메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 245-252

Direct HIV cytopathicity cannot account for CD4 decline in AIDS in the presence of homeostasis: A worst-case dynamic analysis

Author keywords

AIDS; Apoptosis; Cytopathic hypothesis; HIV dynamics; HlV; Immune activation; Lymphocyte dynamics; Pathogenesis; Tap and drain model

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN;

EID: 0032032504     PISSN: 10779450     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199803010-00010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (66)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 0028177883 scopus 로고
    • Circulating HIV 1-infected cell burden from seroconversion to AIDS: Importance of postseroconversion viral load on disease course
    • Lee TH, Sheppard HW, Reis M, Dondero D, Osmond D, Busch MP. Circulating HIV 1-infected cell burden from seroconversion to AIDS: importance of postseroconversion viral load on disease course. J Acquir Immune Defic Svndr Hum Retrovirol 1994;7: 381-8.
    • (1994) J Acquir Immune Defic Svndr Hum Retrovirol , vol.7 , pp. 381-388
    • Lee, T.H.1    Sheppard, H.W.2    Reis, M.3    Dondero, D.4    Osmond, D.5    Busch, M.P.6
  • 2
    • 0030070991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma
    • Mellors J, Rinaldo C, Gupta P, White R, Todd J, Kingsley L. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996;272:1167-70.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1167-1170
    • Mellors, J.1    Rinaldo, C.2    Gupta, P.3    White, R.4    Todd, J.5    Kingsley, L.6
  • 3
    • 0027172407 scopus 로고
    • The characterization of non-progressors: Long-term HIV-1 infection with stable CD4+ T-cell levels
    • Sheppard HW, Lang W, Ascher MS, Vittinghoff E, Winkelstein W. The characterization of non-progressors: long-term HIV-1 infection with stable CD4+ T-cell levels. AIDS 1993;7:1159-66.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 1159-1166
    • Sheppard, H.W.1    Lang, W.2    Ascher, M.S.3    Vittinghoff, E.4    Winkelstein, W.5
  • 5
    • 0024556660 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of T lymphocyte changes with human immunodeficiency virus infection: From seroconversion to the development of AIDS
    • Lang W, Perkins H, Andersen RE, Royce R, Jewell N, Winklestein W. Patterns of T lymphocyte changes with human immunodeficiency virus infection: from seroconversion to the development of AIDS. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 1989;2:63-9.
    • (1989) J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr , vol.2 , pp. 63-69
    • Lang, W.1    Perkins, H.2    Andersen, R.E.3    Royce, R.4    Jewell, N.5    Winklestein, W.6
  • 6
    • 0022518143 scopus 로고
    • Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity
    • Sodroski J, Goh WC, Rosen C, Campbell K, Haseltine WA. Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity. Nature 1986;322:470-4.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.322 , pp. 470-474
    • Sodroski, J.1    Goh, W.C.2    Rosen, C.3    Campbell, K.4    Haseltine, W.A.5
  • 7
    • 0022546877 scopus 로고
    • AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: Giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen
    • Lifson JD, Reyes GR, McGrath MS, Stein BS, Engleman EG. AIDS retrovirus induced cytopathology: Giant cell formation and involvement of CD4 antigen. Science 1986;232:1123-6.
    • (1986) Science , vol.232 , pp. 1123-1126
    • Lifson, J.D.1    Reyes, G.R.2    McGrath, M.S.3    Stein, B.S.4    Engleman, E.G.5
  • 8
    • 0025014549 scopus 로고
    • Protective activity of tetracycline analogs against the cytopathic effect of the human immunodeficiency virus in CEM cells
    • Lemaitre M, Guerard D, Henin Y, Montagnier L, Zerial A. Protective activity of tetracycline analogs against the cytopathic effect of the human immunodeficiency virus in CEM cells. Res Virol 1990;141:5-13.
    • (1990) Res Virol , vol.141 , pp. 5-13
    • Lemaitre, M.1    Guerard, D.2    Henin, Y.3    Montagnier, L.4    Zerial, A.5
  • 9
    • 0027320566 scopus 로고
    • Virulent HIV strains?
    • Tersmette M, Schuitemaker H. Virulent HIV strains? AIDS 1993; 7:1123-25.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 1123-1125
    • Tersmette, M.1    Schuitemaker, H.2
  • 10
    • 84993865846 scopus 로고
    • A fight to the death
    • Short N. A fight to the death. Nature 1995;1:122-4.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.1 , pp. 122-124
    • Short, N.1
  • 11
    • 0029940354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral counts count in HIV infection
    • Ho D. Viral counts count in HIV infection. Science 1996;272: 1124-5.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1124-1125
    • Ho, D.1
  • 12
    • 0031039602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of the change in CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients before and after administration of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus protease inhibitor indinavir
    • Stein DS, Drusano GL. Modeling of the change in CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients before and after administration of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus protease inhibitor indinavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:449-53.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 449-453
    • Stein, D.S.1    Drusano, G.L.2
  • 13
    • 0030249833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD4:CD8 ratio and HIV infection: "the Tap-and-drain" hypothesis
    • Amadori A, Zamarchi R, bianchi L. CD4:CD8 ratio and HIV infection: "the Tap-and-drain" hypothesis. Immunol Today 1996;414-7.
    • (1996) Immunol Today , pp. 414-417
    • Amadori, A.1    Zamarchi, R.2    Bianchi, L.3
  • 14
    • 0022374085 scopus 로고
    • Persistent noncytopathic infection of normal human T lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus
    • Hoxie JA, Haggarty BS, Rackowski JL, Pillsbury N, Levy JA. Persistent noncytopathic infection of normal human T lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus. Science 1985;229:1400-2.
    • (1985) Science , vol.229 , pp. 1400-1402
    • Hoxie, J.A.1    Haggarty, B.S.2    Rackowski, J.L.3    Pillsbury, N.4    Levy, J.A.5
  • 15
    • 0023026710 scopus 로고
    • Immunologic abnormalities in infections with the human immunodeficiency virus
    • Zolla-Pazner S. Immunologic abnormalities in infections with the human immunodeficiency virus. Lab Med 1986;17:685-9.
    • (1986) Lab Med , vol.17 , pp. 685-689
    • Zolla-Pazner, S.1
  • 16
    • 0024571729 scopus 로고
    • Immunopathologic mechanisms of HIV infection
    • Rosenberg ZF, Fauci AS. Immunopathologic mechanisms of HIV infection. Clin Immunol 1989;S149-56.
    • (1989) Clin Immunol
    • Rosenberg, Z.F.1    Fauci, A.S.2
  • 17
    • 0024447642 scopus 로고
    • Most CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients can undergo prolonged clonal expansion
    • Langhoff E, McElrath J, Bos HJ, et al. Most CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients can undergo prolonged clonal expansion. J Clin Invest 1989;84:1637-43.
    • (1989) J Clin Invest , vol.84 , pp. 1637-1643
    • Langhoff, E.1    McElrath, J.2    Bos, H.J.3
  • 18
    • 0025734960 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of HIV-1 cytocidal effects in CD4+ lymphocytes by the AIDS-associated mycoplasma
    • Lo SC, Tsai S, Benish JR, Shih JWK, Wear DJ, Wong DM. Enhancement of HIV-1 cytocidal effects in CD4+ lymphocytes by the AIDS-associated mycoplasma. Science 1991;251:1074-76
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 1074-1076
    • Lo, S.C.1    Tsai, S.2    Benish, J.R.3    Shih, J.W.K.4    Wear, D.J.5    Wong, D.M.6
  • 19
    • 0027310168 scopus 로고
    • Rapid loss of CD4+ T cells in human-PBL-SCID mice by noncytopathic HIV isolates
    • Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, MacIsaac PD, Torbett BE, Levy JA. Rapid loss of CD4+ T cells in human-PBL-SCID mice by noncytopathic HIV isolates. Science 1993;260:689-92.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 689-692
    • Mosier, D.E.1    Gulizia, R.J.2    MacIsaac, P.D.3    Torbett, B.E.4    Levy, J.A.5
  • 20
    • 0027531918 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Levy JA. Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev 1993;57:183-289.
    • (1993) Microbiol Rev , vol.57 , pp. 183-289
    • Levy, J.A.1
  • 21
    • 45549111198 scopus 로고
    • Virus-triggered AIDS: A T-cell-mediated immunopathology?
    • Zinkernagel RM. Virus-triggered AIDS: a T-cell-mediated immunopathology? Immunol Today 1988;9:370-2.
    • (1988) Immunol Today , vol.9 , pp. 370-372
    • Zinkernagel, R.M.1
  • 22
    • 0028109087 scopus 로고
    • Indirect mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis: How does HIV kill T cells?
    • Finkel TH, Banda NK. Indirect mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis: how does HIV kill T cells? Curr Opin Immunol 1994;6:605-15.
    • (1994) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.6 , pp. 605-615
    • Finkel, T.H.1    Banda, N.K.2
  • 23
    • 0028912254 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- And SIV-infected lymph nodes
    • Finkel TH, Tudor-Williams G, Banda NK, et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nat Med 1995;1: 129-34.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 129-134
    • Finkel, T.H.1    Tudor-Williams, G.2    Banda, N.K.3
  • 24
    • 84966154510 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis and HIV disease: Reply
    • Finkel TH, Monks C, Casella C, et al. Apoptosis and HIV disease: reply. Nat Med 1995;1:387.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 387
    • Finkel, T.H.1    Monks, C.2    Casella, C.3
  • 25
    • 10544220422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T cell telomere length in HIV-1 infection: No evidence for increased CD4+ T cell turnover
    • Wolthers KC, Wisman GBA, Otto SA, et al. T cell telomere length in HIV-1 infection: no evidence for increased CD4+ T cell turnover. Science 1996;274:1543-47.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1543-1547
    • Wolthers, K.C.1    Wisman, G.B.A.2    Otto, S.A.3
  • 26
    • 0023694580 scopus 로고
    • AIDS as immune system activation: A model for pathogenesis
    • Ascher MS, Sheppard HW. AIDS as immune system activation: a model for pathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;73:165-7.
    • (1988) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.73 , pp. 165-167
    • Ascher, M.S.1    Sheppard, H.W.2
  • 27
    • 0025100974 scopus 로고
    • AIDS as immune system activation II: The panergic imnesia hypothesis
    • Ascher MS, Sheppard HW. AIDS as immune system activation II: the panergic imnesia hypothesis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:177-91.
    • (1990) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.3 , pp. 177-191
    • Ascher, M.S.1    Sheppard, H.W.2
  • 29
    • 0027410369 scopus 로고
    • High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR
    • Piatak M, Saag MS, Yang LC, Clark SJ, et al. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 1993;259:1749-54.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 1749-1754
    • Piatak, M.1    Saag, M.S.2    Yang, L.C.3    Clark, S.J.4
  • 30
    • 0026755629 scopus 로고
    • Factors underlying spontaneous inactivation and susceptibility to neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus
    • Layne SP, Merges MJ, Dembo M, et al. Factors underlying spontaneous inactivation and susceptibility to neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus. Virology 1992;189:695-714.
    • (1992) Virology , vol.189 , pp. 695-714
    • Layne, S.P.1    Merges, M.J.2    Dembo, M.3
  • 32
    • 0029647392 scopus 로고
    • HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover
    • Dimitrov D, Martin MA. HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover. Nature 1995;375:194-5.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 194-195
    • Dimitrov, D.1    Martin, M.A.2
  • 33
    • 0024312894 scopus 로고
    • The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4
    • Schnittman SM, Psallidopoulos MC, Lane HC, et al. The reservoir for HIV-1 in human peripheral blood is a T cell that maintains expression of CD4. Science 1989;245:305-8.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 305-308
    • Schnittman, S.M.1    Psallidopoulos, M.C.2    Lane, H.C.3
  • 34
    • 0025130120 scopus 로고
    • Increasing viral burden in CD4+ T cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reflects rapidly progressive immunosuppression and clinical disease
    • Schnittman SM, Greenhouse JJ, Psallidopoulos MC, et al. Increasing viral burden in CD4+ T cells from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reflects rapidly progressive immunosuppression and clinical disease. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:438-43.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , pp. 438-443
    • Schnittman, S.M.1    Greenhouse, J.J.2    Psallidopoulos, M.C.3
  • 35
    • 0025124532 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers
    • Simmonds P, Balfe P, Peutherer JF, Ludlam CA, Bishop JO, Brown AJL. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers. J Virol 1990;64:864-72.
    • (1990) J Virol , vol.64 , pp. 864-872
    • Simmonds, P.1    Balfe, P.2    Peutherer, J.F.3    Ludlam, C.A.4    Bishop, J.O.5    Brown, A.J.L.6
  • 36
    • 0026795711 scopus 로고
    • The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV infection
    • Sheppard HW, Ascher MS. The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 1992;46:533-64.
    • (1992) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 533-564
    • Sheppard, H.W.1    Ascher, M.S.2
  • 37
    • 0030913366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection
    • Chun TW, Carruth L, Finzi D, et al. Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1997;387:183-8.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 183-188
    • Chun, T.W.1    Carruth, L.2    Finzi, D.3
  • 38
    • 0030952479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decay characteristics of HIV-1 infected compartments during combination therapy
    • Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, et al. Decay characteristics of HIV-1 infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 1997;387:188-191.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 188-191
    • Perelson, A.S.1    Essunger, P.2    Cao, Y.3
  • 39
    • 0027538456 scopus 로고
    • HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease
    • Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 1993;362:355-8.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 355-358
    • Pantaleo, G.1    Graziosi, C.2    Demarest, J.F.3
  • 40
    • 10544241554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative image analysis of HIV-1 infection in lymphoid tissue
    • Haase AT, Henry K, Zupancic M, et al. Quantitative image analysis of HIV-1 infection in lymphoid tissue. Science 1996;274: 985-9.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 985-989
    • Haase, A.T.1    Henry, K.2    Zupancic, M.3
  • 43
    • 0028874048 scopus 로고
    • Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection
    • Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995;373:123-6.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 123-126
    • Ho, D.D.1    Neumann, A.U.2    Perelson, A.S.3
  • 44
    • 0028811974 scopus 로고
    • Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
    • Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995;373:117-22.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 117-122
    • Wei, X.1    Ghosh, S.K.2    Taylor, M.E.3
  • 45
    • 0028833653 scopus 로고
    • Virological mayhem
    • Wain-Hobson S. Virological mayhem. Nature 1995;373:102.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.373 , pp. 102
    • Wain-Hobson, S.1
  • 46
    • 0028952146 scopus 로고
    • HIV population dynamics in vivo: Implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy
    • Coffin JM. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science 1995;267: 483-9.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 483-489
    • Coffin, J.M.1
  • 47
    • 0030915369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection is neither failing nor blind: Modified cell counts reflect an adaptive response of the host
    • Grossman V, Herberman RB. T-cell homeostasis in HIV infection is neither failing nor blind: modified cell counts reflect an adaptive response of the host. Nat Med 1997;3:486-90.
    • (1997) Nat Med , vol.3 , pp. 486-490
    • Grossman, V.1    Herberman, R.B.2
  • 48
    • 0029967721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: Virion clearance rate, infected cell lifespan, and viral generation time
    • Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell lifespan, and viral generation time. Science 1996;271:1582-6.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 1582-1586
    • Perelson, A.S.1    Neumann, A.U.2    Markowitz, M.3    Leonard, J.M.4    Ho, D.D.5
  • 49
    • 0026448738 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic studies of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Ballem PJ, Belzberg A, Devine DV, et al. Kinetic studies of the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1779-84.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1779-1784
    • Ballem, P.J.1    Belzberg, A.2    Devine, D.V.3
  • 50
    • 0030903583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Down or out in blood and lymph?
    • Wain-Hobson S. Down or out in blood and lymph? Nature 1997; 387:123-4.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 123-124
    • Wain-Hobson, S.1
  • 51
    • 0029015478 scopus 로고
    • HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover
    • Mosier D. HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover. Nature 1995;375:193-4.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 193-194
    • Mosier, D.1
  • 52
    • 0029647392 scopus 로고
    • HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover
    • Sprent J, Tough D. HIV results in the frame: CD4 cell turnover. Nature 1995;375:194.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 194
    • Sprent, J.1    Tough, D.2
  • 53
    • 0029153855 scopus 로고
    • Researchers air alternative views on how HIV kills cells
    • Cohen J. Researchers air alternative views on how HIV kills cells. Science 1995;269:1044-5.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1044-1045
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 54
    • 0030052938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma viral load, CD4 cell counts, and HIV-1 production by cells
    • Levy JA, Ramachandran B, Baker E. Plasma viral load, CD4 cell counts, and HIV-1 production by cells. Science 1996;271:670-1.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 670-671
    • Levy, J.A.1    Ramachandran, B.2    Baker, E.3
  • 55
    • 0027373516 scopus 로고
    • From HIV infection to AIDS: Are the manifestations of effective immune resistance misinterpreted?
    • Grossman Z, Bentwich Z, Herberman RB. From HIV infection to AIDS: are the manifestations of effective immune resistance misinterpreted? Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993;69:1-13.
    • (1993) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.69 , pp. 1-13
    • Grossman, Z.1    Bentwich, Z.2    Herberman, R.B.3
  • 56
    • 0027503137 scopus 로고
    • Quantification and comparison of HIV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated CD4+ T cells
    • Wood R, Dong H, Katzenstein DA, Merigan TC. Quantification and comparison of HIV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and isolated CD4+ T cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:237-40.
    • (1993) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.6 , pp. 237-240
    • Wood, R.1    Dong, H.2    Katzenstein, D.A.3    Merigan, T.C.4
  • 57
    • 0026643059 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus provirus and circulating virus: Relationship with immunologic parameters
    • Yerly S, Chamot E, Hirschel B, Perrin LH. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus provirus and circulating virus: relationship with immunologic parameters. J infect Dis 1992;166:269-76.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 269-276
    • Yerly, S.1    Chamot, E.2    Hirschel, B.3    Perrin, L.H.4
  • 58
    • 0026522445 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 in blood monocytes: Frequency of detection of proviral DNA using PCR and comparison with the total CD4 count
    • Innocenti P, Ottmann M, Morand P, Leclerq P, Seigneurin JM. HIV-1 in blood monocytes: frequency of detection of proviral DNA using PCR and comparison with the total CD4 count. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8:261-8.
    • (1992) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.8 , pp. 261-268
    • Innocenti, P.1    Ottmann, M.2    Morand, P.3    Leclerq, P.4    Seigneurin, J.M.5
  • 59
    • 0027516822 scopus 로고
    • Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS
    • Embretson J, Zupancic M, Ribas JL, et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 1993;362:359-62.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 359-362
    • Embretson, J.1    Zupancic, M.2    Ribas, J.L.3
  • 60
    • 0027402403 scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte lifespans: Homeostasis, selection and competition
    • Freitas AA, Rocha BB. Lymphocyte lifespans: homeostasis, selection and competition. Immunol Today 1993;14:25-9.
    • (1993) Immunol Today , vol.14 , pp. 25-29
    • Freitas, A.A.1    Rocha, B.B.2
  • 61
    • 0029052480 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration of T cells after chemotherapy[letter]
    • Cunnane G, O'Farrelly C. Regeneration of T cells after chemotherapy[letter]. New Engl J Med 1995;332:1650-1.
    • (1995) New Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1650-1651
    • Cunnane, G.1    O'Farrelly, C.2
  • 62
    • 0018102366 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and immunological alterations observed in patients undergoing long-term thoracic duct drainage
    • Machleder HI, Paulus H. Clinical and immunological alterations observed in patients undergoing long-term thoracic duct drainage. Surgery 1978;84:157-65.
    • (1978) Surgery , vol.84 , pp. 157-165
    • Machleder, H.I.1    Paulus, H.2
  • 63
    • 0025980476 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody
    • Horneff G, Burmester GR, Emmrich F, Kalden JR. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:129-40.
    • (1991) Arthritis Rheum , vol.34 , pp. 129-140
    • Horneff, G.1    Burmester, G.R.2    Emmrich, F.3    Kalden, J.R.4
  • 64
    • 84959744414 scopus 로고
    • Advances in immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical and immunological findings following treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies
    • Horneff G, Emmrich F, Burmester GR. Advances in immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and immunological findings following treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies. Br J Radiol 1993;32:39-47.
    • (1993) Br J Radiol , vol.32 , pp. 39-47
    • Horneff, G.1    Emmrich, F.2    Burmester, G.R.3
  • 65
    • 0028267677 scopus 로고
    • Turnover of naive- And memory-phenotype T cells
    • Tough DF, Sprent J. Turnover of naive- and memory-phenotype T cells. J Exp Med 1994;179:1127-35.
    • (1994) J Exp Med , vol.179 , pp. 1127-1135
    • Tough, D.F.1    Sprent, J.2
  • 66
    • 0018573568 scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte depletion by continuous flow cell centrifugation in rheumatoid arthritis
    • Karsh J, Wright DG, Klippel JH, et al. Lymphocyte depletion by continuous flow cell centrifugation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthitis Rheum 1979;22:1055-9.
    • (1979) Arthitis Rheum , vol.22 , pp. 1055-1059
    • Karsh, J.1    Wright, D.G.2    Klippel, J.H.3
  • 67
    • 0019385718 scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte depletion and immunosuppression with repeated leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation
    • Wright DG, Karsh J, Fauci AS, et al. Lymphocyte depletion and immunosuppression with repeated leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation. Blood 1981;58:3.
    • (1981) Blood , vol.58 , pp. 3
    • Wright, D.G.1    Karsh, J.2    Fauci, A.S.3
  • 68
    • 0028790246 scopus 로고
    • Rapid turnover of the recirculating lymphocyte pool in vivo
    • Young AJ, Hay JB. Rapid turnover of the recirculating lymphocyte pool in vivo. Int Immunol 1995;7:1607-15.
    • (1995) Int Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 1607-1615
    • Young, A.J.1    Hay, J.B.2
  • 69
    • 0030731919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like protease involvement in Fas-induced and activation-induced peripheral blood T cell apoptosis in HIV infection. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand can mediate activation-induced T cell death in HIV infection
    • Katsikis PD, Garcia-Ojeda ME, Torres-Roca JF, et al. Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like protease involvement in Fas-induced and activation-induced peripheral blood T cell apoptosis in HIV infection. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand can mediate activation-induced T cell death in HIV infection. J Exp Med 1997;186:1365-72.
    • (1997) J Exp Med , vol.186 , pp. 1365-1372
    • Katsikis, P.D.1    Garcia-Ojeda, M.E.2    Torres-Roca, J.F.3
  • 71
    • 0029097410 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis-related mortality in vitro of mononuclear cells from patients with HIV infection correlates with disease severity and progression
    • Pandolfi F, Pierdominici M, Oliva A, et al. Apoptosis-related mortality in vitro of mononuclear cells from patients with HIV infection correlates with disease severity and progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;9:450-8.
    • (1995) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol , vol.9 , pp. 450-458
    • Pandolfi, F.1    Pierdominici, M.2    Oliva, A.3
  • 72
    • 0029009021 scopus 로고
    • T-cell dynamics of immunodeficiency
    • Roederer M. T-cell dynamics of immunodeficiency. Nat Med 1995;1:621-2.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 621-622
    • Roederer, M.1
  • 73
    • 0030052964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir
    • Kelleher AD, Carr A, Zaunders J, Cooper DA. Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. J Infect Dis 1996;173:321-9.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.173 , pp. 321-329
    • Kelleher, A.D.1    Carr, A.2    Zaunders, J.3    Cooper, D.A.4
  • 74
    • 0031055461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in circulating levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta, RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-16 following treatment of severely immunodeficient HIV-infected individuals with indinavir
    • Bisset LR, Rothen M, Joller-Jemelka HI, Dubs RW, Grob PJ, Opravil M. Change in circulating levels of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta, RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-16 following treatment of severely immunodeficient HIV-infected individuals with indinavir. AIDS 1997;11:485-91.
    • (1997) AIDS , vol.11 , pp. 485-491
    • Bisset, L.R.1    Rothen, M.2    Joller-Jemelka, H.I.3    Dubs, R.W.4    Grob, P.J.5    Opravil, M.6
  • 75
    • 17344391461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and pharmacokinetics of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunoglobulin administered to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns
    • Lambert JS, Mofenson LM, Fletcher CV, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of hyperimmune anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunoglobulin administered to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns. J Infect Dis 1997;175:283-91.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.175 , pp. 283-291
    • Lambert, J.S.1    Mofenson, L.M.2    Fletcher, C.V.3
  • 76
    • 0028939951 scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis in HIV infection
    • Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Apoptosis in HIV infection. Nature 1995; 1:118-20.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.1 , pp. 118-120
    • Pantaleo, G.1    Fauci, A.S.2
  • 78
    • 0029147807 scopus 로고
    • The peripheral T cell repertoire: Independent homeostatic regulation of virgin and activated CD8+ T cell pools
    • Tanchot C, Rocha B. The peripheral T cell repertoire: independent homeostatic regulation of virgin and activated CD8+ T cell pools. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2127-36.
    • (1995) Eur J Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 2127-2136
    • Tanchot, C.1    Rocha, B.2
  • 79
    • 0029009027 scopus 로고
    • Failure of T-cell homeostasis preceding AIDS in HIV-1 infection
    • Margolick JB, Munoz A, Donnenberg AD, et al. Failure of T-cell homeostasis preceding AIDS in HIV-1 infection. Nature Med 1995;1:674-80.
    • (1995) Nature Med , vol.1 , pp. 674-680
    • Margolick, J.B.1    Munoz, A.2    Donnenberg, A.D.3
  • 80
    • 0344622129 scopus 로고
    • Viral burden in AIDS
    • McLean A, Michie C. Viral burden in AIDS. Nature 1993;365: 301.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.365 , pp. 301
    • McLean, A.1    Michie, C.2
  • 82
    • 0029053715 scopus 로고
    • Lifespan of lymphocytes
    • Tough DF, Sprent J. Lifespan of lymphocytes. Immunol Res 1995; 14:1-12.
    • (1995) Immunol Res , vol.14 , pp. 1-12
    • Tough, D.F.1    Sprent, J.2
  • 83
    • 0028915050 scopus 로고
    • The survival and turnover of mature and immature CD8 T cells
    • McDonagh M, Bell EB. The survival and turnover of mature and immature CD8 T cells. Immunology 1995;84:514-20.
    • (1995) Immunology , vol.84 , pp. 514-520
    • McDonagh, M.1    Bell, E.B.2
  • 87
    • 0029009021 scopus 로고
    • T-cell dynamics of immunodeficiency
    • Roederer M. T-cell dynamics of immunodeficiency. Nat Med 1995;1:621-2.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 621-622
    • Roederer, M.1
  • 88
    • 0026519422 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between AIDS and immunologic tolerance
    • Sheppard HW, Ascher MS. The relationship between AIDS and immunologic tolerance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5: 143-7.
    • (1992) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.5 , pp. 143-147
    • Sheppard, H.W.1    Ascher, M.S.2
  • 89
    • 36849150430 scopus 로고
    • HIV results in the frame: Reply
    • Ho DD, Perelson AS, Shaw GM. HIV results in the frame: Reply. Nature 1995;375:198.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 198
    • Ho, D.D.1    Perelson, A.S.2    Shaw, G.M.3
  • 90
    • 15144342918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection
    • Cavert W, Notermans DW, Staskus K, et al. Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection. Science 1997;276:960-4.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 960-964
    • Cavert, W.1    Notermans, D.W.2    Staskus, K.3
  • 91
    • 0024447885 scopus 로고
    • The relevance of HIV env/CD4 interactions to the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    • Habeshaw JA, Dalgleish AG. The relevance of HIV env/CD4 interactions to the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:457-68.
    • (1989) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.2 , pp. 457-468
    • Habeshaw, J.A.1    Dalgleish, A.G.2
  • 92
    • 0029040104 scopus 로고
    • The immune response to HIV: Potential for immunotherapy?
    • Dalgleish AG. The immune response to HIV: potential for immunotherapy? Immunol Today 1995;16:356-8.
    • (1995) Immunol Today , vol.16 , pp. 356-358
    • Dalgleish, A.G.1
  • 93
    • 0026083131 scopus 로고
    • Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: The programmed cell death hypothesis
    • Ameisen JC, Capron A. Cell dysfunction and depletion in AIDS: the programmed cell death hypothesis. Immunol Today 1991;12: 102-5.
    • (1991) Immunol Today , vol.12 , pp. 102-105
    • Ameisen, J.C.1    Capron, A.2
  • 94
    • 0028122429 scopus 로고
    • C0-selection in immune network theory and in AIDS pathogenseis
    • Hoffmann GW. C0-selection in immune network theory and in AIDS pathogenseis Immunol Cell Biol 1994;72:338-46.
    • (1994) Immunol Cell Biol , vol.72 , pp. 338-346
    • Hoffmann, G.W.1
  • 95
    • 0025315444 scopus 로고
    • AIDS pathogenesis: A dynamic interaction between HIV and the immune system
    • Miedema F, Tersmette M, van Lier RAW. AIDS pathogenesis: a dynamic interaction between HIV and the immune system. Immunol Today 1990;11:293-7.
    • (1990) Immunol Today , vol.11 , pp. 293-297
    • Miedema, F.1    Tersmette, M.2    Van Lier, R.A.W.3
  • 96
    • 85007176194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mathematical models of HIV pathogenesis
    • Anderson RW. Mathematical models of HIV pathogenesis. Nat Med 1997;3:936-7.
    • (1997) Nat Med , vol.3 , pp. 936-937
    • Anderson, R.W.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.