Recovery of the immune system with antiretroviral therapy: The end of opportunism?

JAMA

Volumn 280, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 72-77

  Powderly, William G ^a   Landay, Alan ^b   Lederman, Michael M ^c  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^c CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFECTION RISK; MEMORY CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION;

EID: 0032124543     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.1.72     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: trends in AIDS incidence 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:861-867.
2. Torres RA, Barr M. Impact of combination therapy for HIV infection on inpatient census. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1531-1532.
3. Goetz MB, Morreale A, Berman S, et al. Effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on outcomes in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC). In: Program and abstracts of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 35th Annual Meeting; San Francisco, Calif; September 13-16, 1997. Abstract 218.
4. Michaels S, Clark R, Kissinger P. Differences in the incidence rates of opportunistic processes before and after the availability of protease inhibitors. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 180.
5. Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Decline in CMV and other opportunistic disease with combination antiretroviral therapy. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 184.
6. CAESAR Coordinating Committee. Randomised trial of addition of lamivudine or lamivudine plus loviride to zidovudine-containing regimens for patients with HIV-1 infection: the CAESAR trial. Lancet. 1997;349:1413-1421.
7. Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:725-733.
8. Carpenter CC, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 1997;277:1962-1969.
9. Department of Health and Human Services and Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(RR-5):43-82.
10. Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV Infected Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(RR-4):1-43.
11. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:734-739.
12. Carr A, Marriott D, Field A, Vasak E, Cooper DA. Treatment of HIV-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 1998;351:256-261.
13. Zingman BS. Resolution of refractory AIDS-related mucosal candidiasis after initiation of didanosine plus saquinavir. N Engl J Med. 1996;334: 1674-1675.
14. Hoffmann C, Stellbrink HJ, Degen O, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy significantly improves the prognosis of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy (PML). In: Program and abstracts from the Infectious Diseases Society of America 35th Annual Meeting; San Francisco, Calif; September 13-16, 1997. Abstract 512.
15. Valdez H, Gripshover BM, Salata RA, Lederman MM. Resolution of azole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis after initiation of potent combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1998;12:14-15.
16. Whitcup SM, Fortin E, Nussenblatt RB, Polis MA, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr. Therapeutic effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on cytomegalovirus retinitis. JAMA. 1997;277:1519-1520.
17. Macdonald JC, Torriani FJ, Morse LS, Karavellas M, Reed JB, Freeman WR. Lack of reactivation of cytomegalovirus retinitis after stopping maintenance therapy in AIDS patients with sustained elevation of T cells in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 1998;77:1182-1187.
18. Aberg JA, Yajko JM, Jacobson MA. Eradication of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC) in four patients after twelve months anti-mycobacterial therapy and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 729.
19. Race E, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel GR, et al. Focal my cobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet. 1998;351:252-255.
20. Jacobson MA, Zegans M, Pavan PR, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 1997;349:1443-1445.
21. + lymphocyte cell enumeration for prediction of clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus disease: a review. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:352-363.
22. Shearer G, Clerici M. Early T-helper cell defects in HIV infection. AIDS. 1991;5:245-253.
23. + T cell subset phenotyping independently predict survival time in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:79-87.
24. + T lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;95: 436-441.
25. + T cell levels: results of 6 years of follow-up. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6: 904-912.
26. Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl JMed. 1981;305:1431-1438.
27. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1439-1444.
28. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homesexual men. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1425-1431.
29. Phair J, Munoz A, Detels R, et al. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:161-165.
30. Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. T-cell-mediated immunopathology versus direct cytolysis by virus: implications for HIV and AIDS. Immunol Today. 1994;15:262-268.
31. Landay AL, Ohlsson-Wilhelm B, Giorgi JV. Application of flow cytometry to the study of HIV infection. AIDS. 1990;4:479-497.
32. Mildvan D, Mathur U, Enlow RW, et al. Opportunistic infections and immune deficiency in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:700-704.
33. Roederer M, Dubs JG, Anderson MT, et al. CD8 naive T cell counts decrease progressively in HIV-infected adults. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2061-2066.
34. + cells are not selectively decreased in chronic HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7:665-675.
35. + memory T cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in the selective T-cell functional defects observed in infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:6058-6062.
36. Lane HC, Depper JM, Greene WC, Whalen G, Waldmann TA, Fauci AS. Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: evidence for a selective defect in soluble antigen recognition. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:79-84.
37. + cell numbers and clinical staging. J Clin Invest. 1989; 84:1892-1899.
38. Birx DL, Brundage J, Larson K, et al. The prognostic utility of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing in the evaluation of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1248-1257.
39. Roos MTHL, Miedema F, Meinesz AAP, et al. Low T cell reactivity to combined CD3 plus CD28 stimulation is predictive for progression to AIDS: correlation with decreased CD28 expression. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;105:409-415.
40. Clerici M, Hakim FT, Venzon DJ, et al. Changes in interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 production in asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive individuals. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:759-765.
41. Clerici M, Wynn TA, Berzofsky JA, et al. Role of interleukin-10 in T helper cell dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:768-775.
42. Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, et al. The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:254-258.
43. Roglic M, Macphee RD, Duncan SR, Sattler FR, Theofilopoulos AN. T cell receptor (TCR) BV gene repertoires and clonal expansions of CD4 cells in patients with HIV infections. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997;107:21-30.
44. + lymphocytes can control HIV infectionin vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science. 1986;234: 1563-1566.
45. + T cells. Immunol Today. 1996;17:217-224.
46. + T cells. Science. 1995;270:1811-1815.
47. Koup RA, Safrit JT, Cao Y, et al. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol 1994;68:4650-4655.
48. Musey L, Hughes J, Schacker T, Shea T, Corey L, McElrath JM. Cytotoxic-T-cell responses, viral load, and disease progression in early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1267-1274.
49. + T cell responses associated with control of viremia. Science. 1997; 278:1447-1450.
50. + cell count, soluble immune activation markers, or combinations of HLA-DR and CD38 expression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997;16:83-92.
51. Dezube BJ, Lederman MM, Chapman B, et al. The effect of tenidap on cytokines, acute phase proteins and viral load in HIV-infected patients: correlation between plasma HIV-1 RNA and proinflammatory cytokine levels. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:807-810.
52. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:185-191.
53. Hammer SM, Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, et al. A trial comparing nucleoside monotherapy with combination therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts from 200 to 500 per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1081-1090.
54. Rinaldo C, Huang, X-L, Piazza P, et al. Augmentation of cellular immune function during the early phase of zidovudine treatment of AIDS patients. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:638-645.
55. French MAH, Mallal SA, Dawkins RL. Zidovudine-induced restoration of cell-mediated immunity to mycobacteria in immunodefieient HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1992;6:1293-1297.
56. + T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science. 1997;277:112-116.
57. + repertoire during antiviral therapy. Nat Med. 1998;4:215-221.
58. Pakker NG, Notermans DW, de Boer RJ, et al. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat Med. 1998;4:208-214.
59. Lederman MM, Connick E, Landay A, et al. Immunologic responses associated with 12 weeks of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine and ritonavir: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 315. J Infect Dis. In press.
60. Angel JB, Kumar A, Parato K, et al. Improvement in cell-mediated immune function during potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy with ritonavir plus saquinavir. J Infect Dis. 1998; 177:898-904.
61. Dockrell D, Badley A, Ziesmer S, et al. Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) suggests that T cell depletion in HIV infected individuals correlates with apoptosis mediated by fas/fasL interactions. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 173.
62. + T cell repopulation of lymphoid tissue after treatment of HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:1154-1159.
63. Bucy RP, Kilby JM, Derdeyn CA, et al. Analysis of lymph node biopsies in HIV infected patients before and after HAART. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 519.
64. Mohri H, Bonhoeffer S, Monard S, Perelson AS, Ho DD. Rapid turnover of T lymphocytes in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Science. 1998;279: 1223-1227.
65. + T cell proliferation rates in vivo in AIDS patients using a stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 273.
66. Kelleher AD, Carr A, Zaunders J, Cooper DA. Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:321-329.
67. + lymphocyte responses to antiviral therapy of HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;13:320-326.
68. Connick E, Lederman M, Kotzin B, et al. Immunologic effects of 48 weeks of AZT/3TC/ritonavir. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract LB14.
69. + cells. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 19.
70. + T-cell repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies. Nat Med. 1997;3:533-540.
71. + T-lymphocyte regeneration after intensive chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:143-149.
72. + T cell reactivity to mitogens and recall antigens but not HIV-1 antigens. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 169.
73. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(RR-12):1-46..
74. Andersson J, Fehniger T, Patterson BK, Pottage J, Jones P, Landay A. Downregulation of cytokine production in lymphoid tissue following successful HIV suppressive therapy. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 159.
75. Deeks S, Beatty G, Cohen PT, Grant R, Volberding P. Viral load and CD4 T-cell changes in patients failing potent protease inhibitor therapy. In: Program and abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; Chicago, Ill; February 1-5, 1998. Abstract 419.
76. Kaufmann D, Pantaleo G, Sudre P, Telenti A. CD4-cell count in HIV-1-infected individuals remaining viraemic after highly active antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet. 1998; 351:723-724.
77. Powderly WG. Prophylaxis for HIV-associated opportunistic infections: a work in progress. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:342-344.