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For recent reviews, see a) F. Balkenhohl, C. von dem Bussche-Hünnefeld, A. Lansky, C. Zechel, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2436-2487;
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Gordon, E.M.1
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0031970278
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General compound libraries for lead generation are often constructed around maximized pharmacophoric diversity and novelty. In some cases, a bias is incorporated toward discrete molecular recognition motifs (e.g. β-turn motifs) and/or inclusion of substructural elements with historically attractive pharmacokinetic (or other "druglike") characteristics. Such libraries are not normally directed at a particular target or class of targets. For a recent overview, see R. A. Fecik, K. E. Frank, E. J. Gentry, S. R. Menon, L. A. Mitscher, H. Telikepalli, Med. Res. Rev. 1998, 18, 149-185.
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Fecik, R.A.1
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Telikepalli, H.6
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See, for example: T. W. Schwartz, U. Gether, H. T. Schambye, S. A. Hjorth, Curr. Pharm. Design 1995, 1, 325-342.
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Schwartz, T.W.1
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Hjorth, S.A.4
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8
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0029959282
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For an introduction, see J. C. Hogan, Nature 1996, 384 (Suppl.), 17-19. Examples of libraries implicitly or explicitly constructed to interact with multiple members of a particular target family: 1) Seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors:
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Hogan, J.C.1
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a) R. N. Zuckermann, E. J. Martin, D. C. Spellmeyer, G. B. Stauber, K. R. Shoemaker, J. M. Kerr, G. M. Figliozzi, D. A. Goff, M. A. Siani, R.J. Simon, S. C. Banville, E. G. Brown, L. Wang, L. S. Richter, W. H. Moos, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2678-2685;
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Zuckermann, R.N.1
Martin, E.J.2
Spellmeyer, D.C.3
Stauber, G.B.4
Shoemaker, K.R.5
Kerr, J.M.6
Figliozzi, G.M.7
Goff, D.A.8
Siani, M.A.9
Simon, R.J.10
Banville, S.C.11
Brown, E.G.12
Wang, L.13
Richter, L.S.14
Moos, W.H.15
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10
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15844372436
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and references therein
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b) R. Hirschmann, W. Yao, M. A. Cascieri, C. D. Strader, L. Maechler, M. A. Cichy-Knight, J. Hynes Jr., R. D. van Rijn, P. A. Sprengeler, A. B. Smith III, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2441-2448, and references therein;
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Hirschmann, R.1
Yao, W.2
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Cichy-Knight, M.A.6
Hynes Jr., J.7
Van Rijn, R.D.8
Sprengeler, P.A.9
Smith III, A.B.10
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14
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0029740469
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b) T. C. Norman, N. S. Gray, J. T. Koh, P. G. Schultz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7430-7431;
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Norman, T.C.1
Gray, N.S.2
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19
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33847503151
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L. J. MacPherson, D. T. Parker (Ciba-Geigy), EP-B 606046 A1, 1994; recent detailed report
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L. J. MacPherson, D. T. Parker (Ciba-Geigy), EP-B 606046 A1, 1994; recent detailed report:
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20
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15644374838
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L. J. MacPherson, E K. Bayburt, M. P. Capparelli, B. J. Carroll, R. Goldstein, M. R. Justice, L. Zhu, S. Hu, R. A. Melton, L. Fryer, R. L. Goldberg, J. R. Doughty, S. Spirito, V. Blancuzzi, D. Wilson, E. M. O'Byrne, V. Ganu, D. T. Parker, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2525-2532.
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MacPherson, L.J.1
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Capparelli, M.P.3
Carroll, B.J.4
Goldstein, R.5
Justice, M.R.6
Zhu, L.7
Hu, S.8
Melton, R.A.9
Fryer, L.10
Goldberg, R.L.11
Doughty, J.R.12
Spirito, S.13
Blancuzzi, V.14
Wilson, D.15
O'Byrne, E.M.16
Ganu, V.17
Parker, D.T.18
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21
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33847510909
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E. F. Kleinman (Pfizer), WO-A 95/14681, 1995; recent detailed report
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E. F. Kleinman (Pfizer), WO-A 95/14681, 1995; recent detailed report:
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22
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0032576647
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E. F. Kleinman, E. Campbell, L. A. Giordano, V. L. Cohan, T. H. Jenkinson, J. B. Cheng, J. T. Shirley, E. R. Pettipher, E. D. Salter, T. A. Hibbs, F. M. DiCapua, J. Bordner, J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 266-270.
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Kleinman, E.F.1
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Hibbs, T.A.10
Dicapua, F.M.11
Bordner, J.12
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24
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33847521801
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note
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For our first libraries, almost 300 compounds (more than 200 from method B) were prepared and screened as singles using these routes (see ref. [14]). In general, yields from method A were greater than 30% overall, with an average yield of more than 80% for each step. For method B, overall yields were typically 5-25% (see the supporting information).
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25
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0026505650
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Inhibitory activity on recombinant human MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 (biogenesis) is measured according to the methods of C. G. Knight, F. Willenbrock, G. Murphy
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Inhibitory activity on recombinant human MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 (biogenesis) is measured according to the methods of C. G. Knight, F. Willenbrock, G. Murphy, FEBS Lett. 1992, 296, 263-266.
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FEBS Lett.
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26
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0018339413
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Inhibitory activity against guinea pig macrophage homogenate PDE4 was performed according to a two-step radioisotopic method: W. J. Thompson, W. L. Terasaki, P. M. Epstein, S. J. Strada, Adv. Cyclic Nucl. Res. 1979, 10, 69-92.
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Thompson, W.J.1
Terasaki, W.L.2
Epstein, P.M.3
Strada, S.J.4
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27
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85087234597
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note
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50 < 100nM in the PDE4 assay.
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28
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2842569383
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Consider, for example, compounds based on the 1,4-benzodiazepine (BZD) scaffold, which are rigid β-turn peptide mimics with known biopharmaceutical pedigree. Such features, combined with the plausibility of introducing three to four points of diversity onto the scaffold during its construction, have made BZD an appealing substructure for combinatorial library synthesis (for reviews, see S. H. DeWitt, A. W. Czarnik, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 114-122
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Acc. Chem. Res.
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DeWitt, S.H.1
Czarnik, A.W.2
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29
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2842561522
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and J. A. Ellman, Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 132-143) and a prolific source of hits and leads against targets ranging across a number of biological target classes (CCK-A, FΓase, gpIIb/IIIa, etc.). In such cases, the desired end - hits and leads against multiple target families using a single synthetic route (or at least similar synthetic routes) - is ultimately achieved without the need for explicit pharmacophore pattern comparison across the target types to be screened.
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Acc. Chem. Res.
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Ellman, J.A.1
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