Growth control mechanisms in multiple myeloma

Leukemia and Lymphoma

Volumn 29, Issue 5-6, 1998, Pages 465-475

  Hawley, Robert G ^a   Berger, Lloyd C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^b Inflazyme Pharmaceuticals Ltd   (Canada)

Author keywords

Growth regulation; Interferon ; Interferons ; Interleukin 6; Multiple myeloma

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 6; RAS PROTEIN; STAT1 PROTEIN;

CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; PLASMA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0031862382     PISSN: 10428194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10428199809050906     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Barlogie, B., Epstein, J., Selvanayagam, P. and Alexanian, R. (1989). Plasma cell myeloma-new biological insights and advances in therapy. Blood, 73, 865-879.
2. Mandelli, F., Avvisati, G. and Tribalto, M. (1992). Biology and treatment of multiple myeloma. Curr. Opin. Oncol., 4, 73-86.
3. Bakkus, M. H. C., Van Riet, I., De Greef, C., Van Camp, B. and Thielemans, K. (1995). The clonogenic precursor cell in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma, 18, 221-229.
4. Bakkus, M. H., Heirman, C., Van Riet, I., Van Camp, B. and Thielemans, K. (1992). Evidence that multiple myeloma Ig heavy chain VDJ genes contain somatic mutations but show no intraclonal variation. Blood, 80, 2326-2335.
5. Billadeau, D., Ahmann, G., Griepp, P. and Van Ness, B. (1993). The bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients contains B-cell populations at different stages of differentiation that are clonally related to the malignant plasma cell. J. Exp. Med., 178, 1023-1031.
6. Van Riet, I. and Van Camp, B. (1993). The involvement of adhesion molecules in the biology of multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma, 9, 441-452.
7. Okada, T. and Hawley, R. G. (1995). Adhesion molecules involved in the binding of murine myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal elements. Int. J. Cancer, 63, 823-830.
8. Durie, B. G. and Salmon, S. E. (1975). Cellular kinetics staging, and immunoglobulin synthesis in multiple myeloma. Ann. Rev. Med., 26, 283-288.
9. San Miguel, J. F., Garcia-Sanz, R., Gonzalez, M., Moro, M. J, Hemandez, J. M., Ortega, F., Borrego, D., Carnero, M., Casanova, F., Jimeniz, R., Portero, J. A. and Orfao, A. (1995). A new staging system for multiple myeloma based on the number of S-phase plasma cells. Blood, 85, 448-455.
10. Alexanian, R. and Dimopoulos, M. (1994). The treatment of multiple myeloma. New Eng. J. Med., 330, 484-489.
11. Tricot, G., Jagannath, S., Vesole, D. H., Bracy, D., Desikan, K. R., Siegel, D. and Barlogie, B. (1996). Hematopoietic stem cell transplants for multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma, 22, 25-36.
12. Couban, S., Stewart, A. K., Loach, D., Panzarella, T. and Meharchand, J. (1997). Autologous and allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma at a single centre. Bone Marrow Transplant., 19, 783-789.
13. Klein, B., Zhang, X.-G., Lu, Z.-Y. and Bataille, R. (1995). Interleukin-6 in human multiple myeloma. Blood, 85, 863-872.
14. Kishimoto, T., Akira, S., Narazaki, M. and Taga, T. (1995). Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130. Blood, 86, 1243-1254.
15. Palumbo, A., Bruno, B., Boccadoro, M. and Pileri, A. (1995). Interferon-γ in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma, 18, 215-219.
16. Peest, D., Blade, J., Harousseau, J.-L., Klein, B., Osterborg, A. and San Miguel, J. F. (1996). Cytokine therapy in multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol., 94, 425-432.
17. Hawley, R. G. (1994). Hematopathology of interleukin-6-type cytokines. Stem Cells, 12 (suppl. 1), 155-171.
18. Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1997). GP130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. An. Rev. Immunol., 15, 797-819.
19. Van Snick, J. (1990). Interleukin-6: an overview. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, 253-278.
20. Hirano, T., Akira, S., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1990). Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6. Immunol. Today, 11, 443-449.
21. Hawley, R. G. (1995). Interleukin-6-type cytokines in myeloproliferative disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 762, 294-307.
22. Haegeman, G., Content, J., Volckaert, G., Derynck, R., Tavernier, J. and Fiers, W. (1986). Structural analysis of the sequence coding for an inducible 26-kDa protein in human fibroblasts. Eur. J. Biochem., 159, 625-632.
23. Zilberstein, A., Ruggieri, R., Korn, J. H. and Revel, M. (1986). Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-β-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines. EMBO J., 5, 2529-2537.
24. May, L. T., Helfgott, D. C. and Sehgal, P. B. (1986). Anti-β-interferon antibodies inhibit the increased expression of HLA-B7 mRNA in tumor necrosis factor-treated human fibroblasts:structural studies of the beta2 interferon involved. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 8957-8961.
25. Gauldie, J., Richards, C., Harnish, D., Lansdorp, P. and Baumann, H. (1987). Interferon β2/B-cell stimulatory factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7251-7255.
26. 2 interferon) functions as a second signal for interleukin 2 production by mature murine T-cells. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7629-7633.
27. Wong, G. G., Witek-Giannotti, J. S., Temple, P. A., Kriz, R., Ferenz, C., Hewick, R. M., Clark, S. C., Ikebuchi, K. and Ogawa, M. (1988). Stimulation of murine hemopoietic colony formation by human IL-6. J. Immunol., 140, 3040-3044.
28. Hirano, T., Yasukawa, K., Harada, H., Taga, T., Watanabe, Y., Matsuda, T., Kashiwamura, S., Nakajima, K., Koyama, K., Iwamatsu, A., Tsunasawa, S., Sakiyama, F., Matsui, H., Takahara, Y., Taniguchi, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1986). Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature, 324, 73-76.
29. Nordan, R. P. and Potter, M. (1986). A macrophage-derived factor required by plasmacytomas for survival and proliferation in vitro. Science, 233, 566-569.
30. Van Snick, J., Vink, A., Cayphas, S. and Uyttenhove, C. (1987). Interleukin-HP1, a T-cell-derived hybridoma growth factor that supports the in vitro growth of murine plasmacytomas. J. Exp. Med., 165, 641-649.
31. 5), as a B-cell hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor induced by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Exp. Med., 165, 914-919.
32. Kawano, M., Hirano, T., Matsuda, T., Taga, T., Horii, Y., Iwato, K., Asaoku, H., Tang, B., Tanabe, O., Tanaka, H., Kuramoto, A. and Kishimoto, T. (1988). Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature, 332, 83-85.
33. Klein, B., Zhang, X. G., Jourdan, M., Content, J., Houssiau, F., Aarden, L., Piechaczyk, M. and Bataille, R. (1989). Paracrine rather than autocrine regulation of myeloma-cell growth and differentiation by interleukin-6. Blood, 73, 517-526.
34. Hitzler, J. K., Martinez-Valdes, H., Bergsagel, D. B., Minden, M. D. and Messner, H. A. (1991). Role of interleukin-6 in the proliferation of human multiple myeloma cell lines OCI-My 1 to 7 established from patients with advanced stage of the disease. Blood, 78, 1996-2004.
35. Jelinek, D. F., Ahmann, G. J., Greipp, P. R., Jalal, S. M., Westendorf, J. J., Katzmann, J. A., Kyle, R. A. and Lust, J. A. (1993). Coexistence of aneuploid subclones within a myeloma cell line that exhibits clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement: clinical implications. Cancer Res., 53, 5320-5327.
36. Zhang, X.-G., Gaillard, J. P., Robillard, N., Lu, Z.-Y., Gu, Z.-J., Jourdan, M., Boiron, J. M., Bataille, R. and Klein, B. (1994). Reproducible obtaining of human myeloma cell lines as a model for tumor stem cell study in multiple myeloma. Blood, 83, 3654-3663.
37. Zhang, X. G., Klein, B. and Bataille, R. (1989). Interleukin-6 is a potent myeloma-cell growth factor in patients with aggressive multiple myeloma. Blood, 74, 11-13.
38. Bataille, R., Jourdan, M., Zhang, X. G. and Klein, B. (1989). Serum levels of interleukin 6, a potent myeloma cell growth factor, as a reflect of disease severity in plasma cell dyscrasias. J. Clin. Invest., 84, 2008-2011.
39. Klein, B., Zhang, X. G., Jourdan, M., Portier, M. and Bataille, R. (1990). Interleukin-6 is a major myeloma cell growth factor in vitro and in vivo especially in patients with terminal disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 166, 23-32.
40. Paul, S. R., Bennett, F., Calvetti, J. A., Kelleher, K., Wood, C. R., O'Hara, R. M. Jr., Leary, A. C., Sibley, B., Clark, S. C, Williams, D. A. and Yang, Y.-C. (1990). Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding interleukin 11, a stromal cell-derived lymphopoietic and hematopoietic cytokine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 7512-7516.
41. Hawley, R. G., Fong, A. Z. C, Ngan, B. Y., de Lanux, V. M., Clark, S. C. and Hawley, T. S. (1993). Progenitor cell hyperplasia with rare development of myeloid leukemia in interleukin 11 bone marrow chimeras. J. Exp. Med., 178, 1175-1188.
42. Berger, L. C., Hawley, T. S., Lust, J. A., Goldman, S. J. and Hawley, R. G. (1994). Tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK-TYK kinases in malignant plasma cell lines growth-stimulated by interleukins 6 and 11. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 202, 596-605.
43. Zhang, X.-G., Gu, J.-J., Lu, Z.-Y., Yasukawa, K., Yancopoulos, G. D., Turner, K., Shoyab, M., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T., Bataille, R. and Klein, B. (1994). Ciliary neurotropic factor, interleukin 11, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M are growth factors for human myeloma cell lines using the interleukin 6 signal transducer GP130. J. Exp. Med., 177, 1337-1342.
44. Nishimoto, N., Ogata, A., Shima, Y., Tani, Y., Ogawa, H., Nakagawa, M., Sugiyama, H., Yoshizaki, K. and Kishimoto, T. (1994). Oncostatin M, leukemia inhibitory factor, and interleukin 6 induce the proliferation of human plasmacytoma cells via the common signal transducer, GP130. J. Exp. Med., 179, 1343-1347.
45. Lu, Z.-Y., Gu, Z.-J., Zhang, X.-G., Wijdenes, J., Neddermann, P., Rossi, J.-F. and Klein, B. (1995). Interleukin-10 induces interleukin-11 responsiveness in human myeloma cell lines. FEBS Lett., 377, 515-518.
46. Gu, Z.-J., Costes, V., Lu, Z.-Y., Zhang, X.-G., Pitard, V., Moreau, J.-F., Bataille, R., Wijdenes, J., Rossi, J.-F. and Klein, B. (1996). Interleukin-10 is a growth factor for human myeloma cells by induction of an oncostatin M autocrine loop. Blood, 88, 3972-3986.
47. Cozzolino, F., Torcia, M., Aldinucci, D., Rubartelli, A., Miliani, A., Shaw, A. R., Lansdorp, P. M. and Di Guglielmo, R. (1989). Production of interleukin-1 by bone marrow myeloma cells. Blood, 74, 380-387.
48. Kawano, M., Yamamoto, I., Iwato, K., Tanaka, H., Asaoku, H., Tanabe, O., Ishikawa, H., Nobuyoshi, M., Ohmoto, Y., Hirai, Y. and Kuramoto, A. (1989). Interleukin-1β rather than lymphotoxin as the major bone resorbing activity in human multiple myeloma. Blood, 73, 1646-1649.
49. Hawley, T. S., Lach, B., Burns, B. F., May, L. T., Sehgal, P. B. and Hawley, R. G. (1991). Expression of retrovirally transduced IL- 1α in IL-6-dependent B-cells: A murine model of aggressive multiple myeloma. Growth Factors, 5, 327-338.
50. Akira, S., Hiran, T., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1990). Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL-1 and TNF). FASEB J., 4, 2860-2867.
51. Ishikawa, H., Tanaka, H., Iwato, K., Tanabe, O., Asaoku, H., Nobuyoshi, M., Yamamoto, I., Kawano, M. and Kuramoto, A. (1990). Effect of glucocorticoids on the biologic activities of myeloma cells: inhibition of interleukin-1β osteoclast activating factor-induced bone resorption. Blood, 75, 715-720.
52. Zhang, X.-G., Bataille, R., Jourdan, M., Saeland, S., Banchereau, J., Mannoni, P. and Klein, B. (1990). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor synergizes with interleukin-6 in supporting the proliferation of human myeloma cells. Blood, 76, 2599-2605.
53. Kobayashi, M., Tanaka, J., Imamura, M., Maeda, S., Iwasaki, H., Tanaka, M., Tsudu, Y., Sakurada, K. and Miyazaki, T. (1993). Upregulation of IL-6 receptors by IL-3 on a plasma cell leukemia cell line which proliferates dependently on both IL-3 and IL-6. Br. J. Haematol., 83, 535-538.
54. Georgii-Hemming, P., Wiklund, H. J, Ljunggren, O. and Nilsson, K. (1996). Insulin-like growth factor I is a growth and survival factor in human multiple myeloma cell lines. Blood, 88, 2250-2258.
55. Tanabe, O., Akira, S., Kamiya, T., Wong, G. G., Hirano, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1988). Genomic structure of the murine IL-6 gene. J. Immunol., 141, 3875-3881.
56. Matsusaka, T., Fujikawa, K., Nishio, Y., Mukaida, N., Matsushima, K., Kishimoto, T. and Akira, S. (1993). Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-κB synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 10193-10197.
57. Brach, M. A., Gruss, H.-J., Kaisho, T., Asano, Y., Hirano, T. and Herrmann, F. (1993). Ionizing radiation induces expression of interleukin 6 by human fibroblasts involving activation of nuclear factor-κB. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 8466-8472.
58. Dendorfer, U., Oettgen, P. and Libermann, T. A. (1994). Multiple regulatory elements in the interleukin-6 gene mediate induction by prostaglandins, cyclic AMP, and lipopolysaccharide. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 4443-4454.
59. Portier, M., Moles, J.-P., Mazars, G.-R., Jeanteur, P., Bataille, R., Klein, B. and Theillet, C. (1992). p53 and RAS gene mutations in multiple myeloma. Oncogene, 7, 2539-2543.
60. Corradini, P., Ladetto, M., Voena, C., Palumbo, A., Inghirami, G., Knowles, D. M., Boccardoro, M. and Pileri, A. (1993). Mutational activation of N- and K.-ras oncogenes in plasma cell dyscrasias. Blood, 81, 2708-2713.
61. Demetri, G. D., Ernst, T. J., Pratt, E. S. II, Zenzie, B. W., Rheinwald, J. G. and Griffin, J, D. (1990). Expression of ras oncogenes in cultured human cells alters the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of cytokine genes. J. Clin. Invest., 86, 1261-1269.
62. Smeal, T., Binetruy, B., Mercola, D. A., Birrer, M. and Karin, M. (1991). Oncogenic and transcriptional cooperation with Ha-Ras requires phosphorylation of c-Jun on serines 63 and 73. Nature, 354, 494-496.
63. Nakajima, T., Kinoshita, S., Sasagawa, T., Sasaki, K., Naruto, M., Kishimoto, T. and Akira, S. (1993). Phosphorylation at threonine-235 by a ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is essential for transcription factor NF-IL6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U .S .A., 90, 2207-2211.
64. Derijard, B., Hibi, M., Wu, I.-H., Barrett, T., Su, B., Deng, T., Karin, M. and Davis, R. J. (1994). JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell, 76, 1025-1037.
65. 2) receptor. Science, 241, 825-828.
66. Hibi, M., Murakami, M., Saito, M., Hirano, T., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1990). Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Cell, 63, 1149-1157.
67. Ward, L. D., Howlett, G. J., Discolo, G., Yasukawa, K., Hammacher, A., Moritz, R. L. and Simpson, R. J. (1994). High affinity interleukin-6 receptor is a hexameric complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor, and gp130. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 23286-23289.
68. Cosman, D. (1993). The hematopoietin receptor superfamily. Cytokine, 5, 95-106.
69. Taga, T., Kawanishi, Y., Hardy, R. R., Hirano, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1987). Receptors for B-cell stimulatory factor 2. Quantitation, specifity, distribution, and regulation of their expression. J. Exp. Med., 166, 967-981.
70. Suematsu, S., Hibi, M., Sugita, T., Saito, M., Murakami, M., Matsusaka, T., Matsuda, T., Hirano, T., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1990). Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and its receptor (IL-6R) in myeloma/plasmacytoma. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 166, 13-22.
71. Jernberg-Wiklund, H., Pettersson, M., Carlsson, M. and Nilsson, K. (1992). Increase in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor expression in a human multiple myeloma cell line, U-266, during long-term in vitro culture and the development of a possible autocrine IL-6 loop. Leukemia, 6, 310-318.
72. Taga, T., Hibi, M., Hirata, Y., Yamasaki, K., Yasukawa, K., Matsuda, T., Hirano, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1989). Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130. Cell, 58, 573-581.
73. Murakami, M., Hibi, M., Nakagawa, N., Nakagawa, T., Yasukawa, K., Yamanishi, K., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1993). IL-6-induced homodimerization of gp130 and associated activation of a tyrosine kinase. Science, 260, 1808-1810.
74. Darnell, J. E. Jr., Kerr, I. M. and Stark, G. R. (1994). Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science, 264, 1415-1421.
75. Gearing, D. P., Comeau, M. R., Friend, D. J., Gimpel, S. D., Thut, C. J., McGourty, J., Brasher, K. K., King, J. A., Gillis, S., Mosley, B., Ziegler, S. F. and Cosman, D. (1992). The IL-6 signal transducer, gp130: an oncostatin M receptor and affinity converter for the LIF receptor. Science, 255, 1434-1437.
76. Lutticken, C., Wegenka, U. M., Yuan, J., Buschmann, J., Schindler, C., Ziemiecki, A., Harpur, A. G., Wilks, A. F., Yasukawa, K., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T., Barbieri, G., Pellegrini, S., Sendtner, M., Heinrich, P. C. and Horn, F. (1994). Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak 1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130. Science, 263, 89-92.
77. Stahl, N., Boulton, T. G., Farruggella, T., Ip, N. Y., Davis, S., Witthuhn, B. A., Quelle, F. W., Silvennoinen, O., Barbieri, G., Pellegrini, S., Ihle, J. N. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1994). Association and activation of Jak-Tyk kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6 beta receptor components. Science, 263, 92-95.
78. Guschin, D., Rogers, N., Briscoe, J, Witthuhn, B., Watling, D., Horn, F., Pellegrini, S., Yasukawa, K., Heinrich, P., Stark, G. R., Ihle, J. N. and Kerr, I. M. (1995). A major role for the protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 in the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway in response to interleukin-6. EMBO J., 14, 1421-1429.
79. Akira, S., Nishio, Y., Inoue, M., Wang, X.-J., Wei, S., Matsusaka, T., Yoshida, K., Sudo, T., Naruto, M. and Kishimoto, T. (1994). Molecular cloning of APRF, a novel IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 p91-related transcription factor involved in the gp130-mediated signaling pathway. Cell, 77, 63-71.
80. Stahl, N., Farruggella, J., Boulton, T. G., Zhong, Z., Darnell, J. E. Jr. and Yancopoulos, G. D. (1995). Choice of STATs and other substrates specified by modular tyrosine-based motifs in cytokine receptors. Science, 267, 1349-1353.
81. Fukada, T., Hibi, M., Yamanaka, Y., Takahashi-Tezuka, M., Fujitani, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Nakajima, K. and Hirano, T. (1996). Two signals are necessary for cell proliferation induced by a cytokine receptor gp130: involvement of STAT3 in anti-apoptosis. Immunity, 5, 449-460.
82. 5hc, Raf-1, and MEK-1 in the IL-6-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade of a growth-responsive B-cell line. J. Immunol., 153, 4436-4447.
83. Berger, L. C. and Hawley, R. G. (1997). Interferon-β interrupts-6-dependent signaling events in myeloma cells. Blood, 89, 261-271
84. Daeipour, M., Kumar, G., Amaral, M. C. and Nel, A. E. (1993). Recombinant IL-6 activates p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases in the IL-6-responsive B-cell line, AF-10. J. Immunol., 150, 4743-4753.
85. 1 arrest in B-cell hybridomas by interleukin-6 is not accompanied by altered expression of immediate early response genes. J. Cell. Physiol., 145, 564-574.
86. L. Cancer Res., 55, 2262-2265.
87. Nakajima, K. and Wall, R. (1991). Interleukin-6 signals activating junB and TIS11 gene transcription in a B-cell hybridoma. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11, 1409-1418.
88. 2-microglobulin in the human myeloma cell line U-266 and in an a-interferon resistant U-266 subline.
89. Portier, M., Zhang, X. G., Caron, E., Lu, Z. Y., Bataille, R. and Klein, B. (1993). γ-Interferon in multiple myeloma: inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent myeloma cell growth and downregulation of IL-6-receptor expression in vitro. Blood, 81, 3076-3082.
90. Schwabe, M., Brini, A. T., Bosco, M. C., Rubboli, F., Egawa, M., Zhao, J., Princler, G. L. and Kung, H. (1994). Disruption by interferon-a of an autocrine interleukin-6 growth loop in IL-6-dependent U266 myeloma cells by homologous and heterologous down-regulation of the IL-6 receptor α- and β-chains. J. Clin. Invest., 94, 2317-2325.
91. Anthes, J. C., Zhan, Z., Gilchrest, H., Egan, R. W., Siegel, M. I. and Billah, M. M. (1995). Inteferon-α down-regulates the interleukin-6 receptor in a human multiple myeloma cell line, U266. Biochem. J., 309, 175-180.
92. Goto, H., Shimazaki, C., Tatsumi, T., Yamagata, N., Fujita, N., Tsuchiya, M., Koishihara, Y., Ohsugi, Y. and Nakagawa, M. (1995). Establishment of a novel myeloma cell line KPMM2 carrying t(3;14)(q21;q32), which proliferates specifically in response to interleukin-6 through an autocrine mechanism. Leukemia, 9, 711-718.
93. Westendorf, J. J., Ahmann, G. J., Greipp, P. R., Witzig, T. E., Lust, J. A. and Jelinek, D. F. (1996). Establishment and characterization of three myeloma cell lines that demonstrate variable cytokine responses and abilities to produce autocrine inlerleukin-6. Leukemia, 10, 866-876.
94. De Maeyer, E. and De Maeyer-Guignard, J. (1988). Interferons and Other Regulatory Cytokines. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
95. Brenning, G., Ahre, A. and Nilsson, K. (1985). Correlation between in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to human leucocyte Interferon in patients with multiple myeloma. Scand. J. Haematol., 35, 543-549.
96. Brenning, G. (1985). The in vitro effect of leucocyte α-interferon on human myeloma cells in a semisolid agar culture system. Scand. J. Haematol., 35, 178-185.
97. Jourdan, M., Zhang, X. G., Portier, M., Boiron, J.-M., Bataille, R. and Klein, B. (1991). IFN-α induces autocrine production of IL-6 in myeloma cell lines. J. Immunol., 147, 4402-4407.
98. Jernberg-Wiklund, H., Pettersson, M. and Nilsson, K. (1991). Recombinant interferon-y inhibits the growth of IL-6-dependent human multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro. Eur. J. Haematol., 46, 231-239.
99. Palumbo, A., Battaglio, S., Napoli, P., Omede, P., Fusaro, A., Bruno, B., Boccadoro, M. and Pileri, A. (1994). Recombinant interferon-y inhibits the in vitro proliferation of human myeloma cells. Br. J. Haematol, 86, 726-732.
100. Uze, G., Lutfalla, G. and Mogensen, K. E. (1995). α and β interferons and their receptor and their friends and relations. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 15, 3-26.
101. Uze, G., Lutfalla, G. and Gresser, I. (1990). Genetic transfer of a functional human interferon-α receptor into mouse cells: cloning and expression of its cDNA. Cell, 60, 225-234.
102. Domanski, P., Witte, M., Kellum, M., Rubinstein, M., Hackett, R., Pitha, P. and Colamonici, O. R. (1995). Cloning and expression of a long form of the β subunit of the interferon-α/β receptor that is required for signaling. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 21606-21611.
103. Muller, M., Briscoe, J., Laxton, C., Guschin, D., Ziemiecki, A., Silvennoinen, O, Harpur, A. G., Barbieri, G., Wilks, A. F., Ihle, J. N., Stark, G. R. and Kerr, I. M. (1993). The protein tyrosine kinase JAK1 complements defects in interferon-α/β and -γ signal transduction. Nature, 366, 129-135.
104. Muller, M., Laxton, C., Briscoe, J., Schindler, C., Improta, T., Dernell, J. E. Jr., Stark, G. R. and Kerr, I. M. (1993). Complementation of a mutant cell line: central role of the 91 kDA polypeptide of ISGF3 in the interferon-a and -γ signal transduction pathways. EMBO J., 12, 4221-4228.
105. Colamonici, O. R., Uyttendaele, H., Domanski, P., Yan, H. and Krolewski, J. J. (1994). p135tyk2, an interferon-α-activated tyrosine kinase, is physically associated with an interferon-a receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 3518-3522.
106. Colamonici, O. R., Platanias, L. C., Domanski, P., Handa, R., Gilmour, K. C. and Diaz, M. O. (1995). Transmembrane signaling by the a subunit of the type I interferon receptor is essential for activation of the JAK kinases and the transcriptional factor ISGF3. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 8188-8193.
107. Yan, H., Krishnan, K., Lim, J. T., Contillo, L. G. and Krolewski, J. J. (1996). Molecular characterization of an α-interferon receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) domain required for TYK2 binding and signal transduction. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 2074-2082.
108. Novick, D., Cohen, B. and Rubinstein, M. (1994). The human interferon-α/β receptor: characterization and molecular cloning. Cell, 77, 391-400.
109. Greenlund, A. C., Morales, M. O., Viviano, B. L., Yan, H., Krolewski, J. and Schreiber, R. D. (1995). Stat recruitment by tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine receptors: an ordered reversible affinity-driven process. Immunity, 2, 677-687.
110. Yan, H., Krishnan, K., Greenlund, A. C., Gupta, S., Lim, J. T., Schreiber, R. D., Schindler, C. W. and Krolewski, J. J. (1996). Phosphorylated interferon-α receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) acts as a docking site for the latent form of the 113 kDa STAT2 protein. EMBO J., 15, 1064-1074.
111. Li, X., Leung, S., Kerr, I. M. and Stark, G. R. (1997). Functional subdomains of STAT2 required for preassociation with me α-interferon receptor and for signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 2048-2056.
112. Schindler, C. and Darnell, J. E. Jr. (1995). Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 64, 621-651.
113. Platanias, L. C., Uddin, S., Domanski, P. and Colamonici, O. R. (1996). Differences in interferon α and β signaling. Interferon β selectively induces the interaction of the α nd βL subunits of the type I interferon. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 23630-23633.
114. Croze, E., Russell-Harde, D., Wagner, T. C., Pu, H., Pfeffer, L. M. and Perez, H. D. (1996). The human type I interferon receptor. Identification of the interferon β-specific receptor-associated phosphoprotein. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 33165-33168.
115. Aguet, M., Dembic, Z. and Merlin, G. (1988). Molecular cloning and expression of the human interferon-γ receptor. Cell, 55, 273-280.
116. Farrar, M. A. and Schreiber, P. D. (1993). The molecular cell biology of interferon-γ and its receptor. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 11, 571-611.
117. Schindler, C., Shuai, K., Prezioso, V. R. and Darnell, J. E. Jr. (1992). Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor. Science, 257, 809-813.
118. Shuai, K., Schindler, C., Prezioso, V. R. and Darnell, J. E. Jr. (1992). Activation of transcription by IFN-γ: tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA binding protein. Science, 258, 1808-1812.
119. Greenlund, A. C., Farrar, M. A., Viviano, B. L. and Schreiber, R. D. (1994). Ligand-induced IFN-γ receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p91). EMBO J., 13, 1591-1600.
120. Watling, D., Guschin, D., Muller, M., Silvennoinen, O., Witthuhn, B. A., Quelle, F. W., Rogers, N. C., Schindler, C., Stark, G. R., Ihle, J. N. and Kerr, I. M. (1993). Complementation by the protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 of a mutant cell line defective in the interferon-γ signal transduction pathway. Nature, 366, 166-170.
121. Shuai, K., Horvath, C. M., Tsai Huang, L. H., Qureshi, S. A., Cowburn, D. and Darnell, J. E. Jr. (1994). Interferon activation of the transcription factor Stat91 involves dimerization through SH2-phosphotyrosyl peptide interactions. Cell, 76, 821-828.
122. Schwab, G., Siegall, C. B., Aarden, L. A., Neckers, L. M. and Nordan, R. P. (1991). Characterization of an interleukin-6-mediated autocrine growth loop in the human multiple myeloma cell line, U266. Blood, 77, 587-593.
123. Lasfar, A., Wietzerbin, J. and Billard, C. (1994). Differential regulation of interleukin-6 receptors by interleukin-6 and interferons in multiple myeloma cell lines. Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 124-130.
124. Schwabe, M., Zhao, J. and Kung, H. (1994). Differential expression and ligand-induced modulation of the human interleukin-6 receptor on interleukin-6-responsive cells. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 7201-7209.
125. Ogata, A., Nishimoto, N., Shima, Y., Yoshizaki, K. and Kishimoto, T. (1994). Inhibitory effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the growth of freshly isolated myeloma cells via interference with interleukin-6 signal transduction. Blood, 84, 3040-3046.
126. Cook, S. J. and McCormick, F. (1993). Inhibition by cAMP on Ras-dependent activation of Raf. Science, 262, 1069-1072.
127. Marx, J. (1993). Two major signal pathways linked. Science, 262, 988-990.
128. Xu, J., Rockow, S., Kim, S., Xiong, W. and Li, W. (1994). Interferons block protein kinase C-dependent but not -independent activation of Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases and mitogenesis in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 8018-8027.
129. Rezzonico, R., Loubat, A., Lallemand, D., Pfarr, C. M., Far, D. F., Proudfoot, A., Rossi, B. and Ponzio, G. (1995). Cyclic AMP stimulates a JunD/Fra-2 AP-1 complex and inhibits the proliferation of interleukin-6-dependent cell lines. Oncogene, 11, 1069-1078.
130. Hsu, W., Kerppola, T. K., Chen, P.-L., Curran, T. and Chen-Kiang, S. (1994). Fos and Jun repress transcription activation by NF-IL6 through association at the basic zipper region. Mol. Cell. Biol, 14, 268-276.
131. David, M., Petricoin, E. III and Larner, A. C. (1996). Activation of protein kinase A inhibits interferon induction of the Jak/Stat pathway in U266 cells. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 4585-4588.
132. David, M., Petricoin, E. III, Benjamin, C., Pine, R., Weber, M. J. and Larner, A. C. (1995). Requirement for MAP kinase (ERK2) activity in interferon α- and interferon β-stimulated gene expression through STAT proteins. Science, 269, 1721-1723.
133. Zhang, X., Blenis, J., Li, H.-C., Schindler, C. and Chen-Kiang, S. (1995). Requirement of serine phosphorylation for formation of STAT-promoter complexes. Science, 267, 1990-1994.
134. David, M., Zhou, G., Pine, R., Dixon, J. E. and Larner, A. C. (1996). The SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase PTP1D is required for interferon α/β-induced gene expression. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 15862-15865.
135. ras by interferon-β. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. In press.
136. Rodriguez-Viciana, P., Warne, P. H., Dhand, R., Vanhaesebroeck, B., Gout, I., Fry, M. J., Waterfield, M. D. and Downward, J. (1994). Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature, 370, 527-532.
137. Uddin, S., Fish, E. N., Sher, D. A., Gardziola, C., White, M. F. and Platanias, L. C. (1997). Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase serine kinase by IFN-α. J. Immunol., 158, 2390-2397.
138. Hu, Q., Klippel, A., Muslin, A. J., Fantl, W. J. and Williams, L. T. (1995). Ras-dependent induction of cellular responses by constitutively active phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Science, 268, 100-102.
139. Yao, R. and Cooper, G. M. (1995). Requirement for phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase in the prevention of apoptosis by nerve growth factor. Science, 267, 2003-2006.
140. Datta, K., Bellacosa, A., Chan, T. O. and Tsichlis, P. N. (1996). Akt is a direct target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Activation by growth factors, v-scr. and v-Ha-ras, in Sf9 and mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 30835-30839.
141. Kauffmann-Zeh, A., Rodriguez-Viciana, P., Ulrich, E., Gilbert, C., Coffer, P., Downward, J. and Evan, G. (1997). Suppression of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by Ras signalling through PI(3)K and PKB. Nature, 385, 544-548.
142. Egle, A., Villunger, A., Kos, M., Bock, G., Gruber, J., Auer, B. and Greil, R. (1996). Modulation of Apo-1/Fas (CD95)-induced programmed cell death in myeloma cells by interferon-α2. Eur. J. Immunol., 26, 3119-3126.
143. Ferlin-Bezombes, M., Jourdan, M., Brochier, J., Liautard, J., Rossi, J.-F. and Klein, B. (1997). Interferon-α is a survival factor for human myeloma cells and reduces dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Manuscript submitted.
144. Soldi, R., Graziani, A., Benelli, R., Ghigo, D., Bosia, A., Albini, A. and Bussolino, F. (1994). Oncostatin M activates phoshphatidylinositol-3-kinase in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Oncogene, 9, 2253-2260.
145. Yang, C. H., Shi, W., Basu, L, Murti, A., Constantinescu, S. N., Blatt, L., Croze, E., Mullersman, J. E. and Pfeffer, L. M. (1996). Direct association of STAT3 with the IFNAR-1 chain of the human type I interferon receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 8057-8061.
146. Pfeffer, L. M., Mullersman, J. E., Pfeffer, S. R., Murti, A., Shi, W. and Yang, C. H. (1997). STAT3 as an adapter to couple phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the IFNAR1 chain of the type I interferon receptor. Science, 276, 1418-1420.
147. Raveh, T., Hovanessian, A. G., Meurs, E. F., Sonenberg, N. and Kimchi, A. (1996). Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase mediates c-Myc suppression induced by type I interferons. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 25479-25484.
148. Kuhen, K. L. and Samuel, C. E. (1997). Isolation of the interferon-inducible RNA-dependent protein kinase Pkr promoter and identification of a novel DNA element within the 5′-flanking region of human and mouse Pkr genes. Virology, 227, 119-130.
149. WAF1/CIP1 mediated by STAT1. Science, 272, 719-722.
150. Resnitzky, D., Tiefenbrun, N., Berissi, H. and Kimchi, A. (1992). Interferons and interleukin 6 suppress phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein in growth-sensitive hematopoietic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 402-406.
151. Choubey, D. and Lengyel, P. (1995). Binding of an interferon-inducible protein (p202) to the retinoblastoma protein. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 6134-6140.
152. Juge-Morineau, N., Harousseau, J.-L., Amiot, M. and Bataille, R. (1997). The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene RB-I in multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma, 24, 229-237.
153. Stewart, A. K., Meharchand, J., Dube, I. D., Graham, F. L., Gauldie, J.
154. Stewart, A. K. and Hawley, R. G. (1997). Adenovirus-mediated immunogene therapy for the treatment of myeloma: pre-clinical and clinical studies. VI International Workshop on Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Treat. Rep. In press.
155. Nastala, C. L., Edington. H. D., McKinney, T. G., Tahara, H., Nalesnik, M. A., Brunda, M. J., Gately, M. K., Wolf, S. F., Schreiber, R. D., Storkus, W. J. and Lotze, M. T. (1994). Recombinant IL-12 administration induces tumor regression in association with IFNγ production. J. Immunol., 153, 1697-1706.
156. Kerbel, R. S. and Hawley, R. G. (1995). Interleukin 12: newest member of the antiangiogenesis club. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87, 557-559.
157. Hawley, R. G., Lieu, F. H. L., Fong, A. Z. C, Goldman, S. J., Leonard, J. P. and Hawley, T. S. (1996). Retroviral vectors for production of interleukin-12 in the bone marrow to induce a graft-versus-leukemia effect. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 795, 341-345.
158. Lieu, F. H. L., Hawley, T. S., Fong, A. Z. C. and Hawley, R. G. (1997). Transmissibility of MSCV-based retroviral vectors carrying both interleukin-12 cDNAs and a third gene: implications for immune gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther., 4, 167-175.