-
1
-
-
0030070991
-
-
J.W. Mellors et al., Science 272, 1167 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.272
, pp. 1167
-
-
Mellors, J.W.1
-
2
-
-
0027516822
-
-
J. Embretson et al., Nature 362, 359 (1993).
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.362
, pp. 359
-
-
Embretson, J.1
-
5
-
-
0025789621
-
-
C. H. Fox et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164, 1051 (1991); K. Tenner-Rácz et al., AIDS 2, 299 (1988); H. Spiegel, H. Herbst, G. Niedobitek, H.-D. Foss, H. Stein, Am. J. Pathol. 140, 15 (1992); J. Schmitz et al., J. Immunol. 153, 1352 (1994).
-
(1991)
J. Infect. Dis.
, vol.164
, pp. 1051
-
-
Fox, C.H.1
-
6
-
-
0023687048
-
-
C. H. Fox et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164, 1051 (1991); K. Tenner-Rácz et al., AIDS 2, 299 (1988); H. Spiegel, H. Herbst, G. Niedobitek, H.-D. Foss, H. Stein, Am. J. Pathol. 140, 15 (1992); J. Schmitz et al., J. Immunol. 153, 1352 (1994).
-
(1988)
AIDS
, vol.2
, pp. 299
-
-
Tenner-Rácz, K.1
-
7
-
-
0026601248
-
-
C. H. Fox et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164, 1051 (1991); K. Tenner-Rácz et al., AIDS 2, 299 (1988); H. Spiegel, H. Herbst, G. Niedobitek, H.-D. Foss, H. Stein, Am. J. Pathol. 140, 15 (1992); J. Schmitz et al., J. Immunol. 153, 1352 (1994).
-
(1992)
Am. J. Pathol.
, vol.140
, pp. 15
-
-
Spiegel, H.1
Herbst, H.2
Niedobitek, G.3
Foss, H.-D.4
Stein, H.5
-
8
-
-
0028244846
-
-
C. H. Fox et al., J. Infect. Dis. 164, 1051 (1991); K. Tenner-Rácz et al., AIDS 2, 299 (1988); H. Spiegel, H. Herbst, G. Niedobitek, H.-D. Foss, H. Stein, Am. J. Pathol. 140, 15 (1992); J. Schmitz et al., J. Immunol. 153, 1352 (1994).
-
(1994)
J. Immunol.
, vol.153
, pp. 1352
-
-
Schmitz, J.1
-
9
-
-
0028969349
-
-
G. Pantaleo and A. S. Fauci, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13, 487 (1995); B. F. Haynes, G. Pantaleo, A. S. Fauci, Science 271, 324 (1996).
-
(1995)
Annu. Rev. Immunol.
, vol.13
, pp. 487
-
-
Pantaleo, G.1
Fauci, A.S.2
-
10
-
-
0030593031
-
-
G. Pantaleo and A. S. Fauci, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13, 487 (1995); B. F. Haynes, G. Pantaleo, A. S. Fauci, Science 271, 324 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.271
, pp. 324
-
-
Haynes, B.F.1
Pantaleo, G.2
Fauci, A.S.3
-
11
-
-
0028825476
-
-
S. L. Heath, J. G. Tew, A. K. Szakal, G. F. Burton, Nature 377, 740 (1995).
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.377
, pp. 740
-
-
Heath, S.L.1
Tew, J.G.2
Szakal, A.K.3
Burton, G.F.4
-
12
-
-
0002681215
-
-
K. L. Valentino, J. H. Eberwine, J. D. Barchas, Eds. Oxford Univ. Press, New York
-
35S-cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP). The hybridization solution with probe was sealed under a cover slip with rubber cement and the slides were incubated for 24 hours at 45°C. After the cover slips were removed, the slides were immersed in 5X standard saline citrate (SSC) and washed as follows: 5X SSC, 10 mM DTT, 42°C, 30 min; 2X SSC, 50% formamide, 10 mM DTT, 60°C, 20 min; 2X RWS (0.1 M tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 0.4 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA), 10 min. The sections were then digested at 37°C with ribonucleases A (25 μg/ml) and T1 (25 μ/ml) in RWS for 30 min, washed at 37°C in RWS for 15 min, washed in 2X SSC at 37°C for 15 min, washed in 0.1X SSC at 37°C for 15 min. dehydrated through graded alcohols containing 0.3 M ammonium acetate, dried, and coated with Kodak NTB-2 emulsion. After autoradiographic exposures of 24 hours at 4°C, the slides were developed and stained for 1 min in Wright's stain.
-
(1987)
In Situ Hybridization. Applications to Neurobiology
, pp. 197-219
-
-
Haase, A.T.1
-
13
-
-
10544254325
-
-
Elsevier North-Holland, Amsterdam, ed. 3
-
35S [A. W. Rogers, Techniques of Autoradiography (Elsevier North-Holland, Amsterdam, ed. 3, 1979), pp. 102-103], it can be estimated that one full-length copy of HIV-1 virion RNA would generate a signal of 2.4 silver grains per 24-hour autoradiographic exposure.
-
(1979)
Techniques of Autoradiography
, pp. 102-103
-
-
Rogers, A.W.1
-
14
-
-
10544252351
-
-
note
-
For image analysis, autoradiographs were illuminated with epipolarized light through use of a mercury light source and the differential interference cube of the Olympus B-max microscope. Video images were captured with a low-light cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (Optronics TEC-470) and Image 1/MetaMorph version 2 software (Universal Imaging, Westchester, PA). Silver grains were differentiated and measured with the "threshold" and "measure object" tools of the MetaMorph software. The relevant GCs and MNCs in the image were delineated with the tracing tool. On the basis of analyses illustrated in Fig. 1, measurement parameters for standard areas in pixels were set at each magnification to obtain grain counts. Data were recorded on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
0028887361
-
-
H. Peng et al., Virology 206, 16 (1995).
-
(1995)
Virology
, vol.206
, pp. 16
-
-
Peng, H.1
-
16
-
-
10544220086
-
-
note
-
Images of MNCs and GCs illustrated in Fig. 1 determined at high magnification were repeatedly analyzed independently by A. T. Haase, M. Zupancic, and K. Gebhard to determine the reproducibility of 10 to 15%.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
0003238831
-
-
I. Roitt, J. Brostoff, D. Male, Eds. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA
-
P, Lydyard and C. Grossi, in Immunology, I. Roitt, J. Brostoff, D. Male, Eds. (Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1989), pp. 2.1-2.18
-
(1989)
Immunology
, pp. 21-218
-
-
Lydyard, P.1
Grossi, C.2
-
19
-
-
10544220085
-
-
note
-
50) of HIV-1. The number of copies of HIV-1 RNA per cell was determined 5 days later by quantitative image analysis and in situ hybridization.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
0022967777
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1986)
Science
, vol.234
, pp. 1563
-
-
Walker, C.M.1
Moody, D.J.2
Stites, D.P.3
Levy, J.A.4
-
21
-
-
0025351001
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1990)
J. Immunol.
, vol.144
, pp. 2961
-
-
Brinchmann, J.E.1
Gaudernack, G.2
Vartdal, F.3
-
22
-
-
0026044404
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1991)
J. Virol.
, vol.65
, pp. 5921
-
-
Walker, C.M.1
Erickson, A.L.2
Hsueh, F.C.3
Levy, J.A.4
-
23
-
-
0028882466
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.378
, pp. 563
-
-
Baier, M.1
Werner, A.2
Bannert, N.3
Metzner, K.4
Kurth, R.5
-
24
-
-
0029417004
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.270
, pp. 1811
-
-
Cocchi, F.1
-
25
-
-
15844385082
-
-
C. M. Walker, D. J. Moody, D. P. Stites, J. A. Levy, Science 234, 1563 (1986); J. E. Brinchmann. G. Gaudernack, F. Vartdal, J. Immunol. 144, 2961 (1990); C. M. Walker, A. L. Erickson, F. C. Hsueh, J. A. Levy, J. Virol. 65, 5921 (1991); M. Baier, A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner, R. Kurth, Nature 378, 563 (1995); F. Cocchi et al., Science 270, 1811 (1995); S. M. Wolinsky et al., ibid. 272, 537 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.272
, pp. 537
-
-
Wolinsky, S.M.1
-
26
-
-
0023508507
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1987)
Science
, vol.238
, pp. 800
-
-
Folks, T.M.1
Justement, J.2
Kinter, A.3
Dinarello, C.A.4
Fauci, A.S.5
-
27
-
-
0025328383
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1990)
Cell
, vol.61
, pp. 1271
-
-
Pomerantz, R.J.1
Trono, D.2
Feinberg, M.B.3
Baltimore, D.4
-
28
-
-
0026348018
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1991)
Science
, vol.254
, pp. 815
-
-
Garcia-Blanco, M.A.1
Cullen, B.R.2
-
29
-
-
0026439078
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1992)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.89
, pp. 10663
-
-
Seshamma, T.1
Bagasra, O.2
Trono, D.3
Baltimore, D.4
Pomerantz, R.J.5
-
30
-
-
0028289587
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1994)
Virology
, vol.199
, pp. 474
-
-
Duan, L.1
Oakes, J.W.2
Ferraro, A.3
Bagasra, O.4
Pomerantz, R.J.5
-
31
-
-
0028301838
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1994)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.91
, pp. 3862
-
-
Adams, M.1
-
32
-
-
0025342694
-
-
T. M. Folks, J. Justement, A. Kinter, C. A. Dinarello, A. S. Fauci, Science 238, 800 (1987); R. J. Pomerantz, D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, D. Baltimore, Cell 61, 1271 (1990): M. A. Garcia-Blanco and B. R. Cullen, Science 254, 815 (1991); T. Seshamma, O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, R. J. Pomerantz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10663 (1992); L. Duan, J. W, Oakes, A. Ferraro, O. Bagasra, R. J. Pomerantz, Virology 199, 474 (1994); M. Adams et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3862 (1994); J. A. Zack et al., Cell 61, 213 (1990).
-
(1990)
Cell
, vol.61
, pp. 213
-
-
Zack, J.A.1
-
33
-
-
0028811974
-
-
X. Wei et al., Nature 373, 117 (1995); D. Ho et al., ibid., p. 123.
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.373
, pp. 117
-
-
Wei, X.1
-
34
-
-
0028811974
-
-
X. Wei et al., Nature 373, 117 (1995); D. Ho et al., ibid., p. 123.
-
Nature
, pp. 123
-
-
Ho, D.1
-
35
-
-
0029967721
-
-
A. S. Perelson, A. U. Neumann, M. Markowitz, J. M. Leonard, D. D. Ho, Science 271, 1582 (1996).
-
(1996)
Science
, vol.271
, pp. 1582
-
-
Perelson, A.S.1
Neumann, A.U.2
Markowitz, M.3
Leonard, J.M.4
Ho, D.D.5
-
36
-
-
0027201999
-
-
B. K. Patterson et al., ibid. 260, 976 (1993); G. J. Nuovo, F. Gallery, P. MacConnell, A. Braun, Am. J. Pathol. 144, 659 (1994); G. J. Nuovo, A. Forde, P. MacConnell, R. Fahrenwald, ibid., p. 40.
-
(1993)
Science
, vol.260
, pp. 976
-
-
Patterson, B.K.1
-
37
-
-
0028356005
-
-
B. K. Patterson et al., ibid. 260, 976 (1993); G. J. Nuovo, F. Gallery, P. MacConnell, A. Braun, Am. J. Pathol. 144, 659 (1994); G. J. Nuovo, A. Forde, P. MacConnell, R. Fahrenwald, ibid., p. 40.
-
(1994)
Am. J. Pathol.
, vol.144
, pp. 659
-
-
Nuovo, G.J.1
Gallery, F.2
MacConnell, P.3
Braun, A.4
-
38
-
-
0027770005
-
-
B. K. Patterson et al., ibid. 260, 976 (1993); G. J. Nuovo, F. Gallery, P. MacConnell, A. Braun, Am. J. Pathol. 144, 659 (1994); G. J. Nuovo, A. Forde, P. MacConnell, R. Fahrenwald, ibid., p. 40.
-
Am. J. Pathol.
, pp. 40
-
-
Nuovo, G.J.1
Forde, A.2
MacConnell, P.3
Fahrenwald, R.4
-
39
-
-
0020053952
-
-
A. T. Haase et al., Virology 119, 399 (1982).
-
(1982)
Virology
, vol.119
, pp. 399
-
-
Haase, A.T.1
-
40
-
-
0028930817
-
-
C. Pachl et al., J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 8, 446 (1995); R. L. Dewar et al., J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1172 (1994); Y. Cao et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 353 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr.
, vol.8
, pp. 446
-
-
Pachl, C.1
-
41
-
-
0028152948
-
-
C. Pachl et al., J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 8, 446 (1995); R. L. Dewar et al., J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1172 (1994); Y. Cao et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 353 (1995).
-
(1994)
J. Infect. Dis.
, vol.170
, pp. 1172
-
-
Dewar, R.L.1
-
42
-
-
0028986503
-
-
C. Pachl et al., J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 8, 446 (1995); R. L. Dewar et al., J. Infect. Dis. 170, 1172 (1994); Y. Cao et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 353 (1995).
-
(1995)
AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses
, vol.11
, pp. 353
-
-
Cao, Y.1
-
43
-
-
10544254750
-
-
note
-
We thank S, Wietgrefe and the reviewers for helpful comments; C. O'Neill and T. Leonard for preparation of the manuscript and figures; and the Ramsey Foundation, the Santa Fe Institute, the Joseph P. and Jeanne W. Sullivan Foundation, and NIH (grants AI 28246, AI 27661 and RR 06555) for support. Portions of this work were done under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy.
-
-
-
|