Second Europe-Asia lecture: Regime transition, uncertainty and prospects for democratisation: The politics of Russia's regions in a comparative perspective

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 939-956

  Gel'man, Vladimir ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL CHANGE; REGIONAL POLITICS; UNCERTAINTY ROLE;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032760217     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139998589     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. The research for this article was undertaken within the framework of the German-Russian research project on 'Russia of Regions', sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation. The author would like to thank participants in the project - Michael Brie, Sergei Ryzhenkov, Boris Ovchinnikov, Vladimir Avdonin, Andrei Rogozhin, Igor' Semenov, as well as Oleg Kharkhordin for their comments, suggestions, and remarks on earlier versions of this work.
2. See David Collier & Steven Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives. Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research', World Politics, 49, 3, 1997, pp. 430-451.
3. For overviews, see Vladimir Gel'man, '"Transition" po-russki: kontseptsii perekhodnogo perioda i politicheskaya transformatsiya v Rossii', Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost', 1997, 4, pp. 64-81; Grigorii Vainshtein, 'Postkommunisticheskoe razvitie glazami zapadnoi politologii', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1997, 8, pp. 139-148, and 1997, 9, pp. 134-144; Anna Temkina & Vitalii Grigor'ev, 'Dinamika interpretatsionnogo protsessa: transformatsiya v Rossii', in Ingrid Oswald et al. (eds), Sotsial 'nye issledovaniya v Rossii. Nemetsko-rossiiskii monitoring (Moscow, Polis, 1998), pp. 232-267.
4. For overviews, see Vladimir Gel'man, '"Transition" po-russki: kontseptsii perekhodnogo perioda i politicheskaya transformatsiya v Rossii', Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost', 1997, 4, pp. 64-81; Grigorii Vainshtein, 'Postkommunisticheskoe razvitie glazami zapadnoi politologii', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1997, 8, pp. 139-148, and 1997, 9, pp. 134-144; Anna Temkina & Vitalii Grigor'ev, 'Dinamika interpretatsionnogo protsessa: transformatsiya v Rossii', in Ingrid Oswald et al. (eds), Sotsial 'nye issledovaniya v Rossii. Nemetsko-rossiiskii monitoring (Moscow, Polis, 1998), pp. 232-267.
5. For overviews, see Vladimir Gel'man, '"Transition" po-russki: kontseptsii perekhodnogo perioda i politicheskaya transformatsiya v Rossii', Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost', 1997, 4, pp. 64-81; Grigorii Vainshtein, 'Postkommunisticheskoe razvitie glazami zapadnoi politologii', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1997, 8, pp. 139-148, and 1997, 9, pp. 134-144; Anna Temkina & Vitalii Grigor'ev, 'Dinamika interpretatsionnogo protsessa: transformatsiya v Rossii', in Ingrid Oswald et al. (eds), Sotsial 'nye issledovaniya v Rossii. Nemetsko-rossiiskii monitoring (Moscow, Polis, 1998), pp. 232-267.
6. See Philippe Schmitter & Terry Lynn Karl, 'The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East They Attempt to Go?', Slavic Review, 53, 1, 1994, pp. 173-185; Valerie Bunce, 'Should Transitologists be Grounded?', Slavic Review, 54, 1, 1995, pp. 109-127; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 965-978; Valerie Bunce, 'Paper Curtains and Paper Tigers', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 979-987.
7. See Philippe Schmitter & Terry Lynn Karl, 'The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East They Attempt to Go?', Slavic Review, 53, 1, 1994, pp. 173-185; Valerie Bunce, 'Should Transitologists be Grounded?', Slavic Review, 54, 1, 1995, pp. 109-127; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 965-978; Valerie Bunce, 'Paper Curtains and Paper Tigers', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 979-987.
8. See Philippe Schmitter & Terry Lynn Karl, 'The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East They Attempt to Go?', Slavic Review, 53, 1, 1994, pp. 173-185; Valerie Bunce, 'Should Transitologists be Grounded?', Slavic Review, 54, 1, 1995, pp. 109-127; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 965-978; Valerie Bunce, 'Paper Curtains and Paper Tigers', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 979-987.
9. See Philippe Schmitter & Terry Lynn Karl, 'The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East They Attempt to Go?', Slavic Review, 53, 1, 1994, pp. 173-185; Valerie Bunce, 'Should Transitologists be Grounded?', Slavic Review, 54, 1, 1995, pp. 109-127; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 965-978; Valerie Bunce, 'Paper Curtains and Paper Tigers', Slavic Review, 54, 4, 1995, pp. 979-987.
10. See Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, Local Heroes. The Political Economy of Russian Regional Governance (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1997).
11. See Daniel Treisman, 'Russia's "Ethnic Revival". The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Postcommunist Order', World Politics, 49, 2, 1997, pp. 212-249.
12. See Steven Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia, 1996-1997', Post-Soviet Affairs, 14, 1, 1998, pp. 48-80.
13. See Mary McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Kirkow, Russia's Provinces: Authoritarian Transformation versus Local Autonomy? (London, Macmillan, 1998).
14. See Mary McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997); Peter Kirkow, Russia's Provinces: Authoritarian Transformation versus Local Autonomy? (London, Macmillan, 1998).
15. See, for example, Neil Melvin, 'The Consolidation of a New Regional Elite: The Case of Omsk 1987-1995', Europe-Asia Studies, 50, 4, 1998, pp. 619-650; Jeffrey W. Hahn, 'The Development of Local Legislatures in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl', in Jeffrey W. Hahn (ed.), Democratization in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk, NY, and London, M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 159-196.
16. See, for example, Neil Melvin, 'The Consolidation of a New Regional Elite: The Case of Omsk 1987-1995', Europe-Asia Studies, 50, 4, 1998, pp. 619-650; Jeffrey W. Hahn, 'The Development of Local Legislatures in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl', in Jeffrey W. Hahn (ed.), Democratization in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk, NY, and London, M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 159-196.
17. See Robert Orttung, From Leningrad to St Petersburg. Democratization in a Russian City (New York, St Martin's Press, 1995).
18. See Arend Lijphart, 'The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research', Comparative Political Studies, 8, 2, 1975, pp. 158-175.
19. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT, and London, Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 6-7.
20. See Vladimir Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii: instituty, rezhimy i praktiki', Polis, 1998, 1, pp. 87-105. For election results and analysis, see Laura Belin, 'All Sides Claim Victory in 1996 Gubernatorial Elections', Transitions, 3, 3, 1997, pp. 24-27; Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Povedenie izbiratelei v Rossii: teoreticheskie perspektivy i rezul'taty regional'nykh vyborov', Polis, 1997, 4, pp. 44-56; Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia'.
21. See Vladimir Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii: instituty, rezhimy i praktiki', Polis, 1998, 1, pp. 87-105. For election results and analysis, see Laura Belin, 'All Sides Claim Victory in 1996 Gubernatorial Elections', Transitions, 3, 3, 1997, pp. 24-27; Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Povedenie izbiratelei v Rossii: teoreticheskie perspektivy i rezul'taty regional'nykh vyborov', Polis, 1997, 4, pp. 44-56; Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia'.
22. See Vladimir Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii: instituty, rezhimy i praktiki', Polis, 1998, 1, pp. 87-105. For election results and analysis, see Laura Belin, 'All Sides Claim Victory in 1996 Gubernatorial Elections', Transitions, 3, 3, 1997, pp. 24-27; Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Povedenie izbiratelei v Rossii: teoreticheskie perspektivy i rezul'taty regional'nykh vyborov', Polis, 1997, 4, pp. 44-56; Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia'.
23. See Vladimir Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii: instituty, rezhimy i praktiki', Polis, 1998, 1, pp. 87-105. For election results and analysis, see Laura Belin, 'All Sides Claim Victory in 1996 Gubernatorial Elections', Transitions, 3, 3, 1997, pp. 24-27; Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Povedenie izbiratelei v Rossii: teoreticheskie perspektivy i rezul'taty regional'nykh vyborov', Polis, 1997, 4, pp. 44-56; Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia'.
24. See Vladimir Gel'man, '"Soobshchestvo elit" i predely demokratizatsii. Nizhegorodskaya Oblast", Polis, 1999, 1, pp. 79-97.
25. See, for example, Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions About Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, 1996, pp. 34-51; Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandous & Hans-Jurgen Puhle, 'O'Donnell's Illusions: A Rejoinder', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 151-159; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions and Conceptual Flows', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 160-168.
26. See, for example, Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions About Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, 1996, pp. 34-51; Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandous & Hans-Jurgen Puhle, 'O'Donnell's Illusions: A Rejoinder', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 151-159; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions and Conceptual Flows', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 160-168.
27. See, for example, Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions About Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, 1996, pp. 34-51; Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandous & Hans-Jurgen Puhle, 'O'Donnell's Illusions: A Rejoinder', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 151-159; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Illusions and Conceptual Flows', Journal of Democracy, 7, 4, 1996, pp. 160-168.
28. See Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Changes, and Economic Performance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
29. O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', pp. 40-41.
30. See Jerry F. Hough, The Soviet Prefects. The Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-Making (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1969).
31. See Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii'.
32. See Orttung, 'From Leningrad to St Petersburg'; McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty, pp. 221-263; Vladimir Gel'man, 'Konsolidatsiya regional'nykh elit i mestnaya demokratiya v Rossii: Sankt-Peterburg v sravnitel'noi perspektive', in Samuil Kugel' (ed.), Sotsial'nye i politicheskie orientatsii Sankt-Peterburgskoi elity (St Petersburg, Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta Ekonomiki i Finansov, 1998), pp. 74-85.
33. See Orttung, 'From Leningrad to St Petersburg'; McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty, pp. 221-263; Vladimir Gel'man, 'Konsolidatsiya regional'nykh elit i mestnaya demokratiya v Rossii: Sankt-Peterburg v sravnitel'noi perspektive', in Samuil Kugel' (ed.), Sotsial'nye i politicheskie orientatsii Sankt-Peterburgskoi elity (St Petersburg, Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta Ekonomiki i Finansov, 1998), pp. 74-85.
34. See Orttung, 'From Leningrad to St Petersburg'; McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty, pp. 221-263; Vladimir Gel'man, 'Konsolidatsiya regional'nykh elit i mestnaya demokratiya v Rossii: Sankt-Peterburg v sravnitel'noi perspektive', in Samuil Kugel' (ed.), Sotsial'nye i politicheskie orientatsii Sankt-Peterburgskoi elity (St Petersburg, Izdatel'stvo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta Ekonomiki i Finansov, 1998), pp. 74-85.
35. See Arbakhan Magomedov, 'Korporatsiya "Kalmykiya" - vyrazhenie ideologii pravyashchei regional'noi elity', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1995, 12, pp. 106-113; Ol'ga Senatova, 'Regional'nyi avtoritarizm na stadii ego stanovleniya', in Tat'yana Zaslavskaya (ed.), Kuda idet Rossiya? Sotsial'nay a transformatsiya postsovetskogoprostranstva (Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 1996), pp. 146-151.
36. See Arbakhan Magomedov, 'Korporatsiya "Kalmykiya" - vyrazhenie ideologii pravyashchei regional'noi elity', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1995, 12, pp. 106-113; Ol'ga Senatova, 'Regional'nyi avtoritarizm na stadii ego stanovleniya', in Tat'yana Zaslavskaya (ed.), Kuda idet Rossiya? Sotsial'nay a transformatsiya postsovetskogoprostranstva (Moscow, Aspekt-Press, 1996), pp. 146-151.
37. See Peter Kirkow, 'Regional Warlordism in Russia: The Case of Primorskii Krai', Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, 1995, pp. 923-947; Kirkow, Russia's Provinces.
38. See Peter Kirkow, 'Regional Warlordism in Russia: The Case of Primorskii Krai', Europe-Asia Studies, 47, 6, 1995, pp. 923-947; Kirkow, Russia's Provinces.
39. See Mikhail Afanas'ev, Klientelizm i rossiiskaya gosudarstvennost' (Moscow, Moskovskii Obshchestvennyi Nauchnyi Fond, 1997), especially pp. 190-207; Jeffrey W. Hahn, 'Democratization and Political Participation in Russia's Regions', in Karen Dawisha & Bruce Parrott (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus', and Moldova (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 130-174; Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii'.
40. See Mikhail Afanas'ev, Klientelizm i rossiiskaya gosudarstvennost' (Moscow, Moskovskii Obshchestvennyi Nauchnyi Fond, 1997), especially pp. 190-207; Jeffrey W. Hahn, 'Democratization and Political Participation in Russia's Regions', in Karen Dawisha & Bruce Parrott (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus', and Moldova (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 130-174; Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii'.
41. See Mikhail Afanas'ev, Klientelizm i rossiiskaya gosudarstvennost' (Moscow, Moskovskii Obshchestvennyi Nauchnyi Fond, 1997), especially pp. 190-207; Jeffrey W. Hahn, 'Democratization and Political Participation in Russia's Regions', in Karen Dawisha & Bruce Parrott (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus', and Moldova (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 130-174; Gel'man, 'Regional'naya vlast' v sovremennoi Rossii'.
42. Andrei Melvill', 'Opyt teoretiko-metodologicheskogo sinteza strukturnykh i protsedurnykh podkhodov k demokraticheskim tranzitam', Polis, 1998, 2, pp. 6-38.
43. James Hughes, 'Transition Models and Democratization in Russia', in Mike Bowker & Cameron Ross (eds), Russia After the Cold War (Harlow, Longman, 1999), chapter 1.
44. See Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics (Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1960), chapter 2.
45. See Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture. Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1963).
46. See Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1993).
47. See Michael Brie, The Political Regime of Moscow - Creation of a New Urban Machine? (Berlin, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung Working Papers, P 97-002, 1997).
48. See Vladimir Gel'man & Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Regional Party System Formation in Russia: The Deviant Case of Sverdlovsk Oblast' ', in John Löwenhardt (ed.), Party Politics in Post-Communist Russia (London, Frank Cass, 1998), pp. 31-53; Galina Luchterhandt & Ekaterina Rozina, 'Sverdlovskaya Oblast' ', in Sergei Ryzhenkov et al. (eds), Stolitsy rossiiskoi provintsii. Portret chetyrekh regionov: istoriya, politika, kul'tura (Moscow, Mezhdunarodnyi Institut Gumanitarno-Politicheskikh Issledovanii, forthcoming).
49. See Vladimir Gel'man & Grigorii V. Golosov, 'Regional Party System Formation in Russia: The Deviant Case of Sverdlovsk Oblast' ', in John Löwenhardt (ed.), Party Politics in Post-Communist Russia (London, Frank Cass, 1998), pp. 31-53; Galina Luchterhandt & Ekaterina Rozina, 'Sverdlovskaya Oblast' ', in Sergei Ryzhenkov et al. (eds), Stolitsy rossiiskoi provintsii. Portret chetyrekh regionov: istoriya, politika, kul'tura (Moscow, Mezhdunarodnyi Institut Gumanitarno-Politicheskikh Issledovanii, forthcoming).
50. Melvill', 'Opyt teoretiko-metodologicheskogo sinteza'.
51. Hughes, 'Transition Models and Democratization in Russia'.
52. Dankwart Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics, 2, 3, 1970, pp. 337-363; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'Models of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe', International Social Science Journal, 43, 128, 1991, pp. 269-284.
53. Dankwart Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics, 2, 3, 1970, pp. 337-363; Terry Lynn Karl & Philippe Schmitter, 'Models of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe', International Social Science Journal, 43, 128, 1991, pp. 269-284.
54. Guillermo O'Donnell & Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 3.
55. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'.
56. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'.
57. Valerie Bunce, 'Elementy neopredelennosti v perekhodnyi period', Polis, 1993, 1, pp. 44-51.
58. Karl & Schmitter, 'Models of Transition', p. 275.
59. Kirkow, 'Regional Warlordism in Russia'.
60. See John Higley & Michael Burton, 'Elite Variables in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns', American Sociological Review, 54, 1, 1989, pp. 17-32; John Higley & Richard Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992).
61. See John Higley & Michael Burton, 'Elite Variables in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns', American Sociological Review, 54, 1, 1989, pp. 17-32; John Higley & Richard Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992).
62. Senatova, 'Regional'nyi avtoritarizm', p. 150.
63. See Samuel P. Huntington, 'Democracy for the Long Haul', Journal of Democracy, 7, 2, 1996, pp. 9-10.
64. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies', Journal of Democracy, 9, 3, 1998, pp. 112-126; O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', pp. 43-46.
65. Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies', Journal of Democracy, 9, 3, 1998, pp. 112-126; O'Donnell, 'Illusions about Consolidation', pp. 43-46.
66. See Brie, 'The Political Regime of Moscow'.
67. Sergei Ryzhenkov, 'Saratovskaya oblast' (1986-1996): politika i politiki', in Kimitaka Matsuzato & Aleksandr Shatilov (eds), Regiony Rossii: khronika i rukovoditeli, Tom 2, Rostovskaya Oblast', Saratovskaya Oblast' (Sapporo, Hokkaido University, Slavic Research Center, Occasional Papers in Slavic-Eurasian World, N34, 1997), p. 89.
68. Petra Stykow, Elite Transformation in the Saratov Region: From Hierarchical Rule of a Monolithic Power Elite to Strategic Interactions of Sectoral Elites (Berlin, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, N5, 1995).
69. Juan Linz, 'The Future of the Authoritarian Situation or Institutionalization of an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Brazil', in Alfred Stepan (ed.), Authoritarian Brazil. Origins, Policies and Future. (New Haven, CT, and London, Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 233-254.
70. See Karl & Schmitter, 'Models of Transition', p. 275.
71. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'; Higley & Burton, 'Elite Variables'; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK, and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
72. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'; Higley & Burton, 'Elite Variables'; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK, and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
73. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'; Higley & Burton, 'Elite Variables'; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK, and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
74. See Rustow, 'Transitions to Democracy'; O'Donnell & Schmitter, 'Transitions from Authoritarian Rule'; Higley & Burton, 'Elite Variables'; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK, and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
75. See Gary Marks, 'Rational Sources of Chaos in Democratic Transition', American Behavioral Scientist, 35, 4/5, 1992, pp. 397-421.
76. William Case, 'Can the "Halfway House" Stand? Semidemocracy and Elite Theory in Three Southeast Asian Countries', Comparative Politics, 28, 4, 1996, pp. 437-464.
77. See Gel'man, ' "Soobshchestvo elit" i predely demokratizatsii'.
78. See Stoner-Weiss, Local Heroes, especially pp. 90-130.
79. Sergei Borisov, 'Postoyannye i peremennye velichiny regional'nogo politicheskogo protsessa do i posle vyborov', in Sergei Borisov (ed), Nizhegorodskie vybory-95: novye tendentsii i starye uroki (Nizhny Novgorod, Izdatel'stvo VVAGS, 1996), p. 37.
80. See Case, 'Can the "Halfway House" Stand?'.
81. See McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty, pp. 156-220.
82. See Melvin, 'The Consolidation of a New Regional Elite', p. 643.
83. Igor' Rabinovich & Sergei Fufaev, 'Khozyain. Shtrikhi k politicheskomu portretu Murtazy Rakhimova', Pro et Contra, 1997, 2, pp. 71-84.
84. See Gel'man, 'Konsolidatsiya regional'nykh elit', pp. 80-81.
85. Barbara Geddes, 'Initiation of New Democratic Institutions in Eastern Europe and Latin America', in Arend Lijphart & Carlos Waisman (eds), Institutional Design in New Democracies. Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder, CO, Westview, 1996), pp. 18-19.
86. See Adam Przeworski, 'Some Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy', in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter & Lawrence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 56-61; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market. Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 51-53.
87. See Adam Przeworski, 'Some Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy', in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter & Lawrence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 56-61; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market. Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 51-53.
88. Igor' Egorov, 'Udmurtskaya Respublika', in Vladimir Gel'man et al. (eds), Organy gosudarstvennoi vlasti sub"ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow, Mezhdunarodnyi Institut Gumanitarno-Politicheskikh Issledovanii, 1998), p. 80.
89. Egorov, 'Udmurtskaya Respublika', p. 82.
90. See Gel'man & Golosov, 'Regional Party System Formation'; Luchterhandt & Rozina, 'Sverdlovskaya Oblast'.
91. See Gel'man & Golosov, 'Regional Party System Formation'; Luchterhandt & Rozina, 'Sverdlovskaya Oblast'.
92. Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 266-267.
93. Collier & Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives', p. 446.
94. See Afanas'ev, 'Klientelizm i rossiiskaya gosudarstvennost'.
95. See Gel'man & Golosov, 'Regional Party System Formation'.
96. See Brie, 'The Political Regime of Moscow', pp. 13-21.
97. Adam Przeworski, 'Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts', in Jon Elster & Ruge Slagstag (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 59.