The genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus

Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 562-571

  Lindqvist, A K B ^a   Alarcon Riquelme M E ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENT; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C2; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C4; FAS LIGAND; FC RECEPTOR; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; INTERLEUKIN 10; MANNOSE BINDING PROTEIN; MICROSATELLITE DNA; PROTEIN BCL 2; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HLA SYSTEM; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; PEDIGREE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD95; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN; COMPLEMENT C4A; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASES IN TWINS; ETHNIC GROUPS; FAS LIGAND PROTEIN; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; LINKAGE (GENETICS); LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; LUPUS NEPHRITIS; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MICE; MICE, INBRED MRL LPR; RECEPTORS, IGG; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0032729929     PISSN: 03009475     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00664.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Hochberg MC, Petri M. Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1993;5:575-86.
2. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:778-99.
3. Alarcón-Segovia D. The pathogenesis of immune dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. A Troika J Rheumatol 1984;11:588-92.
4. Jarvinen P, Kaprio J, Makitalo R, Koskenvuo M, Aho K. Systemic lupus erythematosus and related systemic diseases in a nationwide twin cohort: an increased prevalence of disease in MZ twins and concordance of disease features. J Intern Med 1992;231:67-72.
5. Jarvinen P, Aho K. Twin studies in rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994;24:19-28.
6. Block SR. Twin studies: genetic factors are important [letter; comment]. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:135-6.
7. Reichlin M, Harley JB, Lockshin MD. Serologic studies of monozygotic twins with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:457-64.
8. Deapen D, Escalante A, Weinrib L et al. A revised estimate of twin concordance in systemic lupus erythematosus [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:311-8.
9. Hochberg MC. The application of genetic epidemiology to systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1987;14:867-9.
10. Lawrence JS, Martins CL, Drake GL. A family survey of lupus erythematosus. I Heritability J Rheumatol 1987;14:913-21.
11. Risch N. Assessing the role of HLA-linked and unlinked determinants of disease. Am J Hum Genet 1987;40:1-14.
12. Morel L, Rudofsky UH, Longmate JA, Schiffenbauer J, Wakeland EK. Polygenic control of susceptibility to murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunity 1994;1:219-29.
13. Morel L, Mohan C, Yu Y et al. Functional dissection of systemic lupus erythematosus using congenic mouse strains. J Immunol 1997;158:6019-28.
14. Mohan C, Morel L, Yang P, Wakeland EK. Genetic dissection of systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis: Sle2 on murine chromosome 4 leads to B cell hyperactivity. J Immunol 1997;159:454-65.
15. Drake CG, Rozzo SJ, Hirschfeld HF, Smarnworawong NP, Palmer E, Kotzin BL. Analysis of the New Zealand Black contribution to lupus-like renal disease. Multiple genes that operate in a threshold manner. J Immunol 1995;154:2441-7.
16. Kono DH, Burlingame RW, Owens DG et al. Lupus susceptibility loci in New Zealand mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:10168-72.
17. Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Genetic contributions to SLE. J Autoimmun 1996;9:437-52.
18. Theofilopoulos AN. Effector and predisposing genes in murine lupus. Lupus 1998;7:575-84.
19. Grumet FC, Coukell A, Bodmer JG, Bodmer WF, McDevitt HO. Histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. A possible genetic predisposition to disease. N Engl J Med 1971;285:193-6.
20. Gibofsky A, Winchester RJ, Patarroyo M, Fotino M, Kunkel HG. Disease associations of the Ia-like human alloantigens. Contrasting patterns in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1978;148:1728-32.
21. Reinertsen JL, Klippel JH, Johnson AH, Steinberg AD, Decker JL, Mann DL. B-lymphocyte alloantigens associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 1978;299:515-8.
22. Schur PH, Meyer I, Garovoy M, Carpenter CB. Associations between systemic lupus erythematosus and the major histocompatibility complex: clinical and immunological considerations. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982;24:263-75.
23. Arnett FC. HLA and genetic predisposition to lupus erythematosus and other dermatologic disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:472-81.
24. Reveille JD. The molecular genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1991;3:722-30.
25. Arnett FC, Reveille JD. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992;18:865-92.
26. Schur PH. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1995;4:425-37.
27. Harley JB, Reichlin M, Arnett FC, Alexander EL, Bias WB, Provost TT. Gene interaction at HLA-DQ enhances autoantibody production in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Science 1988;232:1145-7.
28. Hamilton RG, Harley JB, Bias WB et al. Two Ro (SS-A) autoantibody responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Correlation of HLA-DR/DQ specificities with quantitative expression of Ro (SS-A) autoantibody. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:496-505.
29. Reveille JD, Macleod MJ, Whittington K, Arnett FC. Specific amino acid residues in the second hypervariable region of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 chain genes promote the Ro (SS-A) /La (SS-B) autoantibody responses. J Immunol 1991;146:3871-6.
30. Granados J, Vargas-Alarcón G, Drenkard C et al. Relationship of anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome to HLA-DR7 in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus 1997;6:57-62.
31. Ratnoff WD. Inherited deficiencies of complement in rheumatic diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996;22:75-94.
32. Bowness P, Davies KA, Norsworthy PJ et al. Hereditary C1q deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus. Qjm 1994;87:455-64.
33. Slingsby JH, Norsworthy P, Pearce G et al. Homozygous hereditary C1q deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus. A new family and the molecular basis of C1q deficiency in three families. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:663-70.
34. Reid KBM. Deficiency of the first component of human complement. In: Rosen F and Seligman M, eds. Immunodeficiencies. Philadelphia: Harward Academic Publishers, 1993.
35. Provost TT, Arnett FC, Reichlin M. Homozygous C2 deficiency, lupus erythematosus, and anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1279-82.
36. Hartung K, Baur MP, Coldewey R et al. Major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and complement C4 alleles in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multicenter study. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1346-51.
37. Petri M, Watson R, Winkelstein JA, McLean RH. Clinical expression of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with C4A deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993;72:236-44.
38. Sturfelt G, Truedsson L, Johansen P, Jonsson H, Nived O, Sjöholm AG. Homozygous C4A deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of patients from a defined population. Clin Genet 1990;38:427-33.
39. Nordin Fredrikson G, Truedsson L, Sjöholm AG, Kjellman M. DNA analysis in a MHC heterozygous patient with complete C4 deficiency - homozygosity for C4 gene deletion and C4 pseudogene. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1991;8:29-37.
40. Kumar A, Kumar P, Schur PH. DR3 and nonDR3 associated complement component C4A deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1991;60:55-64.
41. Howard PF, Hochberg MC, Bias WB, Arnett FC Jr, McLean RH. Relationship between C4 null genes, HLA-D region antigens, and genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Caucasian and black Americans. Am J Med 1986;81:187-93.
42. Dunckley H, Gatenby PA, Hawkins B, Naito S, Serjeantson SW. Deficiency of C4A is a genetic determinant of systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups. J Immunogenet 1987;14:209-18.
43. Tokunaga K, Omoto K, Akaza T et al. Haplotype study on C4 polymorphism in Japanese. Associations with MHC alleles, complotypes, and HLA-complement haplotypes. Immunogenetics 1985;22:359-65.
44. Schur PH. Complement and systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DH, Hahn BH, eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus, 5th Edn. 1997:245-61.
45. Arnett FC, Moulds JM. HLA class III molecules and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991;9:289-96.
46. Fielder AH, Walport MJ, Batchelor JR et al. Family study of the major histocompatibility complex in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: importance of null alleles of C4A and C4B in determining disease susceptibility. Br Med J 1983;286:425-8.
47. Davies EJ, Steers G, Ollier WE et al. Relative contributions of HLA-DQA and complement C4A loci in determining susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:221-5.
48. Kemp ME, Atkinson JP, Skanes VM, Levine RP, Chaplin DD. Deletion of C4A genes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:1015-22.
49. Goldstein R, Arnett FC, McLean RH, Bias WB, Duvic M. Molecular heterogeneity of complement component C4-null and 21-hydroxylase genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:736-44.
50. Salmon JE, Millard S, Schachter LA et al. Fc gamma RIIA alleles are heritable risk factors for lupus nephritis in African Americans. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1348-54.
51. Song YW, Han CW, Kang SW et al. Abnormal distribution of Fc gamma receptor type IIa polymorphisms in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:421-6.
52. Duits AJ, Bootsma H, Derksen RH et al. Skewed distribution of IgG Fc receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1832-6.
53. Manger K, Repp R, Spriewald BM et al. Fcgamma receptor IIa polymorphism in Caucasian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with clinical symptoms. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1181-9.
54. Botto M. Theodoridis E, Thompson EM et al. Fc gamma RIIa polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): no association with disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;104:264-8.
55. Wu J, Edberg JC, Redecha PB et al. A novel polymorphism of FcgammaRIIIa (CD16) alters receptor function and predisposes to autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1059-70.
56. Koene HR, Kleijer M, Swank AJ et al. The Fc gammaRIIIA-158F allele is a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1813-8.
57. Lu JH, Thiel S, Wiedemann H, Timpl R, Reid KB. Binding of the pentamer/hexamer forms of mannan-binding protein to zymosan activates the proenzyme C1r2C1s2 complex, of the classical pathway of complement, without involvement of C1q. J Immunol 1990;144:2287-94.
58. Ezekowitz RA, Kuhlman M, Groopman JE, Byrn RA. A human serum mannose-binding protein inhibits in vitro infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. J Exp Med 1989;169:185-96.
59. Davies EJ, Snowden N, Hillarby MC et al. Mannose-binding protein gene polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:110-4.
60. Sullivan KE, Wooten C, Goldman D, Petri M. Mannose-binding protein genetic polymorphisms in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:2046-51.
61. Mehrian R, Quismorio FP Jr, Strassmann G et al. Synergistic effect between IL-10 and bcl-2 genotypes in determining susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:596-602.
62. Llorente L, Zou W, Levy Y et al. Role of interleukin 10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995;181:839-44.
63. Llorente L, Richaud-Patin Y, Couderc J et al. Dysregulation of interleukin-10 production in relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1429-35.
64. Eskdale J, Wordsworth P, Bowman S, Field M, Gallagher G. Association between polymorphisms at the human IL-10 locus and systemic lupus erythematosus [published erratum appears in Tissue Antigens. December 1997;50(6):699] Tissue Antigens 1997;49:635-9.
65. Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Lindqvist A-KB, Jonasson I et al. Genetic analysis of the contribution of IL-10 to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2148-52.
66. Mok CC, Lanchbury JS, Chan DW, Lau CS. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in Southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1090-5.
67. Lazarus M, Hajeer AH, Turner D et al. Genetic variation in the interleukin 10 gene promoter and systemic lupus erythematosus [see comments]. J Rheumatol 1997;24:2314-7.
68. Rieux-Laucat F, Le Deist F, Hivroz C et al. Mutations in Fas associated with human lymphoproliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science 1995;268:1347-9.
69. Fisher GH, Rosenberg FJ, Straus SE et al. Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Cell 1995;81:935-46.
70. Wu J, Wilson J, He J, Xiang L, Schur PH, Mountz JD. Fas ligand mutation in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and lymphoproliferative disease. J Clin Invest 1996;98:1107-13.
71. Hartung K, Coldewey R, Rother E et al. Immunoglobulin allotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus - results of a central European multicenter study. SLE Study Group Exp Clin Immunogenet 1991;8:11-5.
72. Hartung K, Coldewey R, Rother E et al. Immunoglobulin allotypes are not associated with HLA-antigens, autoantibodies and clinical symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus. Members SLE Study Group Rheumatol Int 1991;11:179-82.
73. Hoffman RW, Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Anderson SK, Hewett JE, Pandey JP. Association of immunoglobulin Km and Gm allotypes with specific antinuclear antibodies and disease susceptibility among connective tissue disease patients. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:453-8.
74. Tebib JG, Alcocer-Varela J, Alarcón-Segovia D, Schur PH. Association between a T cell receptor restriction fragment length polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1990;86:1961-7.
75. Huang DF, Siminovitch KA, Liu XY et al. Population and family studies of three disease-related polymorphic genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1766-72.
76. Bias WB, Reveille JD, Beaty TH, Meyers DA, Arnett FC. Evidence that autoimmunity in man is a Mendelian dominant trait. Am J Hum Genet 1986;39:584-602.
77. Knight JG, Adams DD. The genetic basis of autoimmune disease. Ciba Found Symp 1982;90;35-56.
78. Lippman SM, Arnett FC, Conley CL, Ness PM, Meyers DA, Bias WB. Genetic factors predisposing to autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, chronic thrombocytopenic purpura, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1982;73:827-40.
79. Tsao BP, Cantor RM, Kalunian KC et al. Evidence for linkage of a candidate chromosome 1 region to human systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1997;99:725-31.
80. Tsao BP, Cantor RM, Grossman JM et al. PARP alleles within the linked chromosomal region are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1135-40.
81. Moser KL, Neas BR, Salmon JE et al. Genome scan of human systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for linkage on chromosome 1q in African-American pedigrees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:14869-74.
82. Gaffney PM, Kearns GM, Shark KB et al. A genome-wide search for susceptibility genes in human systemic lupus erythematosus sib-pair families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:14875-9.
83. Shai R, Quismorio FP Jr, Li L et al. Genome-wide screen for systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility genes in multiplex families [In Process Citation]. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:639-44.
84. Lindqvist A-K, Steinsson K, Johanneson B et al. A suseptibility locus for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (hSLE1) on chromosome 2q. J Autoimm., in press.
85. Cottingham RW Jr, Idury RM, Schaffer AA. Faster sequential genetic linkage computations. Am J Hum Genet 1993;53:252-63.
86. Schaffer AA, Gupta SK, Shriram K, Cottingham RW Jr. Avoiding recomputation in linkage analysis. Hum Hered 1994;44:225-37.
87. Terwilliger JD. A powerful likelihood method for the analysis of linkage disequilibrium between trait loci and one or more polymorphic marker loci. Am J Hum Genet 1995;56:777-87.
88. Kuokkanen S, Sundvall M, Terwilliger JD et al. A putative vulnerability locus to multiple sclerosis maps to 5p14-p12 in a region syntenic to the murine locus Eac2 [see comments]. Nat Genet 1996;13:477-80.
89. Kruglyak L, Daly MJ, Reeve-Daly MP, Lander ES. Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:1347-63.
90. Kong A, Cox NJ. Allele-sharing models: LOD scores and accurate linkage tests. Am J Hum Genet 1997;61:1179-88.
91. Hirose S, Tsurui H, Nishimura H, Jiang Y, Shirai T. Mapping of a gene for hypergammaglobulinemia to the distal region on chromosome 4 in NZB mice and its contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. Int Immunol 1994;6:1857-64.
92. Cornelis F, Faure S, Martinez M et al. New susceptibility locus for rheumatoid arthritis suggested by a genome-wide linkage study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:10746-50.
93. Sawcer S, Jones HB, Feakes R et al. A genome screen in multiple sclerosis reveals susceptibility loci on chromosome 6p21 and 17q22 [see comments]. Nat Genet 1996;13:464-8.
94. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16 [see comments]. Nature 1996;379:821-3.
95. Drake CG, Babcock SK, Palmer E, Kotzin BL. Genetic analysis of the NZB contribution to lupus-like autoimmune disease in (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:4062-6.
96. Vidal S, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Loci predisposing to autoimmunity in MRL-Fas 1pr and C57BL/6-Fas1pr mice. J Clin Invest 1998;101:696-702.
97. Daniels SE, Bhattacharrya S, James A et al. A genome-wide search for quantitative trail loci underlying asthma. Nature 1996;383:247-50.
98. Vyse TJ, Drake CG, Rozzo SJ, Roper E, Izui S, Kotzin BL. Genetic linkage of IgG autoantibody production in relation to lupus nephritis in New Zealand hybrid mice. J Clin Invest 1996;98:1762-72.
99. Ebers GC, Kukay K, Bulman DE et al. A full genome search in multiple sclerosis [see comments]. Nat Genet 1996;13:472-6.
100. Vyse TJ, Morel L, Tanner FJ, Wakeland EK, Kotzin BL. Backcross analysis of genes linked to autoantibody production in New Zealand White mice. J Immunol 1996;157:2719-27.
101. Haines JL, Ter-Minassian M, Bazyk A et al. A complete genomic screen for multiple sclerosis underscores a role for the major histocompatability complex. The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group [see comments]. Nat Genet 1996;13:469-71.
102. Mein CA, Esposito L, Dunn MG et al. A search for type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes in families from the United Kingdom [see comments]. Nat Genet 1998;19:297-300.
103. She JX, Marron MP. Genetic susceptibility factors in type I diabetes: Linkage, disequilibrium and functional analyses. Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:682-9.
104. Lander E, Kruglyak L. Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results [see comments]. Nat Genet 1995;11:241-7.
105. Johanneson B, Steinsson K, Lindqvist A-K et al. A comparative analysis of genome-scans performed in multicase families with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus from different population groups. J Autoimm 1999;13:137-41.
106. Sundvall M, Jirholt J, Yang HT et al. Identification of murine loci associated with susceptibility to chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Genet 1995;10:313-7.
107. Podolin PL, Denny P, Lord CJ et al. Congenic mapping of the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) gene, Idd10, localizes two genes mediating the Idd10 effect and eliminates the candidate Fcgr1. J Immunol 1997;159:1835-43.
108. Alcocer-Varela J, Alarcón-Riquelme M, Laffon A, Sanchez-Madrid F, Alarcón-Segovia D. Activation markers on peripheral blood T cells from patients with active or inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. Correlation with proliferative responses and production of IL-2. J Autoimmun 1991;4:935-45.
109. al-Janadi M, Raziuddin S. B cell hyperactivity is a function of T cell derived cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1885-91.
110. Erkeller-Yuksel FM, Lydyard PM, Isenberg DA. Lack of NK cells in lupus patients with renal involvement. Lupus 1997;6:708-12.
111. Bijl M, van Lopik T, Limburg PC et al. Do elevated levels of serum-soluble fas contribute to the persistence of activated lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus? J Autoimmun 1998;11:457-63.
112. Cockayne DA, Muchamuel T, Grimaldi JC et al. Mice deficient for the ecto-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase CD38 exhibit altered humoral immune responses. Blood 1998;92:1324-33.
113. Davies JL, Kawaguchi Y, Bennett ST et al. A genome-wide search for human type I diabetes susceptibility genes [see comments]. Nature 1994;371:130-6.
114. Becker KG, Simon RM, Bailey-Wilson JE et al. Clustering of nonmajor histocompatibility complex susceptibility candidate loci in human autoimmune diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:9979-84.
115. Kulkarni AB, Ward JM, Yaswen L et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 null mice. An animal model for inflammatory disorders. Am J Pathol 1995;146:264-75.
116. Concannon P, Gogolin-Ewens KJ, Hinds DA et al. A second-generation screen of the human genome for susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [see comments]. Nat Genet 1998;19:292-6.
117. Lernmark A, Ott J. Sometimes it's hot, sometimes it's not [news; comment]. Nat Genet 1998;19:213-4.