-
1
-
-
0028874048
-
-
D. D. Ho et al., Nature 373, 123 (1995); X. Wei et al., ibid., p. 117.
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.373
, pp. 123
-
-
Ho, D.D.1
-
2
-
-
0028874048
-
-
D. D. Ho et al., Nature 373, 123 (1995); X. Wei et al., ibid., p. 117.
-
Nature
, pp. 117
-
-
Wei, X.1
-
3
-
-
0030756525
-
-
M. A. Nowak et al., J. Virol. 71, 7518 (1997).
-
(1997)
J. Virol.
, vol.71
, pp. 7518
-
-
Nowak, M.A.1
-
4
-
-
0029967721
-
-
A. S. Perelson, A. U. Neumann, M. Markowitz, J. M. Leonard, D. D. Ho, Science 271, 1582 (1996); A. S. Perelson et al., Nature 387, 188 (1997).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.271
, pp. 1582
-
-
Perelson, A.S.1
Neumann, A.U.2
Markowitz, M.3
Leonard, J.M.4
Ho, D.D.5
-
5
-
-
0030952479
-
-
A. S. Perelson, A. U. Neumann, M. Markowitz, J. M. Leonard, D. D. Ho, Science 271, 1582 (1996); A. S. Perelson et al., Nature 387, 188 (1997).
-
(1997)
Nature
, vol.387
, pp. 188
-
-
Perelson, A.S.1
-
6
-
-
0029647392
-
-
J. Sprent and D. Tough, Nature 375, 194 (1995); D. E. Mosier, ibid., p. 193; D. S. Dimitrov and M. A. Martin, ibid., p. 194.
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.375
, pp. 194
-
-
Sprent, J.1
Tough, D.2
-
7
-
-
0029647392
-
-
J. Sprent and D. Tough, Nature 375, 194 (1995); D. E. Mosier, ibid., p. 193; D. S. Dimitrov and M. A. Martin, ibid., p. 194.
-
Nature
, pp. 193
-
-
Mosier, D.E.1
-
8
-
-
0000849017
-
-
J. Sprent and D. Tough, Nature 375, 194 (1995); D. E. Mosier, ibid., p. 193; D. S. Dimitrov and M. A. Martin, ibid., p. 194.
-
Nature
, pp. 194
-
-
Dimitrov, D.S.1
Martin, M.A.2
-
10
-
-
0030840334
-
-
Z.-Q. Zhang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 1154 (1998); A. Lafeuillade et al., J. Infect. Dis. 176, 1378 (1997).
-
(1997)
J. Infect. Dis.
, vol.176
, pp. 1378
-
-
Lafeuillade, A.1
-
11
-
-
10544220422
-
-
K. C. Wolthers et al., Science 274, 1543 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.274
, pp. 1543
-
-
Wolthers, K.C.1
-
12
-
-
7144267537
-
-
note
-
Surface staining of lymphocytes was performed using anti-monkey CD3-biotin (BioSource International), anti-human CD4-APC (Exalpha), anti-human CD45RA-RD-1 (Coulter), anti-human CD16-PE (Coulter), and anti-CD20 (Becton Dickinson). Antihuman CD8-APC (Caltag) was used on occasion. Additional antibodies that are normally used to characterize human lymphocyte subpopulations were not used because of their poor reactivity with rhesus lymphocytes.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
7144235113
-
-
note
-
After surface staining, cells were treated with FACS Lysing Solution (Becton Dickinson) for 15 min at room temperature, followed by overnight fixation in 1% paraformaldehyde and 0.05% NP-40 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C. Cellular DNA was then denatured with 50 Kunitz units of DNase-I (Boehringer Mannheim) for 30 min at 37°C, before staining with anti-BrdU (Becton Dickinson) in 5% fetal bovine serum and 0.5% NP-40 in PBS for 45 min. Cells were washed twice before flow cytometric analysis.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
7144225248
-
-
H. Mohri and D. D. Ho, data not shown
-
H. Mohri and D. D. Ho, data not shown.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
0028023462
-
-
J. Sprent and D. F. Tough, Science 265, 1395 (1994); B. Rocha et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1697 (1990); P. Carayon and A. Bord, J. Immunol. Methods 147, 225 (1992).
-
(1994)
Science
, vol.265
, pp. 1395
-
-
Sprent, J.1
Tough, D.F.2
-
16
-
-
0025150803
-
-
J. Sprent and D. F. Tough, Science 265, 1395 (1994); B. Rocha et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1697 (1990); P. Carayon and A. Bord, J. Immunol. Methods 147, 225 (1992).
-
(1990)
Eur. J. Immunol.
, vol.20
, pp. 1697
-
-
Rocha, B.1
-
17
-
-
0026578023
-
-
J. Sprent and D. F. Tough, Science 265, 1395 (1994); B. Rocha et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1697 (1990); P. Carayon and A. Bord, J. Immunol. Methods 147, 225 (1992).
-
(1992)
J. Immunol. Methods
, vol.147
, pp. 225
-
-
Carayon, P.1
Bord, A.2
-
18
-
-
7144243015
-
-
unpublished results
-
This model assumes that the average rates of cell proliferation and death are constant, as are the source rates, during labeling and delabeling. Although the source may represent cells being exported from the thymus or extrathymic tissues, which are expected to label rapidly with BrdU, it could also include a population of resting or slowly dividing T cells, which upon activation would undergo rapid clonal expansion and enter the subpopulation of cells acquiring label during the experiment. Indeed, we have developed a model based on such a mechanism, which provides the source while explaining the observed findings (S. Bonhoeffer and A. Perelson, unpublished results).
-
-
-
Bonhoeffer, S.1
Perelson, A.2
-
19
-
-
7144231116
-
-
note
-
2 = (1 - 2ε)p + d. If ε = 0, then all cells label on division, and Eqs. 1a and 1b are retained.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
7144241302
-
-
note
-
After a sufficient number of cell divisions following the removal of BrdU, some cells may have so little label in them that they are not distinguishable from unlabeled cells. We ignored this possible means of loss of labeled cells, because a close examination of our BrdU-intensity data did not reveal any substantially lower values with the passage of time.
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
7144236569
-
-
note
-
1. However, our data suggest that at long times, especially in infected animals, the fraction of labeled cells is very small.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
7144240305
-
-
note
-
- populations.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
7144267538
-
-
note
-
Data points from weeks 3 through 10 were fitted to a straight line by linear regression. If the conversions between subpopulations are small or nonexistent, then the downslope equals (d - p).
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
0028850465
-
-
N.-P. Weng, B. L. Levine, C. H. June, R. J. Hodes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 11091 (1995).
-
(1995)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.92
, pp. 11091
-
-
Weng, N.-P.1
Levine, B.L.2
June, C.H.3
Hodes, R.J.4
-
26
-
-
0029008045
-
-
A. R. McLean and C. A. Michie, ibid., p. 3707; C. A. Michie, A. McLean, C. Alcock, P. C. L. Beverley, Nature 360, 264 (1992).
-
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, pp. 3707
-
-
McLean, A.R.1
Michie, C.A.2
-
27
-
-
0026445567
-
-
A. R. McLean and C. A. Michie, ibid., p. 3707; C. A. Michie, A. McLean, C. Alcock, P. C. L. Beverley, Nature 360, 264 (1992).
-
(1992)
Nature
, vol.360
, pp. 264
-
-
Michie, C.A.1
McLean, A.2
Alcock, C.3
Beverley, P.C.L.4
-
28
-
-
0345379974
-
-
J. V. Giorgi and G. Janossy, AIDS 8 (suppl. 1), S183 (1994); H. C. Lane et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 309, 453 (1983).
-
(1994)
AIDS
, vol.8
, Issue.1 SUPPL.
-
-
Giorgi, J.V.1
Janossy, G.2
-
29
-
-
0020516865
-
-
J. V. Giorgi and G. Janossy, AIDS 8 (suppl. 1), S183 (1994); H. C. Lane et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 309, 453 (1983).
-
(1983)
N. Engl. J. Med.
, vol.309
, pp. 453
-
-
Lane, H.C.1
-
30
-
-
7144235112
-
-
note
-
-1. Our estimate of p, which is for the total CD4 population, lies between their estimates for the primed and unprimed populations. However, our estimate of d is substantially larger, perhaps because of the fact that McLean and Michie analyzed cross-sectional data obtained from patients rebuilding their lymphocyte pool after radiotherapy, who may indeed have had very low T cell death rates. Our data reflect a pool of cells that acquired label during the experiment. This may be a subset of lymphocytes that turn over more rapidly than the total population.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
7144265579
-
-
Doubling time = In2/p; half-life = In2/d
-
Doubling time = In2/p; half-life = In2/d.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
7144224163
-
-
note
-
+ lymphocyte proliferation and death was based on (p or d) × (baseline CD4 cell count/μl) × (∼550 ml of total blood volume) × 50. The last number adjusts for the fact that the total body lymphocyte pool is ∼50 times larger than that in blood.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
7144245780
-
-
in preparation
-
N. Sachsenberg et al, in preparation; D. Tse and D. D. Ho, unpublished observation.
-
-
-
Sachsenberg, N.1
-
34
-
-
7144238639
-
-
unpublished observation
-
N. Sachsenberg et al, in preparation; D. Tse and D. D. Ho, unpublished observation.
-
-
-
Tse, D.1
Ho, D.D.2
-
35
-
-
0026667222
-
-
L. Meyaard et al., Science 257, 217 (1992); M. L. Gougeon et al., J. Immunol. 156, 3509 (1996).
-
(1992)
Science
, vol.257
, pp. 217
-
-
Meyaard, L.1
-
36
-
-
0029882175
-
-
L. Meyaard et al., Science 257, 217 (1992); M. L. Gougeon et al., J. Immunol. 156, 3509 (1996).
-
(1996)
J. Immunol.
, vol.156
, pp. 3509
-
-
Gougeon, M.L.1
-
41
-
-
7144240304
-
-
note
-
We thank P. Marx for advice, J. Mittler and C. Macken for discussions and assistance with data analysis, A. Gettie, W. Chen, J. Ko, and P. Dailey for technical help, and J. Mahoney for performing the biopsies. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by our institutional animal care and use committee, and humane treatment of macaques was carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines. Supported by grants from NIH (AI40387, AI41534, AI45218, AI38573, and RR06555), The Wellcome Trust, and the Irene Diamond Fund.
-
-
-
|