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Volumn 8, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 595-602

Circadian rhythms: Molecular basis of the clock

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CYANOBACTERIUM; DROSOPHILA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOUSE; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; NEUROSPORA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032192136     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80017-8     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (71)

References (63)
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    • of special interest. of outstanding interest. These papers [23,24,25,26] collectively illustrate several new, fundamentally important results in mammalian circadian biology. First, at least three mammalian per homologs exist. Second, all three genes respond differently to light administered during the subjective night: mPer1 expression increases and decreases rapidly, much like the immediate-early gene response; mPer2 expression increases in a delayed fashion, then decreases rapidly, and mPer3 expression does not change in response to light. Finally, the phase of each mPer is advanced 3-9 hours in the SCN relative to other body tissues including the retina, skeletal muscle, and testis.
    • of special interest Zylka MJ, Shearman LP, Weaver DR, Reppert SM. Three period homologs in mammals: differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside of brain. of outstanding interest Neuron. 20:1998;1103-1110 These papers [23,24,25,26] collectively illustrate several new, fundamentally important results in mammalian circadian biology. First, at least three mammalian per homologs exist. Second, all three genes respond differently to light administered during the subjective night: mPer1 expression increases and decreases rapidly, much like the immediate-early gene response; mPer2 expression increases in a delayed fashion, then decreases rapidly, and mPer3 expression does not change in response to light. Finally, the phase of each mPer is advanced 3-9 hours in the SCN relative to other body tissues including the retina, skeletal muscle, and testis.
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    • of special interest. CLOCK is shown to be a dimerization partner of MOP3 (BMAL 1), and the E-box promoter element is shown to direct reporter expression in the presence of CLOCK/MOP3 (BMAL1). In addition, MOP3 forms transcriptionally functional dimers with MOP4 (NPAS2), HIF1α, and HIF2α.
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    • of outstanding interest. The authors of this paper describe the first definitive positive elements in the mammalian circadian clock mechanism: CLOCK and BMAL1 activate mPer 1 expression directly. The CLOCK/BMAL1 dimer can bind both the Drosophila per promoter E box and the mPer1 promoter E boxes to drive expression of a reporter gene; furthermore, the mutant Clock product fails to transactivate the mPer1 promoter.
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    • of outstanding interest. The first indication that a bHLH transcription factor may be involved in the circadian mechanism came from this work. A 69 bp enhancer in the Drosophila Per promoter that is necessary and sufficient for rhythmic expression of Per was isolated. This enhancer contains an E box, the DNA element that bHLH transcription factors bind. Mutation of the E box abolished rhythmic per expression, which suggested that bHLH factors are a part of the circadian loop.
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    • Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals
    • of special interest. Expression of new photopigments in the retina and SCN suggest the existence of an entrainment-specific photic response pathway.
    • Miyamoto Y, Sancar A. Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;6087-6102 Expression of new photopigments in the retina and SCN suggest the existence of an entrainment-specific photic response pathway.
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    • A mutant Drosophila homolog of mammalian Clock disrupts circadian rhythms and transcription of period and timeless
    • of outstanding interest. The circadian mutation Jrk severely disrupts rhythimicity in behavior, per expression and tim expression in the heterozygous state and abolishes these rhythms in the homozygous state. Jrk is the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian Clock; the Jrk mutation results in truncation of a large portion of the putative activation domain.
    • Allada R, White NE, So WV, Hall JC, Rosbash M. A mutant Drosophila homolog of mammalian Clock disrupts circadian rhythms and transcription of period and timeless. of outstanding interest Cell. 93:1998;791-804 The circadian mutation Jrk severely disrupts rhythimicity in behavior, per expression and tim expression in the heterozygous state and abolishes these rhythms in the homozygous state. Jrk is the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian Clock; the Jrk mutation results in truncation of a large portion of the putative activation domain.
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    • Allada, R.1    White, N.E.2    So, W.V.3    Hall, J.C.4    Rosbash, M.5
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    • CYCLE is a second bHLH-PAS clock protein essential for circadian rhythmicity and transcription of Drosophila period and timeless
    • of outstanding interest. The circadian mutation cycle lenthens behavioral period in the heterozygous state and abolishes behavioral, per expression, and tim expression rhythms in the homozygous state. cycle is the Drosophila ortholog of Bmal1; a nonsense mutation just downstream of the PAS-B region corresponds well with the circadian phenotype.
    • Rutila JE, Suri V, Le M, So WV, Rosbash M, Hall JC. CYCLE is a second bHLH-PAS clock protein essential for circadian rhythmicity and transcription of Drosophila period and timeless. of outstanding interest Cell. 93:1998;805-814 The circadian mutation cycle lenthens behavioral period in the heterozygous state and abolishes behavioral, per expression, and tim expression rhythms in the homozygous state. cycle is the Drosophila ortholog of Bmal1; a nonsense mutation just downstream of the PAS-B region corresponds well with the circadian phenotype.
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    • Closing the circadian loop: CLOCK-induced transcription of its own inhibitors per and tim
    • of outstanding interest. This group have independently identified the Drosophila orthologs of Clock and bmal1, then demonstrated the activities of the known circadian genes: first, dCLOCK activates expression of dper and dtim through the E box present in each gene's promoter; and second, PER and TIM directly inhibit dCLOCK to decrease their own expression.
    • Darlington TK, Wager-Smith K, Ceriani MF, Staknis D, Gekakis N, Steeves TDL, Wietz CJ, Takahashi JS, Kay SA. Closing the circadian loop: CLOCK-induced transcription of its own inhibitors per and tim. of outstanding interest Science. 280:1998;1599-1603 This group have independently identified the Drosophila orthologs of Clock and bmal1, then demonstrated the activities of the known circadian genes: first, dCLOCK activates expression of dper and dtim through the E box present in each gene's promoter; and second, PER and TIM directly inhibit dCLOCK to decrease their own expression.
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    • Post-transcriptional regulation contributes to Drosophila clock gene mRNA cycling
    • of special interest. Using the nuclear run-on assay, these authors confirm that per and tim mRNA transcription rates cycle in a circadian manner but that the amplitude and phase of these rhythms differ unexpectedly from amplitude and phase in their mRNA abundance rhythms. This finding suggests that post-transcriptional regulation, in addition to transcriptional activation, affects mRNA cycling of circadian genes.
    • So WV, Rosbash M. Post-transcriptional regulation contributes to Drosophila clock gene mRNA cycling. of special interest EMBO. 16:1997;7146-7155 Using the nuclear run-on assay, these authors confirm that per and tim mRNA transcription rates cycle in a circadian manner but that the amplitude and phase of these rhythms differ unexpectedly from amplitude and phase in their mRNA abundance rhythms. This finding suggests that post-transcriptional regulation, in addition to transcriptional activation, affects mRNA cycling of circadian genes.
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    • Double-time is a new Drosophila clock gene that regulates PERIOD protein accumulation
    • of outstanding interest. See annotation [41].
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.