Genetic basis of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 56, Issue 9-10, 1999, Pages 764-770

  Berger Bachi B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

fem; mecA; Methicillin resistance; PBP2'; PBP2a; Penicillin binding protein; Peptidoglycan; Staphylococcus aureus

Indexed keywords

BETA LACTAMASE; METICILLIN; PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEIN; PENICILLINASE; PEPTIDOGLYCAN;

BACTERIAL GENETICS; CONFERENCE PAPER; EVOLUTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLYCOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; NONHUMAN;

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 0032719566     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000180050023     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (71)

1. Georgopapadakou N. H., Dix B. A. and Mauriz Y. R. (1986) Possible physiological functions of penicillin-binding proteins in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29: 333-336
2. Reynolds P. E. (1988) The essential nature of staphylococcal penicillin-binding proteins. In: Antibiotic Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Surface Assembly and Function, pp. 343-351, Actor P., Daneo-Moore L., Higgins M. L., Salton M. R. J. and Shockman G. D. (eds), ASM, Washington, DC
3. Giesbrecht P., Kersten T., Maidhof H. and Wecke J. (1998) Staphylococcal cell wall: Morphogenesis and fatal variations in the presence of penicillin. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 1371-1414
4. Tenover F. C., Lancaster M. V., Hill B. C., Steward C. D., Stocker S. A., Hancock G. A. et al. (1998) Characterization of staphylococci with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin and other glycopeptides. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1020-1027
5. Jevons M. P. (1961) Celbenin' resistant staphylococci. Br. Med. J. i: 124-125
6. Musser J. M. and Kapur V. (1992) Clonal analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from intercontinental sources - Association of the mec gene with divergent phylogenetic lineages implies dissemination by horizontal transfer and recombination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2058-2063
7. Song M. D., Wachi M., Doi M., Ishino F. and Matsuhashi M. (1987) Evolution of an inducible penicillin-target protein in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by gene fusion. FEBS Lett. 221: 167-171
8. Stewart P. R., Dubin D. T., Chikramane S. G., Inglis B., Matthews P. R. and Poston S. M. (1994) IS257 and small plasmid insertions in the mec region of the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus. Plasmid 31: 12-20
9. Hiramatsu K., Kondo N. and Ito T. (1996) Genetic basis for molecular epidemiology of MRSA. J. Infect. Chemother. 2: 117-129
10. Fey P. D., Climo M. W. and Archer G. L. (1998) Determination of the chromosomal relationship between mecA and gyr A in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 306-312
11. Wu C. Y. E., Hoskins J., Blaszezak L. C., Preston D. A. and Skatrud P. L. (1992) Construction of a water-soluble form of penicillin-binding protein 2a from a methicillin-resistant Slaphylococcus aureus isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36: 533-539
12. Archer G. L. and Niemeyer D. M. (1994) Origin and evolution of DNA associated with resistance to methicillin in staphylococci. Trends Microbiol 2: 343-347
13. Couto L, Lencastre H. de, Severina E., Kloos W., Webster J. A., Hübner R. J. et al. (1996) Ubiquitous presence of a mecA homologue in natural isolates of Staphylococcus sciuri. Microb. Drug Res. 2: 377-391
14. Wu S. W., Lencastre H. de and Tomasz A. (1998) Genetic organization of the mecA region in methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus sciuri. J. Bacteriol. 180: 236-242
15. Hiramatsu K., Asada K., Suzuki E., Okonogi K. and Yokota T. (1992) Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the regulator region of mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). FEBS Lett. 298: 133-136
16. Hardt K., Joris B., Lepage S., Brasseur R., Lampen J. O., Frere J. M. et al. (1997) The penicillin sensory transducer, BlaR, involved in the inducibility of beta-lactamase synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis is embedded in the plasma membrane via a four-alpha-helix bundle. Mol. Microbiol. 23: 935-944
17. Joris B., Hardt K., Ghuysen J.-M. (1994) Induction of β-lactumase and low affinity penicillin binding protein 2′ synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. In: Bacterial Cell Wall, pp. 505, Ghuysen J.-M. and Hakenbeck R. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam
18. Hackbarth C. J. and Chambers H. F. (1993) blaI and blaRI regulate beta-lactamase and PBP 2a production in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 1144-1149
19. Sharma V. K., Hackbarth C. J., Dickinson T. M. and Archer G. L. (1998) Interaction of native and mutant MecI repressors with sequences that regulate mecA, the gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 2a in methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 180: 2160-2166
20. Archer G. L., Thanassi J. A., Niemeyer D. M. and Pucci M. J. (1996) Characterization of IS1272, an insertion sequence-like element from Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40: 924-929
21. Kobayashi N., Taniguchi K. and Urasawa S. (1998) Analysis of diversity of mutations in the mecI gene and mecA promoter/operator region of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 717-720
22. Kobayashi N., Taniguchi K., Kojimak K., Urasawa S., Uehara N., Omizu Y. et al. (1996) Genomic diversity of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Epidemiol. Infect. 117: 289-295
23. Suzuki E., Kuwahara-Arai K., Richardson J. F. and Hiramatsu K. (1993) Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 1219-1226
24. Gregory P. D., Lewis R. A., Curnock S. P. and Dyke K. G. H. (1997) Studies of the repressor (Blal) of beta-lactamase synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Microbiol. 24: 1025-1037
25. Ryffel C., Kayser F. H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1992) Correlation between regulation of met A transcription and expression of methicillin resistance in staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36: 25-31
26. Cohen S. and Sweeney H. M. (1968) Constitutive penicillinase formation in Staphylococcus aureus owing to a mutation unlinked to the penicillinase plasmid. J. Bacteriol. 95: 1368-1374
27. Hackbarth C. J., Miick C. and Chambers H. F. (1994) Altered production of penicillin-binding protein 2a can affect phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 2568-2571
28. Hiramatsu K., Asada K., Suzuki E. and Yokota T. (1994) Methicillin resistance regulation of the prototype MRSA strain N315. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Suppl. 26: 191-193
29. Niemeyer D. M., Pucci M. J., Thanassi J. A., Sharma V. K. and Archer G. L. (1996) Role of mecA transcriptional regulation in the phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 178: 5464-5471
30. Mempel M., Feucht H., Ziebuhr W., Endres M., Laufs R. and Gruter L. (1994) Lack of mecA transcriplion in slime-negative phase variants of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 1251-1255
31. Mempel M., Muller E., Hoffmann R., Feucht H., Laufs R. and Grüter L. (1995) Variable degree of slime production is linked to different levels of beta-lactam susceptibility in Staphylococcus epidermidis phase variants. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 184: 109-113
32. Seligman S. J. (1969) Phenotypic variability in penicillin resistance in a methicillin resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9: 90-93
33. Tomasz A., Nachman S. and Leaf H. (1991) Stable classes of phenotypic expression in methicillin-resistant clinical isolates of staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 124-129
34. Ryffel C., Strässle A., Kayser F. H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1994) Mechanisms of heteroresistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 724-728
35. Murakami K. and Tomasz A. (1989) Involvement of multiple genetic determinants in high-level methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 171: 874-879
36. Hindler J. A. and Warner N. L. (1987) Effect of source of Mueller-Hinton agar on detection of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus using a screening methodology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 734-735
37. Matthews P. R. and Stewart P. R. (1984) Resistance heterogeneity in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 22: 161-166
38. Berger-Bächi B., Strässle A., Gustafson J. E. and Kayser F. H. (1992) Mapping and characterization of multiple chromosomal factors involved in methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36: 1367-1373
39. Kornblum J., Hartman B. J., Novick R. P. and Tomasz A. (1986) Conversion of a homogeneously methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus to heterogeneous resistance by Tn551-mediated insertional inactivation. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 5: 714-718
40. Lencastre H. de and Tomasz A. (1994) Reassessment of the number of auxiliary genes essential for expression of high-level methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 2590-2598
41. Gaisford W. C. and Reynolds P. E. (1989) Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis: Relationship between the additional penicillin-binding protein and an attachment transpeptidase. Eur. J. Biochem. 185: 211-218
42. Jonge B. L. M. de and Tomasz A. (1993) Abnormal peptidoglycan produced in a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus grown in the presence of methicillin functional role for penicillin-binding protein-2A in cell wall synthesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 342-346
43. Pinho M. G., Ludovice A. M., Wu S. W. and Lencastre H. de (1997) Massive reduction in methicillin resistance by transposon inactivation of the normal pbp2 in a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Microb. Drug Resist. 3: 409-413
44. Pinho M. G., Lencastre H. de and Tomasz A. (1998) Transcriptional analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus penicillin binding protein 2 gene. J. Bacteriol. 180: 6077-6081
45. Komatsuzawa H., Sugai M., Ohta K., Fujiwara T., Nakashima S., Suzuki J. et al. (1997) Cloning and characterization of the fint gene which affects the methicillin resistance level and autolysis in the presence of Triton X-100 in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41: 2355-2361
46. Berger-Bächi B. and Tschierske M. (1998) Role of Fem factors in methicillin resistance. Drug Res. Updates 1: 325-335
47. Strandén A. M., Ehlert K., Labischinski H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1997) Cell wall monoglycine cross-bridges and methicillin hypersusceptibility in a femAB null mutant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 179: 9-16
48. Tschierske M., Mori C., Rohrer S., Ehlert K., Shaw K. J., Berger-Bächi B. (1999) Identification of three additional femAB-like open reading frames in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 171: 97-102
49. Ling B. D. and Berger-Bächi B. (1998) Increased overall antibiotic susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus femAB null mutants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 936-938
50. Gustafson J., Strässle A., Hächler H., Kayser F. H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1994) The femC locus of Staphylococcus aureus required for methicillin resistance includes the glutamine synthetase operon. J. Bacteriol. 176: 1460-1467
51. Jolly L., Wu S. W., Van Heijenoort J., De Lencastre H, Mengin Lecreulx D. and Tomasz A. (1997) The femR315 gene from Staphylococcus aureus, the interruption of which results in reduced methicillin resistance, encodes a phosphoglucosamine mutase. J. Bacteriol. 179: 5321-5325
52. Wu S. W., Lencastre H. de, Sali A. and Tomasz A. (1996) A phosphoglucomutase-like gene essential for the optimal expression of methicillin resistance in Stuphylococcus aureus: Molecular cloning and DNA sequencing. Microb. Drug Resist. 2: 277-286
53. Glanzmann P., Gustafson J., Komatsuzawa H., Ohta K., Berger-Bächi B. (1999) glmM operon and methicillin-resistant glmM suppressor mutants in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 240-245
54. Ludovice A. M., Wu S. W. and Lencastre H. de (1998) Molecular cloning and DNA sequencing of the Staphylococcus aureus UDP-N-acetylmuramyl tripeptide synthetase (murE) gene, essential for the optimal expression of methicillin resistance. Microb. Drug Resist. 4: 85-90
55. Maki H., Yamaguchi T. and Murakami K. (1994) Cloning and characterization of a gene affecting the methicillin resistance level and the autolysis rate in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 176: 4993-5000
56. Maki H. and Murakami K. (1997) Formation of potent hybrid promoters of the mutant llm gene by IS256 transposition in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6944-6948
57. Höltje J. (1998) Growth of the stress-bearing and shape maintaining murein sacculus of Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 181-203
58. Sugai M. (1997) Peptidoglycan hydrolases of the staphylococci. J. Infect. Chemother. 3: 113-127
59. Gustafson J. E. and Wilkinson B. J. (1989) Lower autolytic activity in a homogeneous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain compared to derived heterogeneous-resistant and susceptible strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 50: 107-111
60. Jonge B. L. de, Lencastre H. de and Tomasz A. (1991) Suppression of autolysis and cell wall turnover in heterogeneous Tn551 mutants of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. J. Bacteriol. 173: 1105-1110
61. Oshida T. and Tomasz A. (1992) Isolation and characterization of a Tn551-autolysis mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 174: 4952-4959
62. Fujimura T. and Murakami K. (1997) Increase of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus caused by deletion of a gene whose product is homologous to lytic enzymes. J. Bacteriol. 179: 6294-6301
63. Ji G. Y., Beavis R. C. and Novick R. P. (1995) Cell density control of staphylococcal virulence mediated by an octapeptide pheromone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 12055-12059
64. Duran S. P., Kayser F. H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1996) Impact of sar and agr on methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 141: 255-260
65. Fujimoto D. F. and Bayles K. W. (1998) Opposing roles of the Staphylococcus aureus virulence regulators, agr and sar, in Triton X-100- and penicillin-induced autolysis. J. Bacteriol. 180: 3724-3726
66. Manna A. C., Bayer M. G. and Cheung A. L. (1998) Transcriptional analysis of different promoters in the sar locus in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 180: 3828-3836
67. Kullik I. and Giachino P. (1997) The alternative sigma factor sigmaB in Staphylococcus aureus regulation of the sigB operon in response to growth phase and heat shock. Arch. Microbiol. 167: 151-159
68. Wu S. W., Lencastre H. de and Tomasz A. (1996) Sigma-B, a putative operon encoding alternate sigma factor of Staphylococcus aureus RNA polymerase: Molecular cloning and DNA sequencing. J. Bacteriol. 178: 6036-6042
69. Vasilieva E., Labischinski H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1997) Identification and mapping of new chromosomal sites affecting response to β-lactams in Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 8: 13-21
70. Berger-Bächi B., Barberis-Maino L., Strässle A. and Kayser F. H. (1989) FemA, a host-mediated factor essential for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular cloning and characterization. Mol. Gen. Genet. 219: 263-269
71. Henze U., Sidow T., Wecke J., Labischinski H. and Berger-Bächi B. (1993) Influence of femB on methicillin resistance and peptidoglycan metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 175: 1612-1620