinking water contaminants in Canada: The applicability of mixture risk assessment methods
    • Krishnan K, Paterson J, Williams DT. Health risk assessment of drinking water contaminants in Canada: the applicability of mixture risk assessment methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 26:179-187 (1997).
    • (1997) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , vol.26 , pp. 179-187
    • Krishnan, K.1    Paterson, J.2    Williams, D.T.3
  • 191
    • 0028986407 scopus 로고
    • Safe water treatment and storage in the home: A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease
    • Mintz ED, Reiff FM, Tauxe RV. Safe water treatment and storage in the home: a practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease. JAMA 273:948-953 (1995).
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 948-953
    • Mintz, E.D.1    Reiff, F.M.2    Tauxe, R.V.3
  • 196
    • 0030174232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive populations: Who is at greatest risk?
    • Gerba CP, Rose JB, Haas CN. Sensitive populations: who is at greatest risk? Int J Food Microbiol 30:113-123 (1996).
    • (1996) Int J Food Microbiol , vol.30 , pp. 113-123
    • Gerba, C.P.1    Rose, J.B.2    Haas, C.N.3
  • 197
    • 0031901894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of clinical strains of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni isolated from 1985 to 1997 in Quebec, Canada
    • Gaudreau C, Gilbert H. Antimicrobial resistance of clinical strains of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni isolated from 1985 to 1997 in Quebec, Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:2106-2108 (1998).
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 2106-2108
    • Gaudreau, C.1    Gilbert, H.2
  • 199
    • 0031863943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic sensitivity of endemic Shigella in Mbarara, Uganda
    • Legros D, Ochola D, Lwanga N, Guma G. Antibiotic sensitivity of endemic Shigella in Mbarara, Uganda. East Afr Med J 75:160-161 (1998).
    • (1998) East Afr Med J , vol.75 , pp. 160-161
    • Legros, D.1    Ochola, D.2    Lwanga, N.3    Guma, G.4
  • 200
    • 0031780487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and susceptibility to antibiotics of Shigella species in stool of hospitalized children with bloody diarrhea in Pakistan
    • Khalil K, Khan SR, Mazhar K, Kaijser B, Lindblom GB. Occurrence and susceptibility to antibiotics of Shigella species in stool of hospitalized children with bloody diarrhea in Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58:800-803 (1998).
    • (1998) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.58 , pp. 800-803
    • Khalil, K.1    Khan, S.R.2    Mazhar, K.3    Kaijser, B.4    Lindblom, G.B.5
  • 201
    • 0032493114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug resistance - A sign of the times
    • Levy SB. Multidrug resistance - a sign of the times. N Engl J Med 338:1376-1378 (1998).
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 1376-1378
    • Levy, S.B.1
  • 202
    • 0029744081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracing the interaction of bacteriophage with bacterial biofilms using fluorescent and chromogenic probes
    • Doolittle MM, Cooney JJ, Caldwell DE. Tracing the interaction of bacteriophage with bacterial biofilms using fluorescent and chromogenic probes. J Ind Microbiol 16:331-341 (1996).
    • (1996) J Ind Microbiol , vol.16 , pp. 331-341
    • Doolittle, M.M.1    Cooney, J.J.2    Caldwell, D.E.3
  • 203
    • 0028037683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene transfer in the aquatic environment: Persistence and mobilization of the catabolic recombinant plasmid pD10 in the epilithon
    • Hill KE, Fry JC, Weightman AJ. Gene transfer in the aquatic environment: persistence and mobilization of the catabolic recombinant plasmid pD10 in the epilithon. Microbiology 140: 1555-1563.
    • Microbiology , vol.140 , pp. 1555-1563
    • Hill, K.E.1    Fry, J.C.2    Weightman, A.J.3
  • 204
    • 0345070588 scopus 로고
    • Federation of American Scientists. Established in and now administered by SatelLife©, Boston, MA
    • ProMED-mail electronic mail conference. Federation of American Scientists. Established in 1994 and now administered by SatelLife©, Boston, MA.
    • (1994) ProMED-mail Electronic Mail Conference


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.