Genetics of schizophrenic disorders. Newer concepts and findings;Genetik schizophrener storungen. Neuere konzepte und befunde

Nervenarzt

Volumn 70, Issue 11, 1999, Pages 955-969

  Maier, W ^a   Lichtermann, D ^a   Rietschel, M ^a   Held, T ^a   Falkai, P ^a   Wagner, M ^a   Schwab, S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Schizophrenia, Genetics. Schizophrenia spectrum, Linkage studies. Association studies

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; GENE LOCUS; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; REVIEW; TWINS;

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LINKAGE (GENETICS); PHENOTYPE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TWIN STUDIES;

EID: 0032720267     PISSN: 00282804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s001150050524     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Antonarakis SE, Blouin JL, Pulver AE, Wolyniec P, Lasseter VK, Nestadt G, Kasch L, Babb R, Kazazian HH, Dombroski B et al (1995) Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24-22. Nat Genet 11:235-236
2. Arolt V, Lencer R, Nolte A, Müller-Myhsok B, Purmann S, Schürmann M, Leutelt J, Pinnow M, Schwinger E (1996) Eye tracking dysfunction is a putative phenotypic susceptibility marker of schizophrenia and maps to a locus on chromosome 6p in families with multiple occurrence of the disease. Am J Med Genet 67:564-579
3. Baron M, Risen N (1987) The spectrum concept of schizophrenia: evidence for a genetic-environmental continuum. J Psychiatr Res 21:257-267
4. Bassett AS, Honer WG (1994) Evidence for anticipation in schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 54:864-870
5. Bayer TA, Falkai P (1997) Schizophrenia a subtle defect in neurotrophic gene function? Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res 5:151-156
6. Beckmann H, Franzek, E, Stöber G (1996) Genetic heterogeneity in catatonic schizophrenia: a family genetic study. Am J Med Genet 67:289-300
7. Berenbaum SA, Taylor MA, Cloninger RC (1994) Family study of schizophrenia and personality. J Abnorm Psychol 103:475-484
8. Brown A, Susser E, Lin S, Neugebauer R, Gorman J (1995) Increased risk of affective disorders in males after second trimester prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-45. Br J Psychiatry 166:601-606
9. Cannon TD, Zorrilla LE, Shtasel D, Gur RE, Gur RC, Marco EJ, Moberg P, Price RA (1994) Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:651-661
10. Cannon TD, Kaprio J, Lönnqvist J, Huttunen M, Koskenvuo M (1998) The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia in a Finnish twin cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:67-74
11. Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML (1978) Body image aberration in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 87:399-407
12. Claridge G (1987) "The schizophrenias as nervous types" revisited. Br J Psychiatry 151:735-743
13. Clementz BA (1998) Psychophysiological measures of (dis)inhibition as liability indicators for schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 35:648-668
14. Coon H, Holik J, Hoff M, Reimherr F, Wender P, Myles-Worsley M, Waldo M, Freedman R, Byerley W (1994) Analysis of chromosome 22 markers in nine schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 54:72-79
15. Cornblatt BA, Keilp JG (1994) Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20:31-46
16. Coryell W, Zimmerman M (1988) The heritability of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:323-327
17. Crow TJ (1988) Sex chromosome and psychosis. The case for a pseudoautosomal locus. Br J Psychiatry 153:675-683
18. Crow TJ (1990) Nature of the genetic contribution to psychotic illness - a continuum viewpoint. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81:401-408
19. DeLisi LE, Lofthouse R, Lehner T, Morganti C, Vita A, Shields G, Bass N, Ott J, Crow TJ (1995) Failure to find a chromosome 18 pericentric linkage in families with schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 60:532-534
20. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Squires-Wheeler E, Adamo UH, Bassett AS, Cornblatt BA, Kestenbaum CJ, Rock D, Roberts SA, Gottesman II (1995) The New York high-risk project. Psychoses and cluster A personality disorders in offspring of schizophrenic parents at 23 years of follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:857-865
21. Falkai P, Bogerts B (1995) The neuropathology of schizophrenia. In: Weinberger DR, Hirsch S (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 275-292
22. Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Pepple JR, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT (1995) Neuropsychological functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: a diagnostic efficiency analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 104:286-304
23. Faraone SV, Matise T, Svrakic D, Pepple J, Malaspina D, Suarez B, Hampe C, Zambuto CT, Schmitt K, Meyer J, et al. (1998) Genome scan of European-American schizophrenia pedigrees: results of the NIMH Genetics Initiative and Millennium Consortium. Am J Med Genet 81:290-295
24. Farmer AE, McGuffin P, Gottesman II (1987) Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia: scrutinising the validity of the definition. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:634-641
25. Frangou S, Sharma T, Alarcon G, Sigmudsson T, Takei N, Binnie C, Murray RM (1997) The Maudsley family study. II. Endogenous event-related potentials in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 23:45-53
26. Franke P, Maier W, Hardt J, Hain C (1993) Cognitive functioning and anhedonia in subjects at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 10:77-84
27. Franke P, Maier W, Hardt J, Hain C, Cornblatt BA (1994) Attentional abilities and measures of schizotypy: their variation and covariation in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Res 54:259-272
28. Franzek E, Beckmann H (1996) Die genetische Heterogenität der Schizophrenie. Ergebnisse einer systematischen Zwillingsstudie. Nervenarzt 67:583-594
29. Freedman R, Coon H, Myles-Worsley M, Orr-Urtreger A, Olincy A, Davis A, Polymeropoulos M, Holik J, Hopkins J, Hoff M et al (1997) Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:587-592
30. Gershon ES, DeLisi LE, Hamovit J, Nurnberger JI, Maxwell ME, Schreiber J, Dauphinais O, Dingman CW, Guroff JJ (1988) A controlled family study of chronic psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:328-336
31. Gill M, Vallada H, Collier D, Sham P, Holmans P, Murray R, McGuffin P, Nanko S, Owen M, Antonarakis S et al (1996) A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q12. Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group (Chromosome 22). Am J Med Genet 67:40-45
32. Gottesman II, Bertelsen A (1989) Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:867-872
33. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeier B (1997) Backward masking performance in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:465-472
34. Hain C, Maier W, Hoechst-Janneck S, Franke P (1995) Subclinical thought disorder in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Results from a matched-pairs study with the Thought Disorder Index. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92:305-309
35. Harris J, Adler L, Young D, Cullum C, Rilling L, Cicerello A, Intemann P, Freedman R (1996) Neuropsychological dysfunction in parents of schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 20:253-260
36. Holmans P, Craddock N (1997) Efficient strategies for genome scanning using maximum-likelihood affected-sib-pair analysis. Am J Hum Genet 60:657-666
37. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Matthysse S, Flanagan S, Lipton RB, Cramer G, Levon S, Lange K, Levy DL (1988) A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:641-647
38. Ingraham LJ, Kugelmass S, Frenkel E, Nathan M, Mirsky AF (1995) Twenty-five-year follow-up of the Israeli high-risk study: current and lifetime psychopathology. Schizophr Bull 21:183-192
39. Johnson JE, Cleary J, Ahsan H, Friedman JH, Malaspina D, Cloninger CR, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Kaufmann CA (1997) Anticipation in schizophrenia: biology or bias? Am J Med Genet 74:275-280
40. Katsanis J, Iacono WG, Beiser M (1990) Anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode psychotic patients and their relatives. J Abnorm Psychol 99:202-206
41. Kaufmann CA, Suarez B, Malaspina D, Pepple J, Syrakic D, Markel PD, Meyer J, Zambuto CT, Schmitt K, Matise TC et al (1998) NIMH Genetics Initiative Milenium Schizophrenia Consortium: linkage analysis of African-American pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 81:282-289
42. Keefe RS, Silverman JM, Mohs RC, Siever LJ, Harvey PD, Friedman L, Roitman SE, DuPre RL, Smith CJ, Schmeidler J et al (1997) Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:169-176
43. Kendler KS, Diehl SR (1993) The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective. Schizophr Bull 19:261-285
44. Kendler KS, Gardner CO (1997) The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies. Psychol Med 27:411-419
45. Kendler KS, Tsuang MT (1988) Outcome and familial psychopathology in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:338-346
46. Kendler KS, Walsh D (1995) Schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder and psychotic disorder not otherwise specified: clinical features, outcome and familial psychopathology. Acta Psyc hiatr Scand 91:370-378
47. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, O'Hare A, Spellman M, Walsh D (1993) The Roscommon family study. I. Methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:527-540
48. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, O'Hare A, Spellman M, Walsh D (1993) The Roscommon family study. III. Schizophrenia-related personality disorders in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:781-788
49. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, O'Hare A, Spellman M, Walsh D (1993) The Roscommon family study. IV. Affective illness, anxiety disorders, and alcoholism in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:952-960
50. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Kinney DK (1994) Independent diagnoses of adoptees and relatives as defined by DSM-III in the provincial and national samples of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:456-468
51. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, Walsh D (1994) An epidemiologic, clinical, and family study of simple schizophenia in county Roscommon, Ireland. Am J Psychiatry 151:27-34
52. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Walsh D (1995) Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon family study. Am J Psychiatry 152:749-754
53. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, Walsh D (1995) Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the Roscommon Family Study. Their factor structure and familial relationship with psychotic and affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:296-303
54. Kendler KS, Karkowski-Shuman L, Walsh D (1996) Age at onset in schizophrenia and risk of illness in relatives. Br J Psychiatry 169:213-218
55. Kendler KS, Mac Lean CJ, O'Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, Shinkwin R, Easter SM, Webb BT, Zhang J et al (1996) Evidence for a schizophrenia vulnerability locus on chromosome 8p in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Am J Psychiatry 153:1534-1540
56. Keshavan MS, Montrose DM, Pierri JN, Dick EL, Rosenberg D, Talagala L, Sweeney JA (1997) Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in offspring at risk for schizophrenia: preliminary studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 21:1285-1295
57. Kety SS, Wender PH, Jacobsen B, Ingraham LJ, Jansson L, Faber B, Kinney DK (1994) Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen study in the rest of Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:442-455
58. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Levy DL, Medoff D, Lajonchere CM, Radford-Paregol M (1993) Obstetrical complications in patients with bipolar disorder and their siblings. Psychiatry Res 48:47-56
59. Kinney DK, Holzman PS, Jacobsen B, Jansson L, Faber B, Hildebrand W, Kasell E, Zimbalist ME (1997) Thought disorder in schizophrenic and control adoptees and their relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:475-479
60. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Pepple JR, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV (1994) Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: a review of family studies. Schizophr Bull 20:103-119
61. Kremen WS, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV (1997) Sex differences in neuropsychological function in non-psychotic relatives of schizophrenic probands. Psychiatry Res 66:131-144
62. Kretschmer E (1921) Körperbau und Charakter. Springer, Berlin
63. Kringlen E (1976) Twins - still our best method. Schizophr Bull 2:429-433
64. Kunugi H, Vallada HP, Sham PC, Hoda F, Arranz MJ, Li T, Nanko S, Murray RM, McGuffin P, Owen M et al (1997) Catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms and schizophrenia: a transmission disequilibrium study in multiple affected families. Psychiatr Genet 7:97-101
65. Lander ES, Schork N (1994) Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 265:2037-2048
66. Leboyer M, Bellivier F, Nosten-Bertrand M, Jouvent R, Pauls D, Mallet J (1998) Psychiatric genetics: search for phenotypes. Trends Neurosci 21:102-105
67. Lewis MS (1989) Age incidence and schizophrenia: part I. The season of birth controversy. Schizophr Bull 15:59-71
68. Lichtermann D, Hovatta I, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Lönnqvist J (1998) Concordance for sex and the pseudoautosomal gene hypothesis revisited: no evidence of increased sex concordance in a nationwide Finnish sample of siblings with paternally derived schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 155:1365-1375
69. Lin MW, Curtis D, Williams N, Arranz M, Nanko S, Collier D, McGuffin P, Murray R, Owen M, Gill M et al (1995) Suggestive evidence for linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 13q14.1-q32. Psychiatr Genet 5:117-126
70. Lyons MJ, Toomey R, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (1994) Comparison of schizotypal relatives of schizophrenic versus affective probands. Am J Med Genet 54:279-285
71. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Heun R, Hallmayer J, Benkert O (1992) Schizoaffective disorder and affective disorders with mood-incongruent psychotic features: keep separate or combine? Evidence from a family study. Am J Psychiatry 149:1666-1673
72. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Hallmayer J, Heun R, Benkert O, Levinson DF (1993) Continuity and discontinuity of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:871-883
73. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Heun R (1994) Personality disorders among the relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull 20:481-493
74. Maier W, Minges J, Lichtermann D, Heun R, Franke P (1994) Personality variations in healthy relatives of schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 12:81-88
75. McGue M, Gottesman II (1991) The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia and the design of linkage studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 240:174-181
76. McGuffin P, Farmer AE, Gottesman II, Murray RM, Reveley AM (1984) Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:541-545
77. McGuffin P, Farmer AE, Gottesman II (1987) Is there really a split in schizophrenia? The genetic evidence. Br J Psychiatry 150:581-592
78. McGuffin P, Asherson P, Owen M, Farmer A (1994) The strength of the genetic effect. Is there room for an environmental influence in the aetiology of schizophrenia? Br J Psychiatry 164:593-599
79. Mednick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE (1991) Obstetrical events and adult schizophrenia. In: Mednick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE, Lyon M (eds) Fetal neural development and adult schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 115-133
80. Meehl PE (1990) Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. J Pers Disord 4:1-99
81. Moises HW, Yang L, Kristbjarnarson H, Wiese C, Byerley W, Macciardi F, Arolt V, Blackwood D, Liu X, Sjogren B et al (1995) An international two-stage genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Nat Genet 11:321-324
82. Neumann CS, Grimes K, Walker EF, Baum K (1995) Developmental pathways to schizophrenia: behavioral subtypes. J Abnorm Psychol 104:558-566
83. Nurnberger JI, Blehar MC, Kaufmann CA, York-Cooler C, Simpson SG, Harkavy-Friedman J, Severe JB, Malaspina D, Reich T (1994) Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:849-859
84. O'Donovan MC, Guy C, Craddock N, Bowen T, McKeon P, Macedo A, Maier W, Wildenauer D, Aschauer HN, Sorbi S et al (1996) Confirmation of association between expanded CAG/CTG repeats and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 26:1145-1153
85. Onstad S, Skre I, Torgersen S, Kringlen E (1991) Twin concordance for DSM-III-R schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83:395-402
86. Park S, Holzman PS, Goldman-Rakic PS (1995) Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:821-828
87. Parnas J, Cannon TD, Jacobsen B, Schulsinger H, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA (1993) Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:707-714
88. Polymeropoulos MH, Coon H, Byerley W, Gershon ES, Goldin L, Crow TJ, Rubenstein J, Hoff M, Holik J, Smith AM et al (1994) Search for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on human chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet 54:93-99
89. Propping P, Nöthen MM, Körner J, Rietschel M, Maier W (1994) Assoziationsuntersuchungen bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 65:725-740
90. Pulver AE, Karayiorgou M, Wolyniec PS, Lasseter VK, Kasch L, Nestadt G, Antonarakis S, Housman D, Kazazian HH, Meyers D et al (1994) Sequential strategy to identify a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: a report of potential linkage on chromosome 22q12-q13: part 1. Am J Med Genet 54:36-43
91. Pulver AE, Lasseter VK, Kasch L, Wolyniec P, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, Kimberland M, Babb R, Vourlis S, Chen H et al (1995) Schizophrenia: a genome scan targets chromosomes 3p and 8p as potential sites of susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet 60:252-260
92. Pulver AE, Wolyniec PS, Housman D, Kazazian HH, Antonarakis SE, Nestadt G, Lasseter VK, McGrath JA, Dombroski B, Karayiorgou M et al (1996) The Johns Hopkins University collaborative schizophrenia study: an epidemiologic-genetic approach to test the heterogeneity hypothesis and identify schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol LXI. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 797-814
93. Risch N (1990) Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. I. Multilocus models. Am J Hum Genet 46:222-228
94. Risch N (1990) Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. II. The power of affected relative pairs. Am J Hum Genet 46:229-241
95. Rosenberg DR, Sweeney, JA, Squires-Wheeler E, Keshavan MS, Cornblatt BA, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L (1997) Eye-tracking dysfunction in offspring from the New York high-risk project: diagnostic specificity and the role of attention. Psychiatry Res 66:121-130
96. Ross RG, Harris JG, Olincy A, Radant A, Adler LE, Freedman R (1998) Familial transmission of two independent saccadic abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 30:59-70
97. Ross RG, Olincy A, Harris JG, Radant A, Adler LE, Freedman R (1998) Anticipatory saccades during smooth pursuit eye movements and familial transmission of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44:690-697
98. Roy M-A, Flaum MA, Gupta S, Jaramillo L, Andreasen NC (1994) Epidemiological and clinical correlates of familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 89:324-328
99. Schizophrenia Linkage Collaborative Group for Chromosomes 3, 6 and 8 (1996) Additional support for schizophrenia linkage on chromosomes 6 and 8: a multicenter study. Am J Med Genet 67:580-594
100. Schramm M, Falkai P, Feldmann N, Knable MB, Bayer TA (1998) Reduced tyrosine kinase receptor C mRNA levels in the frontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 257:1-4
101. Schwab SG, Lerer B, Albus M, Maier W, Hallmayer J, Fimmers R, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Bondy B, Ackenheil M et al (1995) Potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22q12-q13: a replication study. Am J Med Genet 60:436-443
102. Schwab SG, Eckstein GN, Hallmayer J, Lerer B, Albus M, Borrmann M, Lichtermann D, Ertl MA, Maier W, Wildenauer DB (1997) Evidence suggestive of a locus on chromosome 5q31 contributing to susceptibility for schizophrenia in German and Israeli families by multipoint affected sib-pair linkage analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2:156-160
103. Schwab SG, Hallmayer J, Albus M, Lerer B, Hanses C, Kanyas K, Segman R, Borrman M, Dreikorn B, Lichtermann D et al (1998) Further evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10p14-p11 in 72 families with schizophrenia by nonparametric linkage analysis. Am J Med Genet 81:302-307
104. Seidman LJ, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Goodman JM, Kremen WS, Matsuda G, Hoge EA, Kennedy D, Makris N, Caviness VS, Tsuang MT (1997) Reduced subcortical brain volumes in nonpsychotic siblings of schizophrenic patients: a pilot magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Med Genet 74:507-514
105. Shaw SH, Kelly M, Smith AB, Shields G, Hopkins PJ, Loftus J, Laval SH, Vita A, DeHert M, Cardon LR et al (1998) A genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Am J Med Genet 81:364-376
106. Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Friedman D, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L (1988) The specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits. Psychol Med 18:757-765
107. Straub RE, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FO, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, Shinkwin R, Webb BT, Zhang J, Walsh D et al (1995) A potential vulnerability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p24-22: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Nat Genet 11:287-293
108. Straub RE, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FO, Walsh D, Kendler KS (1997) Support for a schizophrenia vulnerability locus in region 5q21-q31 in Irish pedigrees. Mol Psychiatry 2:148-155
109. Straub RE, McLean CJ, Martin RB, Ma Y, Myakishev MV, Harris-Kerr C, Webb BT, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS (1998) A schizophrenia locus may be located in region 10p15-p11. Am J Med Genet 81:296-301
110. Taylor MA, Berenbaum SA, Jampala VC, Cloninger RC (1993) Are schizophrenia and affective disorder related? Preliminary data from a family study. Am J Psychiatry 150:278-285
111. Torrey EF, Bowler AE (1990) The seasonality of schizophrenic births:a reply to Marc S. Lewis. Schizophr Bull 16:1-3
112. Tsuang MT, Winokur G, Crowe RR (1980) Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. Br J Psychiatry 137:497-504
113. Tyrka AR, Cannon TD, Haslam N, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F, Schulsinger H, Parnas J (1995) The latent structure of schizotypy: I. Premorbid indicators of a taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 104:173-183
114. Van Os J, Marcelis M, Sham P, Jones P, Gilvarry K, Murray R (1997) Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 170:241-246
115. Verdoux H, Geddes JR, Jakei N, Lawrie SM, Bovet P, Eagles JM, Heun R, McCreadie RG, McNeil TF, O'Callaghan E et al (1997) Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: an international collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Psychiatry 154:1220-1227
116. Wang S, Sun CE, Walczak CA, Ziegle JS, Kipps BR, Goldin LR, Diehl SR (1995) Evidence for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6pter-p22. Nat Genet 10:41-46
117. Wildenauer DB, Schwab SG, Eckstein G, Zill P, Hoenig S, Hallmayer J, Albus M, Borrmann M, Ebstein RP, Lichtermann D et al (1995) Searching for susceptibility genes in schizophrenia by affected sib pair analysis: evidence for loci in 22q, 5q, 6p. Am J Hum Genet 57 [Suppl]:176
118. Wildenauer DB, Hallmayer J, Schwab SG, Albus M, Eckstein GN, Zill P, Hönig S, Strauss M, Borrmann M, Lichtermann D et al (1996) Searching for susceptibility genes in schizophrenia by genetic linkage analysis. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol LXI. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 845-850
119. Woolf CM (1997) Does the genotype for schizophrenia often remain unexpresssed because of canalization and stochastic events during development? Psychol Med 27:659-668
120. Zubin J, Spring B (1977) Vulnerability - a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 86:103-126