메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 377-385

Therapeutic Implications of Microglia Activation by Lipopolysaccharide and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Septic Shock and Central Nervous System Pathologies: A Review

Author keywords

Lipopolysaccharide; Microglia; Reactive oxygen species; Review; Sepsis; Shock; Superoxide; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; AUTACOID; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

EID: 0032247701     PISSN: 00257680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (51)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 1842264977 scopus 로고
    • Intensive Care Therapeutics
    • Young LY, Koda-Kimble MA, (eds). Vancouver:Applied Therapeutics, Inc.
    • Arrigoni LE, Rogers DK. Intensive Care Therapeutics. In: Young LY, Koda-Kimble MA, (eds). Applied Therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs. Vancouver:Applied Therapeutics, Inc., 1995; 1802-35.
    • (1995) Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs , pp. 1802-1835
    • Arrigoni, L.E.1    Rogers, D.K.2
  • 2
    • 0031606321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models of sepsis and shock: A review and lessons learned
    • Deitch EA. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned. Shock 1998: 1: 1-11.
    • (1998) Shock , vol.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Deitch, E.A.1
  • 3
    • 0024427789 scopus 로고
    • CNS effects of sepsis
    • Bowton DL. CNS effects of sepsis. Crit Care Clin 1989; 5. 785-92.
    • (1989) Crit Care Clin , vol.5 , pp. 785-792
    • Bowton, D.L.1
  • 4
    • 0030945048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: A prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in Adults
    • Weinstein MP, Towns ML, Quartey SM, et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in Adults. Clinic Infec Dis 1997, 24: 584-602.
    • (1997) Clinic Infec Dis , vol.24 , pp. 584-602
    • Weinstein, M.P.1    Towns, M.L.2    Quartey, S.M.3
  • 5
    • 0142230337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningitis, encephalitis, and central nervous system abscess
    • Rosen P, Barkin R. (eds). St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc.
    • Lavoie FW. Meningitis, encephalitis, and central nervous system abscess. In: Rosen P, Barkin R. (eds). Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc., 1998; 2198-2211.
    • (1998) Emergency Medicine. Concepts and Clinical Practice , pp. 2198-2211
    • Lavoie, F.W.1
  • 6
    • 0027463063 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis
    • Tunkel AR Scheid WM. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Annu Rev Med 1993; 44: 103-20.
    • (1993) Annu Rev Med , vol.44 , pp. 103-120
    • Tunkel, A.R.1    Scheid, W.M.2
  • 8
    • 0001100915 scopus 로고
    • Untersuchungen uber das Choleragift
    • Pfeiffer R. Untersuchungen uber das Choleragift. Z Hyg Infektionskr 1892; 11: 393-412
    • (1892) Z Hyg Infektionskr , vol.11 , pp. 393-412
    • Pfeiffer, R.1
  • 9
    • 0028063543 scopus 로고
    • Human responses to bacterial endotoxin
    • Burrell R. Human responses to bacterial endotoxin. Circ Shock 1994; 43: 137-53.
    • (1994) Circ Shock , vol.43 , pp. 137-153
    • Burrell, R.1
  • 10
    • 0026061116 scopus 로고
    • Multiple receptors for endotoxin
    • Wright SD. Multiple receptors for endotoxin. Curr Opin Immunol 1991; 3: 83-90.
    • (1991) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 83-90
    • Wright, S.D.1
  • 11
    • 0030857648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain injury in bacterial meningitis: Therapeutic implications
    • Pfister HW, Scheld WM. Brain injury in bacterial meningitis: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Neurol 1997; 10: 254-59.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 254-259
    • Pfister, H.W.1    Scheld, W.M.2
  • 13
    • 0026638409 scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: Sources, function and mechanism of action
    • Benveniste EN. Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function and mechanism of action. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: C1-C16.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.263
    • Benveniste, E.N.1
  • 15
    • 0026754574 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system
    • Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 1992; 59: 1609-23.
    • (1992) J Neurochem , vol.59 , pp. 1609-1623
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 16
    • 0025293991 scopus 로고
    • Enhanced production of superoxide anion by microglia from trisomy 16 mice
    • Colton CA, Yao J, Gilbert D, Oster-Granite ML Enhanced production of superoxide anion by microglia from trisomy 16 mice. Brain Res 1990; 519: 236-42.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.519 , pp. 236-242
    • Colton, C.A.1    Yao, J.2    Gilbert, D.3    Oster-Granite, M.L.4
  • 17
    • 0029888311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage
    • Chan PH. Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke 1996; 27: 1125-9.
    • (1996) Stroke , vol.27 , pp. 1125-1129
    • Chan, P.H.1
  • 18
    • 0024785709 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen radicals in CNS damage. Review Article
    • Kontos HA. Oxygen radicals in CNS damage. Review Article. Chem Biol Interact 1989; 72: 229-55.
    • (1989) Chem Biol Interact , vol.72 , pp. 229-255
    • Kontos, H.A.1
  • 19
    • 0028022870 scopus 로고
    • Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mRNA levels are increased in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motorneurons
    • Bergeron C, Muntasser S, Somerville MJ, Weyer L, Percy ME. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mRNA levels are increased in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motorneurons. Brain Res 1994; 659: 272-6.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.659 , pp. 272-276
    • Bergeron, C.1    Muntasser, S.2    Somerville, M.J.3    Weyer, L.4    Percy, M.E.5
  • 20
    • 0028872327 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
    • Ruuls SR, Bauer J, Sontrop K, Huitinga I, Hart BA, Dijkstra CD. Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 1995, 56: 207-17.
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.56 , pp. 207-217
    • Ruuls, S.R.1    Bauer, J.2    Sontrop, K.3    Huitinga, I.4    Hart, B.A.5    Dijkstra, C.D.6
  • 21
    • 0029126861 scopus 로고
    • Exposure of TNF-α to luminal membrane of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells cocultured with astrocytes induces a delayed increase in permeability and cytoplasmatic stress fiber formation of actin
    • Deli MA, Descamps L, Dehouck MP, et al. Exposure of TNF-α to luminal membrane of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells cocultured with astrocytes induces a delayed increase in permeability and cytoplasmatic stress fiber formation of actin. J Neurosci Res 1995, 41: 717-26.
    • (1995) J Neurosci Res , vol.41 , pp. 717-726
    • Deli, M.A.1    Descamps, L.2    Dehouck, M.P.3
  • 22
    • 0025910921 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human interteukin-1 induces meningitis and blood-brain barrier injury in the rat
    • Quagliarello VJ, Wispelwey B, Long WJ, Scheld WM. Recombinant human interteukin-1 induces meningitis and blood-brain barrier injury in the rat. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 1360-6.
    • (1991) J Clin Invest , vol.87 , pp. 1360-1366
    • Quagliarello, V.J.1    Wispelwey, B.2    Long, W.J.3    Scheld, W.M.4
  • 23
    • 0026076534 scopus 로고
    • Functions and mechanisms of interleukin 1 in the brain
    • Rothwell NJ. Functions and mechanisms of interleukin 1 in the brain. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12: 430-6.
    • (1991) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.12 , pp. 430-436
    • Rothwell, N.J.1
  • 25
    • 0022922108 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain
    • Giulian D, Baker TJ. Characterization of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain. J Neurosci 1986; 6: 2163-78.
    • (1986) J Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 2163-2178
    • Giulian, D.1    Baker, T.J.2
  • 26
    • 0023642584 scopus 로고
    • Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia
    • Colton CA, Gilbert DA. Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia. FEBS Lett 1987; 223: 284-8.
    • (1987) FEBS Lett , vol.223 , pp. 284-288
    • Colton, C.A.1    Gilbert, D.A.2
  • 28
    • 0023696821 scopus 로고
    • Nonidentical distribution of transferrin and ferric iron in human brain
    • Dwork AJ, Schon EA, Herbert J. Nonidentical distribution of transferrin and ferric iron in human brain. Neuroscience 1988; 27: 333-45.
    • (1988) Neuroscience , vol.27 , pp. 333-345
    • Dwork, A.J.1    Schon, E.A.2    Herbert, J.3
  • 30
    • 0022868172 scopus 로고
    • Mature oligodendrocytes cultured in the absence of neurons recapitulate the ontogenic development of myelin membranes
    • Szuchet S, Polak P, Yim, SH. Mature oligodendrocytes cultured in the absence of neurons recapitulate the ontogenic development of myelin membranes. Dev Neurosci 1986; 8: 208-21.
    • (1986) Dev Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 208-221
    • Szuchet, S.1    Polak, P.2    Yim, S.H.3
  • 33
    • 0025883342 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide; physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology
    • Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide; physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109-42.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Rev , vol.43 , pp. 109-142
    • Moncada, S.1    Palmer, R.M.J.2    Higgs, E.A.3
  • 34
    • 0023775653 scopus 로고
    • Biological role of superoxide ion-radical. Minireview
    • Byczkowski JZ, Gessner T. Biological role of superoxide ion-radical. Minireview. Int J Biochem 1988; 20: 569-80.
    • (1988) Int J Biochem , vol.20 , pp. 569-580
    • Byczkowski, J.Z.1    Gessner, T.2
  • 35
    • 0023147156 scopus 로고
    • Secretory products of macrophages
    • Nathan CF. Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 319-26.
    • (1987) J Clin Invest , vol.79 , pp. 319-326
    • Nathan, C.F.1
  • 37
    • 0027343511 scopus 로고
    • Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation
    • Lassman H, Schmeid M, Vass K, Hickey WF. Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation. Glia 1993; 7: 19-24.
    • (1993) Glia , vol.7 , pp. 19-24
    • Lassman, H.1    Schmeid, M.2    Vass, K.3    Hickey, W.F.4
  • 38
    • 0027343619 scopus 로고
    • The origin and nature of ramified and amoeboid microglia: A historical review and current concepts
    • Ling EA, Wong WC. The origin and nature of ramified and amoeboid microglia: a historical review and current concepts. Glia 1993; 7: 9-18.
    • (1993) Glia , vol.7 , pp. 9-18
    • Ling, E.A.1    Wong, W.C.2
  • 39
    • 0027343233 scopus 로고
    • A chronicle of microglial ontogeny
    • Theele DP, Streit WJ. A chronicle of microglial ontogeny. Glia 1993; 7: 5-8.
    • (1993) Glia , vol.7 , pp. 5-8
    • Theele, D.P.1    Streit, W.J.2
  • 41
    • 0030222037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia: A sensor for pathological events in the CNS
    • Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19: 312-318.
    • (1996) Trends Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 312-318
    • Kreutzberg, G.W.1
  • 42
    • 0027354484 scopus 로고
    • Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease
    • Dickson DW, Lee SC, Mattiace LA, Yen SH, Brosnan C. Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Glia 1993; 7: 75-83.
    • (1993) Glia , vol.7 , pp. 75-83
    • Dickson, D.W.1    Lee, S.C.2    Mattiace, L.A.3    Yen, S.H.4    Brosnan, C.5
  • 43
    • 0027436887 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of microglia in brain pathology
    • Lassmann H, Hickey WF. Dynamics of microglia in brain pathology. Clin Neuropathol 1993; 12: 284-5.
    • (1993) Clin Neuropathol , vol.12 , pp. 284-285
    • Lassmann, H.1    Hickey, W.F.2
  • 44
    • 0029076362 scopus 로고
    • Microglia: Intrinsic immunoeffector cell of the brain
    • Gehrmann J, Matsumoto Y, Kreutzberg GW: Microglia: intrinsic immunoeffector cell of the brain. Brain Res Rev 1995; 20: 269-87.
    • (1995) Brain Res Rev , vol.20 , pp. 269-287
    • Gehrmann, J.1    Matsumoto, Y.2    Kreutzberg, G.W.3
  • 45
    • 0023867161 scopus 로고
    • Monocytes and macrophages
    • Johnston RB. Monocytes and macrophages. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 747-52.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 747-752
    • Johnston, R.B.1
  • 46
    • 0028987883 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages and inflammatory mediators in tissue injury
    • Laskin DL, Pendino KJ: Macrophages and inflammatory mediators in tissue injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35: 655-677.
    • (1995) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 655-677
    • Laskin, D.L.1    Pendino, K.J.2
  • 47
    • 0029610011 scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory response system of brain: Implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases
    • McGeer PL, McGeer EG. The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev 1995; 21: 195-218.
    • (1995) Brain Res Rev , vol.21 , pp. 195-218
    • McGeer, P.L.1    McGeer, E.G.2
  • 48
    • 0018173891 scopus 로고
    • Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides
    • Doe WF, Yang ST, Morrison DC, Betz SJ, Henson PM. Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med 1978; 148: 557-68.
    • (1978) J Exp Med , vol.148 , pp. 557-568
    • Doe, W.F.1    Yang, S.T.2    Morrison, D.C.3    Betz, S.J.4    Henson, P.M.5
  • 49
    • 0025840275 scopus 로고
    • Continuous infusion of Escherichia coll endotoxin in vivo primes in vitro superoxide anion release in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Kupffer cells in a time-dependent manner
    • Mayer AMS, Spitzer JA. Continuous infusion of Escherichia coll endotoxin in vivo primes in vitro superoxide anion release in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Kupffer cells in a time-dependent manner. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 4590-8.
    • (1991) Infect Immun , vol.59 , pp. 4590-4598
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Spitzer, J.A.2
  • 50
    • 0027957673 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of superoxide generation in in vivo lipopolysaccharide-primed Kupffer cells by staurosporine, okadaic acid, manoalide, arachidonic acid, genistein and sodium orthovanadate
    • Mayer AMS, Spitzer JA. Modulation of superoxide generation in in vivo lipopolysaccharide-primed Kupffer cells by staurosporine, okadaic acid, manoalide, arachidonic acid, genistein and sodium orthovanadate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268: 238-247.
    • (1994) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.268 , pp. 238-247
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Spitzer, J.A.2
  • 51
    • 0025806464 scopus 로고
    • Macrophages and the nervous system
    • Perry VH, Gordon S. Macrophages and the nervous system. Int Rev Cytol 1991; 125: 203-44.
    • (1991) Int Rev Cytol , vol.125 , pp. 203-244
    • Perry, V.H.1    Gordon, S.2
  • 52
    • 0040595685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LPS-primed rat brain microglia: A convenient in vitro model to search for antiinflammatory marine natural products
    • Mayer AMS, Oh S, Presto E, Glaser KB, Jacobson P. LPS-primed rat brain microglia: a convenient in vitro model to search for antiinflammatory marine natural products. Shock 1997; 7(S2). 49.
    • (1997) Shock , vol.7 , Issue.S2 , pp. 49
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Oh, S.2    Presto, E.3    Glaser, K.B.4    Jacobson, P.5
  • 53
    • 0023699970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide-induced blood brain barrier permeability during experimental meningitis in the rat
    • Wispelwey B, Lesse AJ, Hansen EJ, Scheld WM. Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide-induced blood brain barrier permeability during experimental meningitis in the rat. J Clin Invest 1998; 82: 1339-46.
    • (1998) J Clin Invest , vol.82 , pp. 1339-1346
    • Wispelwey, B.1    Lesse, A.J.2    Hansen, E.J.3    Scheld, W.M.4
  • 54
    • 0030198970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces activation of microglial cells in rat brain
    • Buttini M, Limonta S, Boddeke HW. Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide induces activation of microglial cells in rat brain. Neurochem Int 1996; 29: 25-35.
    • (1996) Neurochem Int , vol.29 , pp. 25-35
    • Buttini, M.1    Limonta, S.2    Boddeke, H.W.3
  • 55
    • 0026505309 scopus 로고
    • The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in CNS parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues
    • Andersson PB, Perry VH, Gordon S. The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in CNS parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues. Neuroscience 1992; 48: 169-86.
    • (1992) Neuroscience , vol.48 , pp. 169-186
    • Andersson, P.B.1    Perry, V.H.2    Gordon, S.3
  • 56
    • 0026726031 scopus 로고
    • Appearance of interleukin-1 in macrophages and in ramified microglia in the brain of endotoxin-treated rats: A pathway for the induction of non-specific symptoms of sickness
    • Van Dam, AM, Brouns M, Louisse S, Berkenbosch. Appearance of interleukin-1 in macrophages and in ramified microglia in the brain of endotoxin-treated rats: a pathway for the induction of non-specific symptoms of sickness. Brain Res 1992; 588: 291-6.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.588 , pp. 291-296
    • Van Dam, A.M.1    Brouns, M.2    Louisse, S.3    Berkenbosch4
  • 57
    • 0028019733 scopus 로고
    • Upregulation of the macrophage scavenger receptor in response to different forms of injury in the CNS
    • Bell MD, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Lawson L, et al. Upregulation of the macrophage scavenger receptor in response to different forms of injury in the CNS. J Neurocytol 1994; 23: 605-13.
    • (1994) J Neurocytol , vol.23 , pp. 605-613
    • Bell, M.D.1    Lopez-Gonzalez, R.2    Lawson, L.3
  • 58
    • 0028329573 scopus 로고
    • Upregulation and induction of surface antigens with special reference to MHC class II expressions in miroglia in postnatal rat brain following intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide
    • Xu J, Ling EA. Upregulation and induction of surface antigens with special reference to MHC class II expressions in miroglia in postnatal rat brain following intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide. J Anat 1994; 184: 285-96.
    • (1994) J Anat , vol.184 , pp. 285-296
    • Xu, J.1    Ling, E.A.2
  • 59
    • 0029088930 scopus 로고
    • Adhesion molecule expression on murine cerebral endothelium following the injection of a proinflammagen or during acute neuronal degeneration
    • Bell MD, Perry VH. Adhesion molecule expression on murine cerebral endothelium following the injection of a proinflammagen or during acute neuronal degeneration. J Neurocytol 1995; 24: 695-710.
    • (1995) J Neurocytol , vol.24 , pp. 695-710
    • Bell, M.D.1    Perry, V.H.2
  • 60
    • 0022441440 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia
    • Giulian D, Baker TJ, Shih LN, Lachman LB. Interleukin-1 of the central nervous system is produced by ameboid microglia. J Exp Med 1986; 164: 594-604.
    • (1986) J Exp Med , vol.164 , pp. 594-604
    • Giulian, D.1    Baker, T.J.2    Shih, L.N.3    Lachman, L.B.4
  • 61
    • 0023618311 scopus 로고
    • Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon γ-treated-microglial cells
    • Frei K, Siepl C, Groscurth P, Bodmer S, Schwerdel C, Fontana A. Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon γ-treated-microglial cells. Eur J Immunol 1987; 17: 1271-8.
    • (1987) Eur J Immunol , vol.17 , pp. 1271-1278
    • Frei, K.1    Siepl, C.2    Groscurth, P.3    Bodmer, S.4    Schwerdel, C.5    Fontana, A.6
  • 62
    • 0024571578 scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide-free conditions in primary astrocyte cultures allow growth and isolation of microglial cells
    • Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Bauer J, Schobert A, Northoff H. Lipopolysaccharide-free conditions in primary astrocyte cultures allow growth and isolation of microglial cells. J Neurosci 1989; 9: 183-94.
    • (1989) J Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 183-194
    • Gebicke-Haerter, P.J.1    Bauer, J.2    Schobert, A.3    Northoff, H.4
  • 63
    • 0024514228 scopus 로고
    • Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat brain macrophages release NGF in vitro
    • Mallat M, Houlgatte R, Brachet P, Prochianz A, Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat brain macrophages release NGF in vitro. Dev Biol 1989; 133: 309-11.
    • (1989) Dev Biol , vol.133 , pp. 309-311
    • Mallat, M.1    Houlgatte, R.2    Brachet, P.3    Prochianz, A.4
  • 64
    • 0024401054 scopus 로고
    • Production of TNF-α by microglia and astrocytes in culture
    • Sawada M, Kondo N, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. Production of TNF-α by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 1989;401: 394-7.
    • (1989) Brain Res , vol.401 , pp. 394-397
    • Sawada, M.1    Kondo, N.2    Suzumura, A.3    Marunouchi, T.4
  • 65
    • 0026702955 scopus 로고
    • Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death
    • Boje KM, Arora PK. Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res 1992; 587: 250-6.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.587 , pp. 250-256
    • Boje, K.M.1    Arora, P.K.2
  • 66
    • 0027082219 scopus 로고
    • Down regulation of CD4 expression in cultured microglia by immunosuppressants and lipopolysaccharide
    • Sawada M, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. Down regulation of CD4 expression in cultured microglia by immunosuppressants and lipopolysaccharide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 869-76.
    • (1992) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.189 , pp. 869-876
    • Sawada, M.1    Suzumura, A.2    Marunouchi, T.3
  • 68
    • 0026757091 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of interleukin-1 by microglia in culture
    • Yao J, Ken JE, Taffs RE, Colton CA. Characterization of interleukin-1 by microglia in culture. Brain Res 1992; 591: 88-93.
    • (1992) Brain Res , vol.591 , pp. 88-93
    • Yao, J.1    Ken, J.E.2    Taffs, R.E.3    Colton, C.A.4
  • 69
  • 70
    • 0027468515 scopus 로고
    • Synthetic Alzheimer amyloid β/A4 peptides enhance production of complement C3 component by cultured microglial cells
    • Haga S, Ikeda K, Sato M, Ishii T. Synthetic Alzheimer amyloid β/A4 peptides enhance production of complement C3 component by cultured microglial cells. Brain Res 1993; 601: 88-94.
    • (1993) Brain Res , vol.601 , pp. 88-94
    • Haga, S.1    Ikeda, K.2    Sato, M.3    Ishii, T.4
  • 74
    • 0028203597 scopus 로고
    • Voltage-dependent potassium channels in activated rat microglia
    • Norenberg W, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Illes P: Voltage-dependent potassium channels in activated rat microglia. J Physiol (Lond) 1994; 475: 15-32.
    • (1994) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.475 , pp. 15-32
    • Norenberg, W.1    Gebicke-Haerter, P.J.2    Illes, P.3
  • 75
    • 0028049006 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate production by cultured microglia: Differences between rat and mouse, enhancement by lipopolysaccharide and lack effect of HIV coat protein gp120 and depolarizing agents
    • Patrizio M, Levi G. Glutamate production by cultured microglia: differences between rat and mouse, enhancement by lipopolysaccharide and lack effect of HIV coat protein gp120 and depolarizing agents. Neurosci Lett 1994; 178: 184-8.
    • (1994) Neurosci Lett , vol.178 , pp. 184-188
    • Patrizio, M.1    Levi, G.2
  • 76
    • 0028349290 scopus 로고
    • Priming of morphine on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by microglia: Implications in respiratory burst activity and human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression
    • Chao CC, Gekker G, Sheng WS, Hu S, Tsang M, Peterson PK. Priming of morphine on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α by microglia: implications in respiratory burst activity and human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 269: 198-203.
    • (1994) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.269 , pp. 198-203
    • Chao, C.C.1    Gekker, G.2    Sheng, W.S.3    Hu, S.4    Tsang, M.5    Peterson, P.K.6
  • 77
    • 0029000480 scopus 로고
    • Effect of bacterial wall lipopoiysaccharide on morphology, motility, and cytoskeletal organization of microglia in cultures
    • Abd-El-Basset E, Fedoroff S. Effect of bacterial wall lipopoiysaccharide on morphology, motility, and cytoskeletal organization of microglia in cultures. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41: 222-37.
    • (1995) J Neurosci Res , vol.41 , pp. 222-237
    • Abd-El-Basset, E.1    Fedoroff, S.2
  • 78
    • 0029083114 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of rat interleukin-3 receptor β-subunit from cultured microglia and its mRNA expression in vivo
    • Appel K, Buttini M, Sauter A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Cloning of rat interleukin-3 receptor β-subunit from cultured microglia and its mRNA expression in vivo. J Neurosci 1995; 15: 5800-5809.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 5800-5809
    • Appel, K.1    Buttini, M.2    Sauter, A.3    Gebicke-Haerter, P.J.4
  • 79
    • 0028834682 scopus 로고
    • Increased production of gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase-9) and interleukin-6 by activated rat microglia in culture
    • Gottschall PE, Yu X, Bing B. Increased production of gelatinase B (matrix metalloproteinase-9) and interleukin-6 by activated rat microglia in culture. J Neurosci Res 1995; 42: 335-42.
    • (1995) J Neurosci Res , vol.42 , pp. 335-342
    • Gottschall, P.E.1    Yu, X.2    Bing, B.3
  • 80
    • 0029166259 scopus 로고
    • Production and function of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other β-chemokines in murine glial cells
    • Hayashi M, Luo Y, Laning J, Strieter RM, Dorf ME. Production and function of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other β-chemokines in murine glial cells. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 60: 143-50.
    • (1995) J Neuroimmunol , vol.60 , pp. 143-150
    • Hayashi, M.1    Luo, Y.2    Laning, J.3    Strieter, R.M.4    Dorf, M.E.5
  • 81
    • 0028934330 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in vitro
    • Kim YS, Kennedy S, Tauber MG. Toxicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in vitro. J Infec Dis 1995; 171: 1363-8.
    • (1995) J Infec Dis , vol.171 , pp. 1363-1368
    • Kim, Y.S.1    Kennedy, S.2    Tauber, M.G.3
  • 82
    • 0028805463 scopus 로고
    • Induction of prostanoid biosynthesis by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and isoproterenol in rat microglial cultures
    • Minghetti L, Levi G. Induction of prostanoid biosynthesis by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and isoproterenol in rat microglial cultures. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 2690-8.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.65 , pp. 2690-2698
    • Minghetti, L.1    Levi, G.2
  • 83
    • 0029310632 scopus 로고
    • Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide reduce cAMP responses in cultured glial cells: Reversal by a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor
    • Patrizio M, Costa T, Levi G. Interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide reduce cAMP responses in cultured glial cells: reversal by a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Glia 1995; 14: 94-100.
    • (1995) Glia , vol.14 , pp. 94-100
    • Patrizio, M.1    Costa, T.2    Levi, G.3
  • 84
    • 0029098591 scopus 로고
    • Microglial cathepsin B: An immunological examination of cellular and secreted species
    • Ryan RE, Sloane BF, Sameni M, Wood PL. Microglial cathepsin B: an immunological examination of cellular and secreted species. J Neurochem 1995; 65: 1035-45.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.65 , pp. 1035-1045
    • Ryan, R.E.1    Sloane, B.F.2    Sameni, M.3    Wood, P.L.4
  • 85
    • 0029115029 scopus 로고
    • Parallel induction of nitric oxide and tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis by cytokines in rat glial cells
    • Sakai N, Kaufman S, Milstien S. Parallel induction of nitric oxide and tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis by cytokines in rat glial cells. J Neurochem 1995; 895-902.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , pp. 895-902
    • Sakai, N.1    Kaufman, S.2    Milstien, S.3
  • 86
    • 0028986067 scopus 로고
    • Induction of functional interleukin-2 receptor in mouse microglia
    • Sawada M, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T. Induction of functional interleukin-2 receptor in mouse microglia. J Neurochem 1995; 64: 1973-9.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 1973-1979
    • Sawada, M.1    Suzumura, A.2    Marunouchi, T.3
  • 87
    • 0028923898 scopus 로고
    • Complement and cytokine gene expression in cultured microglia derived from postmortem human brains
    • Walker DG, Kim SU, McGeer PL. Complement and cytokine gene expression in cultured microglia derived from postmortem human brains. J Neurosci Res 1995; 40: 478-93.
    • (1995) J Neurosci Res , vol.40 , pp. 478-493
    • Walker, D.G.1    Kim, S.U.2    McGeer, P.L.3
  • 88
    • 0029794342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia digest Staphylococcus aureus into low molecular weight biologically active compounds
    • Fincher IV EF, Johannsen L, Kapas L, Takahashi S, Krueger JM. Microglia digest Staphylococcus aureus into low molecular weight biologically active compounds. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: R149-R156.
    • (1996) Am J Physiol , vol.271
    • Fincher IV, E.F.1    Johannsen, L.2    Kapas, L.3    Takahashi, S.4    Krueger, J.M.5
  • 89
    • 0029956457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of microglia activation by TGF-β, IL-10, and CSF-1
    • Lodge PA, Sriram S. Regulation of microglia activation by TGF-β, IL-10, and CSF-1. J Leukoc Biol 1996; 60: 502-508.
    • (1996) J Leukoc Biol , vol.60 , pp. 502-508
    • Lodge, P.A.1    Sriram, S.2
  • 90
    • 0029921020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuron-microglia interactions in vitro
    • Zhang SC, Fedoroff S. Neuron-microglia interactions in vitro. Acta Neuropathol 1996; 91: 385-95.
    • (1996) Acta Neuropathol , vol.91 , pp. 385-395
    • Zhang, S.C.1    Fedoroff, S.2
  • 92
    • 0031933761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of CD54 (Intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and the β1 integrin CD29 is modulated by a cyclic AMP dependent pathway in activated primary rat microglial cell cultures
    • Zuckerman SH, Gustin J, Evan GF. Expression of CD54 (Intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and the β1 integrin CD29 is modulated by a cyclic AMP dependent pathway in activated primary rat microglial cell cultures. Inflammation 1998; 22: 95-106.
    • (1998) Inflammation , vol.22 , pp. 95-106
    • Zuckerman, S.H.1    Gustin, J.2    Evan, G.F.3
  • 93
    • 2442479492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide appears to induce apoptosis in rat brain microglia
    • in press
    • Mayer AMS, Oh S, Ramsey KH, Romanic A. Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide appears to induce apoptosis in rat brain microglia. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1998 (in press)..
    • (1998) Soc Neurosci Abstr
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Oh, S.2    Ramsey, K.H.3    Romanic, A.4
  • 94
    • 0028917342 scopus 로고
    • Activated microglia cause superoxide-mediated release of iron from ferritin
    • Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Sotomatsu A, Hirai S. Activated microglia cause superoxide-mediated release of iron from ferritin. Neurosci Lett 1995; 190: 21-4.
    • (1995) Neurosci Lett , vol.190 , pp. 21-24
    • Yoshida, T.1    Tanaka, M.2    Sotomatsu, A.3    Hirai, S.4
  • 95
    • 0024472120 scopus 로고
    • Fc receptor density, MHC antigen expression and superoxide production are increased in interferon-gamma-treated microglia isolated from adult brain
    • Woodroofe MN, Hayes GM, Cuzner ML. Fc receptor density, MHC antigen expression and superoxide production are increased in interferon-gamma-treated microglia isolated from adult brain. Immunology 1989; 68: 421-6.
    • (1989) Immunology , vol.68 , pp. 421-426
    • Woodroofe, M.N.1    Hayes, G.M.2    Cuzner, M.L.3
  • 96
    • 0024405709 scopus 로고
    • Antiviral antibodies stimulate production of reactive oxygen species in cultured canine brain cells infected with canine distemper virus
    • Burge T, Griot C, Vandevelde M and Peterhans E. Antiviral antibodies stimulate production of reactive oxygen species in cultured canine brain cells infected with canine distemper virus. J Virol 1989; 63: 2790-7.
    • (1989) J Virol , vol.63 , pp. 2790-2797
    • Burge, T.1    Griot, C.2    Vandevelde, M.3    Peterhans, E.4
  • 97
    • 0025853565 scopus 로고
    • Morphological transformation of microglia in vitro
    • Suzumura A, Marunouchi T, Yamamoto H. Morphological transformation of microglia in vitro. Brain Res 1991; 545: 301-6.
    • (1991) Brain Res , vol.545 , pp. 301-306
    • Suzumura, A.1    Marunouchi, T.2    Yamamoto, H.3
  • 98
    • 0026743059 scopus 로고
    • Macrophage-induced cytotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor postive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines
    • Piani D, Spranger M, Frei K, Schaffner A, Fontano A. Macrophage-induced cytotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor postive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22: 2429-36.
    • (1992) Eur J Immunol , vol.22 , pp. 2429-2436
    • Piani, D.1    Spranger, M.2    Frei, K.3    Schaffner, A.4    Fontano, A.5
  • 99
    • 0026738695 scopus 로고
    • Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism
    • Chao CC, Hu S, Molitor TW, Shaskan EG, Peterson PK. Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism. J Immunol 1992; 149: 2736-41.
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.149 , pp. 2736-2741
    • Chao, C.C.1    Hu, S.2    Molitor, T.W.3    Shaskan, E.G.4    Peterson, P.K.5
  • 101
    • 0026554225 scopus 로고
    • Production of nitrite by neonatal rat microglial cells/brain macrophages
    • Zielasek J, Tausch M, Toyka KV, Hartung HP. Production of nitrite by neonatal rat microglial cells/brain macrophages. Cell Immunol 1992; 141: 111-20.
    • (1992) Cell Immunol , vol.141 , pp. 111-120
    • Zielasek, J.1    Tausch, M.2    Toyka, K.V.3    Hartung, H.P.4
  • 102
    • 0028118593 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of intracellular formation of reactive oxygen intermediates in peritoneal macrophages and microglia/brain macrophages by propentofylline
    • Banati RB, Schubert P, Rothe G, et al. Modulation of intracellular formation of reactive oxygen intermediates in peritoneal macrophages and microglia/brain macrophages by propentofylline. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994; 14: 145-9.
    • (1994) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.14 , pp. 145-149
    • Banati, R.B.1    Schubert, P.2    Rothe, G.3
  • 104
    • 0027967219 scopus 로고
    • Rat brain microglia and peritoneal macrophages show similar responses to respiratory burst stimulants
    • Klegeris A, McGeer PL. Rat brain microglia and peritoneal macrophages show similar responses to respiratory burst stimulants. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 53: 83-90.
    • (1994) J Neuroimmunol , vol.53 , pp. 83-90
    • Klegeris, A.1    McGeer, P.L.2
  • 106
    • 0028658439 scopus 로고
    • Induction of superoxide anion and nitric oxide production in cultured microglia
    • Colton CA, Snell J, Chernyshev O, Gilbert DL. Induction of superoxide anion and nitric oxide production in cultured microglia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 738: 54-63.
    • (1994) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.738 , pp. 54-63
    • Colton, C.A.1    Snell, J.2    Chernyshev, O.3    Gilbert, D.L.4
  • 107
    • 0029087348 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of human microglial superoxide production by cytokines
    • Chao CC, Hu S, Peterson PK. Modulation of human microglial superoxide production by cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 58: 65-70.
    • (1995) J Leukoc Biol , vol.58 , pp. 65-70
    • Chao, C.C.1    Hu, S.2    Peterson, P.K.3
  • 109
    • 0030013534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-amyloid protein-dependent nitric oxide production from microglial cells and neurotoxicity
    • Ii M, Sunamoto M, Ohnishi K, Ichimori Y. β-amyloid protein-dependent nitric oxide production from microglial cells and neurotoxicity. Brain Res 1996; 720: 93-100.
    • (1996) Brain Res , vol.720 , pp. 93-100
    • Ii, M.1    Sunamoto, M.2    Ohnishi, K.3    Ichimori, Y.4
  • 110
    • 0030239695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2a production in human microglial cells but not in astrocytes
    • 2a production in human microglial cells but not in astrocytes. J Immunol 1996; 157: 2129-35.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.157 , pp. 2129-2135
    • Janabi, N.1    Chabrier, S.2    Tardieu, M.3
  • 111
    • 0030197527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of microglial nitric oxide synthesis by very low density lipoprotein
    • Mohan PF, Ard MD. Induction of microglial nitric oxide synthesis by very low density lipoprotein. Glia 1996; 17: 259-62.
    • (1996) Glia , vol.17 , pp. 259-262
    • Mohan, P.F.1    Ard, M.D.2
  • 112
    • 0029941665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Receptor-mediated phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages and microglia: Effect of opsonization and receptor blocking agents
    • Mosley K, Cuzner ML. Receptor-mediated phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages and microglia: effect of opsonization and receptor blocking agents. Neurochem Res 1996; 21: 481-7.
    • (1996) Neurochem Res , vol.21 , pp. 481-487
    • Mosley, K.1    Cuzner, M.L.2
  • 113
    • 0029971210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid â protein primes cultured rat microglial cells for enhanced phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced respiratory burst activity
    • Van Muiswinkel FL, Veerhuis R, Eikelenboom P. Amyloid â protein primes cultured rat microglial cells for enhanced phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced respiratory burst activity. J Neurochem 1996; 66: 2468-76.
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.66 , pp. 2468-2476
    • Van Muiswinkel, F.L.1    Veerhuis, R.2    Eikelenboom, P.3
  • 115
    • 0031539284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albumin enhances superoxide production in cultured microglia
    • Si QS, Nakamura Y, Kataoka K. Albumin enhances superoxide production in cultured microglia. Glia 1997; 21: 413-8.
    • (1997) Glia , vol.21 , pp. 413-418
    • Si, Q.S.1    Nakamura, Y.2    Kataoka, K.3
  • 116
    • 0030774907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothermic suppression of microglial activation in culture: Inhibition of cell proliferation and production of nitric oxide and superoxide
    • Si QS, Nakamura Y, Kataoka K. Hypothermic suppression of microglial activation in culture: inhibition of cell proliferation and production of nitric oxide and superoxide. Neuroscience 1997; 81: 223-9.
    • (1997) Neuroscience , vol.81 , pp. 223-229
    • Si, Q.S.1    Nakamura, Y.2    Kataoka, K.3
  • 117
    • 0031038185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial cells induce cytotoxic effects toward colon carcinoma cells: Measurement of tumor cytotoxicity with a ā-glutamyl transpeptidase assay
    • Murata JI, Castagnoli P, Mange P, Martin F, Jeanneret LJ: Microglial cells induce cytotoxic effects toward colon carcinoma cells: measurement of tumor cytotoxicity with a ā-glutamyl transpeptidase assay. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 169-74.
    • (1997) Int J Cancer , vol.70 , pp. 169-174
    • Murata, J.I.1    Castagnoli, P.2    Mange, P.3    Martin, F.4    Jeanneret, L.J.5
  • 118
    • 0030795049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-amyloid protein enhances macrophage production of oxygen free radicals and glutamate
    • Klegeris A, McGeer PL β-amyloid protein enhances macrophage production of oxygen free radicals and glutamate. J Neurosci Res 1997; 49: 229-35.
    • (1997) J Neurosci Res , vol.49 , pp. 229-235
    • Klegeris, A.1    McGeer, P.L.2
  • 119
    • 0030945446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inducible nitricoxide synthase and nitric oxide production in human fetal astrocytes and microglia
    • Ding M, St. Pierre BA, Parkinson JF, et al, Inducible nitricoxide synthase and nitric oxide production in human fetal astrocytes and microglia. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 11327-35.
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 11327-11335
    • Ding, M.1    St. Pierre, B.A.2    Parkinson, J.F.3
  • 120
    • 0032032424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 subgroups of MAPK regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α gene expression in endotoxin-stimulated primary glial cultures
    • Bhat NR, Zhang P, Lee JC, Hogan EL. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 subgroups of MAPK regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α gene expression in endotoxin-stimulated primary glial cultures. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 1633-41.
    • (1998) J Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 1633-1641
    • Bhat, N.R.1    Zhang, P.2    Lee, J.C.3    Hogan, E.L.4
  • 121
    • 0031951375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of nitric oxide formation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in murine N9 microglia
    • Lockhart BP, Cressey KC, Lepagnol JM. Suppression of nitric oxide formation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in murine N9 microglia. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 879-89.
    • (1998) Br J Pharmacol , vol.123 , pp. 879-889
    • Lockhart, B.P.1    Cressey, K.C.2    Lepagnol, J.M.3
  • 122
    • 0017689980 scopus 로고
    • Serology, chemistry and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia coli
    • Orskov I, Orskov F, Jann B, Jann K, Serology, chemistry and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia coli. Bacteriol Rev 1977; 41: 667-710.
    • (1977) Bacteriol Rev , vol.41 , pp. 667-710
    • Orskov, I.1    Orskov, F.2    Jann, B.3    Jann, K.4
  • 123
    • 0000162325 scopus 로고
    • The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts
    • Haber F, Weiss J. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts. Proc R Soc Lond A 1934; 147: 333-51.
    • (1934) Proc R Soc Lond A , vol.147 , pp. 333-351
    • Haber, F.1    Weiss, J.2
  • 124
    • 0023886170 scopus 로고
    • DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity
    • Imlay JA, Linn S. DNA damage and oxygen radical toxicity. Science 1988; 240: 1302-9.
    • (1988) Science , vol.240 , pp. 1302-1309
    • Imlay, J.A.1    Linn, S.2
  • 125
    • 0028641246 scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite versus hydroxyl radical: The role of nitric oxide in superoxide-dependent cerebral injury
    • Beckman JS. Peroxynitrite versus hydroxyl radical: The role of nitric oxide in superoxide-dependent cerebral injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994; 738: 69-75.
    • (1994) Ann N Y Acad Sci. , vol.738 , pp. 69-75
    • Beckman, J.S.1
  • 126
    • 0021739838 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants from phagocytes: Agents of defense and destruction
    • Babior B. Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 1984; 64: 959-66.
    • (1984) Blood , vol.64 , pp. 959-966
    • Babior, B.1
  • 130
    • 0030857648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain injury in bacterial meningitis: Therapeutic implications
    • Pfister HW, Scheld WM. Brain injury in bacterial meningitis: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Neurol 1997; 10: 254-9.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 254-259
    • Pfister, H.W.1    Scheld, W.M.2
  • 131
    • 0029266603 scopus 로고
    • Free radical mechanisms in dementia of Alzheimer type and potential for antioxidative treatment
    • Frohlich L, Riederer P. Free radical mechanisms in dementia of Alzheimer type and potential for antioxidative treatment. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45: 443-6.
    • (1995) Arzneimittelforschung , vol.45 , pp. 443-446
    • Frohlich, L.1    Riederer, P.2
  • 132
    • 0027443444 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of superoxide anion generation by manoalide, arachidonic acid and staurosporine in liver infiltrated neutrophils in a rat model of endotoxemia
    • Mayer AMS, Spitzer JA: Modulation of superoxide anion generation by manoalide, arachidonic acid and staurosporine in liver infiltrated neutrophils in a rat model of endotoxemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267: 400-9.
    • (1993) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.267 , pp. 400-409
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Spitzer, J.A.2
  • 133
    • 0029043589 scopus 로고
    • 2, protein serinethreonine phosphatases(s), protein tyrosine kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) inhibitors and arachidonic acid
    • 2, protein serinethreonine phosphatases(s), protein tyrosine kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) inhibitors and arachidonic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Trier 1995; 274: 427-36.
    • (1995) J Pharmacol Exp Trier , vol.274 , pp. 427-436
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Brenic, S.2    Stocker, R.3    Glaser, K.B.4
  • 135
    • 0032006643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E induces ramification and downregulation of adhesion molecules in cultured microglial cells
    • Heppner FL, Roth K, Nitsch R, Hailer NP. Vitamin E induces ramification and downregulation of adhesion molecules in cultured microglial cells. Glia 1998; 22. 180-8.
    • (1998) Glia , vol.22 , pp. 180-188
    • Heppner, F.L.1    Roth, K.2    Nitsch, R.3    Hailer, N.P.4
  • 136
    • 2442569797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological targeting of signaling pathways in phorbol ester-stimulated superoxide generation in LPS-primed rat brain microglia
    • Mayer AMS, Oh S. Pharmacological targeting of signaling pathways in phorbol ester-stimulated superoxide generation in LPS-primed rat brain microglia. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1997; 23(2): 1443.
    • (1997) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 1443
    • Mayer, A.M.S.1    Oh, S.2
  • 137
    • 84880916897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 production by Escherichia coli LPS-activated rat brain microglia
    • 2 production by Escherichia coli LPS-activated rat brain microglia. The Faseb J. 1998; 12(4): A461.
    • (1998) The Faseb J , vol.12 , Issue.4
    • Oh, S.1    Mayer, A.M.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.