Predicting response to clozapine: Status of current research

CNS Drugs

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 317-326

  Hu, Rona J ^a   Malhotra, Anil K ^a   Pickar, David ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5 HYDROXYINDOLEACETIC ACID; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CLOZAPINE; DOPAMINE 4 RECEPTOR; HOMOVANILLIC ACID; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR;

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; BRAIN METABOLISM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0032893994     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-199911040-00007     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. 1. Rupp A, Keith SJ. The costs of schizophrenia: assessing the burden. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1993; 16(2): 413-23
2. 2. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J. et al. Clozapine for the treatment resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 789-96
3. 3. Schooler N, Borenstein M, Ames D, et al. First improvement with clozapine: how patient should we be (abstract)? Schizophr Res 1997; 24(1): 188
4. 4. Meltzer HY. Clozapine: is another view valid? Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152 (6): 821-5
5. 5. Wilson WH. Time required for initial improvement during clozapine treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (7): 951-2
6. 6. Meltzer HY, Burnett S, Bastani B, et al. Effect of six months of clozapine treatment on the quality of life of chronic schizophrenic patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990; 41: 892-7
7. 7. Pickar D, Owen RR, Litman RE, et al. Clinical and biologic response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia: cross-over comparison with fluphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 345-53
8. 8. Wilson WH. Clinical review of clozapine treatment in a state hospital. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992; 43: 700-3
9. 9. Breier A, Buchanan RW, Irish D, et al. Clozapine treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia: outcome and long-term response patterns. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1993; 44 (12): 1145-9
10. 10. Zito JM, Volavka J, Craig TJ, et al. Pharmacoepidemiology of clozapine in 202 inpatients with schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 1262-9
11. 11. Conley RR, Carpenter WT, Tamminga CA. Time to clozapine response in a standardized trial. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1243-7
12. 12. Honigfeld G, Arellano F, Sethi J, et al. Reducing clozapine-Related morbidity and mortality: 5 years of experience with the Clozaril National Registry. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl. 3: 3-7
13. 13. Malhotra AK, Pickar D. Biological predictors of clozapine response in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Annals 1996; 26(7): 390-4
14. 14. Farde L, Nordstrom A, Wiesel FA, et al. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D 2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 538-44
15. 15. Pickar D, Su T-P, Weinberger D, et al. Individual variation in D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in clozapine-lreated patients. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153 (12): 1571-78
16. 16. Pilowsky LS, Mulligan RS, Acton PD, et al. Limbic selectivity of clozapine. Lancet 1997; 350: 490-1
17. 17. Van Tol HHM, Bunzow JR, Guan HC, et al. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity tor the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 1991; 350: 610-4
18. 18. Seeman P, Guan HC, Van Tol HHM. Dopamine D4 receptors elevated in schizophrenia. Nature 1993; 365: 441-5
19. 19. Kerwin RW, Mulcrone J. No difference in the expression of the D4 gene in post-mortem frontal cortex from controls and schizophrenics. Neurosci Lett 1996; 219(3): 163-6
20. 20. Kramer MS, Last B, Getson A, et al. The effects of a selective D4 dopamine receptor antagonist (L-745,870) in acutely psychotic inpatients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 567-72
21. 21. Meltzer HY. The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drags. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17: 263-87
22. 22. Pickar D. Prospects for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Lancet 1995; 345: 557-62
23. 23. Breier A. Clozapine and noradrenergic function: support for a novel hypothesis for superior efficacy. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55(9): 122-5
24. 24. Litman RE, Hong WW, Weissman E, et al. Idazoxan, an alpha2 antagonist, augments fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 13: 264-7
25. 25. Deutch AY, Lee MC, ladarola MJ. Regionally specific effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on striatal FOS expression: the nucleus accumbens shell as a locus of antipsychotic action. Mol Cell Neurosci 1992; 3: 332-41
26. 26. White FJ, Wang RY. Differential effects ofclassical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons. Science 1983; 221: 1054-7
27. 27. Cohen RM, Nordahl TE, Semple WE, et al. The brain metabolic patterns of clozapine-and fluphenazine-treated patients with schizophrenia during a continuous performance task. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 481-6
28. 28. Lieberman J, Safferman A, Pollack S, et al. Clinical effects of clozapine in chronic schizophrenia: response to treatment and predictors of outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (12): 1744-52
29. 29. Pickar D, Owen R, Litman R, et al. Predictors of clozapine response in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9): 129-32
30. 30. Lindenmayer J, Apergi F. The relationship between clozapine plasma levels and clinical response. Psychiatr Annals 1996; 26(7): 406-12
31. 31. Perry JP, Miller DD, Arndt SV, et al. Clozapine and norclozapine plasma concentrations and clinical response of treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients. AmJ Psychiatry 1991; 148: 231-5
32. 32. Miller D, Fleming F, HolmanT, et al. Plasma clozapine concentrations as a predictor of clinical response: a follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9): 117-28
33. 33. Potkin S, Bera R. Gulasckaram B, et al. Plasma clozapine concentrations predict clinical response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9): 133-6
34. 34. Dahl ML, Llerena A, Bondesson U, et al. Disposition of clozapine in man: lack of association with debrisoquine and S-mephenytoin hydroxylation polymorphisms. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 37 (1): 71-4
35. 35. Fiermann B, Engel G, Johansson I, et al. The involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of clozapine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44: 439-46
36. 36. Bertilsson L, Dahl M-L. Polymorphic drug oxidation: relevance to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 1996; 5 (3): 200-22
37. 37. Green Al, Alam MY, Sobieraj JT, et al. Clozapine response and plasma catecholamines and their metabolites. Psychiatry Res 1993; 46: 139-49
38. 38. Szymanski S, Lieberman J, Pollack S, et al. Clozapine effects on neuroendocrine response to apomorphine challenge testing in chronic neuroleptic nonresponsive schizophrenia: preliminary findings. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 52-5
39. 39. Risch SC, Lewine RRJ. Low cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid-5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio predicts clozapine efficacy: a replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 670
40. 40 Kahn RS, Davidson M, Knott P, et al. Effect of neuroleptic medication on cerebrospinal fluid inonoamine metabolite concentrations in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 599-605
41. 41. Risch SC, Lewine RRJ. Clozapine therapy and increases in homovanillic acid. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 244
42. 42. Szymanski S, Lieberman J, Pollack S, et al. The dopamine-serotonin relationship in clozapine response. Psychopharmacology 1993; 112:585-9
43. 43. Owen RR, Gutierrez-Esteinou R, Hsiao J, et al. Effects of clozapine and fluphenazine treatment on responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazme infusions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 636-44
44. 44. Kahn RS, Davidson M, Siever L, et al. Serotonin function and treatment response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1337-42
45. 45. Friedman L, Knutson L, Shurell M, et al. Prefrontal sulcal prominence is inversely related Io response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 865-77
46. 46. Buchsbaum MS, Potkin SG, Marshall JF, et al. Effects of clozapine and thiolhixene on glucose metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 6: 155-63
47. 47. Shaikh S, Collier DA, Sham PC, et al. Allelic association between a Ser-9-Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Hum Genet 1996; 97: 714-9
48. 48. Malhotra AK, Goldman D, Buchanan RW, et al. The dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia: a haplotype relative risk study and association with clozapine response. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 72-5
49. 49. Shaikh S, Collier D, Kerwin RW, et al. Dopamine D4 receptor subtypes and response to clozapine. Lancet 1993; 341: 116
50. 50. Rao PA, Pickar D, Gejman PV, et al. Allelic variation in the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene does not predict response to clozapine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:912-7
51. 51. Rietschel M, Naber D, Oberlander H, et al. Efficacy and side-effects of clozapine: testing for association with allelic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 15 (5): 491-6
52. 52. Kohn Y, Ebstein RP, Heresco-Levy U, et al. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms: relation to ethnicity, no association with schizophrenia and response to clozapine in Israeli subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997; 7(1): 39-43
53. 53. Arranz M, Collier D, Sodhi M, et al. Association between clozapine response and allelic variation in 5-HT2A receptor gene. Lancet 1995; 345: 281-2
54. 54. Malhotra AK, Goldman D, Ozaki N, et al. Lack of association between polymorphisms in the 5-HT2A receptor gene and the antipsyehotic response to clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(8): 1092-4
55. 55. Arranz MJ, Collier DA, Munro J, et al. Analysis of a structural polymorphism in the 5-HT2A receptor and clinical response to clozapine. Neurosci Lett 1996; 217 (2-3): 177-8
56. 56. Badri F, Masellis M, Petronis A, et al. Dopamine and serotonin system genes may predict clinical response to clozapine [abstract]. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59: A247
57. 57. Arranz MJ, Munro J, Owen MJ, et al. Evidence for association between polymorphisms in the promoter and coding regions of the 5-HT2A receptor gene and response to clozapine. Mol Psychiatry 1998; 3: 61-6
58. 58. Sodhi MS, Arranz MJ, Curtis D, et al. Association between clozapine response and allelic variation in the 5-HT2C receptor gene. Neuroreport 1995; 7(1): 169-72
59. 59. Malhotra AK, Goldman D, Ozaki N, et al. Clozapine response and the 5HT2C Cys23Ser polymorphism. Ncuroreport 1996; 7 (13): 2100-
60. 60. Masellis M, Badri F, Mucciardi FM, et al. Pharmacogenetic analysis of the serotonin system and response to clozapine. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74 (6): 612-3
61. 61. Rietschel M, Naber D, Fimmers R, et al. Efficacy and side-effects of clozapine not associated with variation in the 5-HT2C receptor. Neuroreport 1997; 8 (8): 1999-2003
62. 62. Van Tol HHM, Wu CM, Guan HC, et al. Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature 1992; 358: 149-52
63. 63. Reynolds GP. The importance of dopamine D4 receptors in the action and development of antipsychotic agents [published erratum appears in Drugs 1996 Mar; 51 (3): 505]. Drugs 1996; 51 (1): 7-11
64. 64. Arranz MJ, Munro J, Kirov G, et al. Novel polymorphisms detected in the 5-HT3 receptor gene: association studies with schizophrenia and clozapine response [abstract]. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74 (6): 615
65. 65. Alvir J, Lieberman J. Agranulocytosis: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55 (9): 137-8
66. 66. Alvir MJ, Lieberman JA, Safferman AZ, et al. Clozapine-induced agranulocylosis: incidence and risk factors in the United States. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 162-7
67. 67. Mendelowitz AJ, Gerson SL, Alvir JMJ, et al. Clozapine-induced agranulocylosis-risk-factors, monitoring and management. CNS Drugs 1995; 4: 412-21
68. 68. Atkin K, Kendall F, Could D, et al. The incidence of neutropenia and agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine in the UK and Ireland. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 483-8
69. 69. Lieberman JA, Yunis J, Egea E, et al. HLA-B38, DR4, DQw3 and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Jewish patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 945-8
70. 70. Yunis JJ, Lieberman J, Yunis EJ. Major histocompatibility complex associations with clozapine-induced agranulocytosis: The USA experience. Drug Saf 1992; 7: 7-9
71. 71. Pfister GM, Hanson DR, Roerig JL, et al. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in a Native American: HLA typing and further support for an immune-mediated mechanism. J Clin Psychiatry 1992; 53: 242-4
72. 72. Claas FH, Abbott PA, Wilvliet MD, et al. No direct clinical relevance of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system in clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Drug Saf 1992; 7: 3-6
73. 73. Yunis JJ, Corzo D, SalazarM, et al. HLA associations in clozapme-induced agranulocytosis. Blood 1995; 86: 1177-83
74. 74. Turbay D, Lieberman J, Alper CA, et al. Tumor necrosis factor constellation polymorphism and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in two different ethnic groups. Blood 1997; 89 (11): 4167-74
75. 75. Corzo D, Yunis JJ, Salazar M, et al. The major histocompatibility complex region marked by HSP70-1 and HSP7O-2 variants is associated with dozapine-induced agranulocytosis in two different ethnic groups. Blood 1995; 86 (10): 3835-40
76. 76. Leadbetter R, Shutty M, Pavalonis D, et al. Clozapine-induced weight gain: prevalence and clinical relevance. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:68-72
77. 77. Lamberti JS, Bellnier T, Schwarzkopf SB. Weight gain among schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 689-90
78. 78. Umbricht DS, Pollack S, Kane JM. Clozapine and weight gain. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55: 157-60
79. 79. Hummer M, Kemmler G, Kurz M, et al. Weight gain induced by clozapine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1995; 5: 437-40
80. 80. Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, et al. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature 1995; 374 (6522): 542-6