Present models of neuropathic pain

Pain Reviews

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 83-100

  Ralston, Diane Daly ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARRAGEENAN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; FORMALDEHYDE; GANGLIOSIDE ANTIBODY; GANGLIOSIDE GD2; IRRITANT AGENT;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTHRITIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHRONIC PAIN; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; INFLAMMATION; NERVE INJURY; NEUROMA; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; RAT; REVIEW; SCIATIC NERVE; STROKE; VISCERAL PAIN;

EID: 0031816081     PISSN: 09681302     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/096813098672721191     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Bennett GJ. Animal models of neuropathic pain. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Pain (Progress in pain research and management, vol. 2). Seattle: IASP Press, 1994: 495-510.
2. McMahon SB, Priestley JV. Peripheral neuropathies and neurotrophic factors: animal models and clinical perspectives. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995; 5: 616-24.
3. Kim KJ, Yoon YW, Chung JM. Comparison of three rodent neuropathic pain models. Exp Brain Res 1997; 113: 200-206.
4. Casey KL, Dubner R. Animal models of chronic pain: scientific and ethical issues. Pain 1989; 38: 249-52.
5. Galer BS, Jensen MP. Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the neuropathic pain scale. Neurology 1997; 48: 332-38.
6. Thomas PK. Painful neuropathies, third edition. New York: Raven Press, 1979: 103-10.
7. Dyck PJ, Dyck PJB, Grant IA, Fealey RD. Ten steps in characterizing and diagnosing patients with peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1996; 47: 10-17.
8. Bonica JJ. Causalgia and other reflex sympathetic dystrophies, third edition. New York: Raven Press, 1979.
9. Levine JD, Fields HL, Basbaum AI. Peptides and the primary afferent nociceptor. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 2273-86.
10. Boivie J. On central pain and central pain mechanisms. Pain 1989; 38: 121-22.
11. Boivie J, Leijon G, Johansson I. Central post-stroke pain - a study of the mechanisms through analyses of the sensory abnormalities. Pain 1989; 37: 173-85.
12. Yezierski RP. Pain following spinal cord injury: the clinical problem and experimental studies. Pain 1996; 68: 185-94.
13. Willis WD, Coggeshall RE. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord, second edition. New York: Plenum, 1991: 1-575.
14. Rexed B. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1952; 96: 415-95.
15. Ma W, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De Koninck Y, Radhakrishnan V, Cuello AC, Henry JL. Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivities in axonal boutons presynaptic to physiologically identified dorsal horn neurons. An ultrastructural multiple-labelling study in the cat. Neuroscience 1997; 77: 793-811.
16. Ma MY, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De Koninck Y, Radhakrishnan V, Henry JL, Cuello AC. Quantitative analysis of substance P-immunoreactive boutons on physiologically characterized dorsal horn neurons in the cat lumbar spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 1996; 376: 45-64.
17. Ma WY, Ribeiro-da-Silva A. Substance-P and GABA-like immunoreactivities are co-localized in axonal varicosities in the superficial laminae of cat but not rat spinal cord. Brain Res 1995; 692: 99-110.
18. Zhang X, Nicholas AP, Hokfelt T. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: II. Co-existence of galanin with other peptides in local neurons. Neuroscience 1995; 64: 875-91.
19. Zhang X, Bean AJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu X-J, Hokfelt T. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: III. Effects of peripheral axotomy with special reference to galanin. Neuroscience 1995; 64: 893-915.
20. Zhang X, Bean AJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hokfelt T. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: IV. Effects of peripheral axotomy with special reference to neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine. Neuroscience 1995; 64: 917-41.
21. Ralston DD, Behbehani M, Sehlhorst CS, Meng X-W, Ralston HJ. Decreased GABA immunoreactivity in rat dorsal horn is correlated with pain behavior: a light and electron microscopic study. In: Jensen TS, Turner JA, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z eds. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Pain (Progress in pain research and management, vol. 8). Seattle: IASP Press, 1997: 547-560.
22. Todd AJ. GABA and glycine in synaptic glomeruli of the rat spinal dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8: 2492-98.
23. Antal M, Petkó M, Polgár E, Heizmann CW, Storm-Mathisen J. Direct evidence of an extensive GABAergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn by fibres descending from the rostral ventromedial medulla. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 509-18.
24. Siddall PJ, Poison JW, Dampney RAL. Descending antinociceptive pathway from the rostral ventrolateral medulla: a correlative anatomical and physiological study. Brain Res 1994; 645: 61-68.
25. Helmchen C, Fu Q-G, Sandkühler J. Inhibition of spinal nociceptive neurons by microinjections of somatostatin into the nucleus raphe magnus and the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the anesthetized cat. Neurosci Lett 1995; 187: 137-41.
26. Chiang CY, Sessle BJ, Hu JW. Parabrachial area and nucleus raphe magnus-induced modulation of electrically evoked trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neuronal responses to cutaneous or deep A-fiber and C-fiber inputs in rats. Pain 1995; 62: 61-68.
27. Bouhassira D, Chitour D, Villaneuva L, Le Bars D. The spinal transmission of nociceptive information: modulation by the caudal medulla. Neuroscience 1995; 69: 931-38.
28. Westlund KN, Craig AD. Association of spinal lamina I projections with brainstem catecholamine neurons in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 1996; 110: 151-62.
29. Tsuruoka M, Willis WD. Descending modulation from the region of the locus coeruleus on nociceptive sensitivity in a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Brain Res 1996; 743: 86-92.
30. Rohde DS, McKay WR, Chang DS, Abbadie C, Basbaum AI. The contribution of supraspinal, peripheral and intrinsic spinal circuits to the pattern and magnitude of fos-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat withdrawing from morphine. Neuroscience 1997; 80: 599-612.
31. Ralston HJ, Ralston DD. Medial lemniscal and spinal projections to the macaque thalamus: an electron microscopic study of differing GABAergic circuitry serving thalamic somatosensory mechanisms. J Neurosci 1995; 14: 2485-502.
32. Hassler R, Riechert T. Klinische und anatomische befunde bei stereotaktischen schmerzoperationen im thalamus. Arch Psychiatr Zeitscrift Neurol 1959; 200: 93-122.
33. Lenz FA, Seike M, Lin YC et al. Neurons in the area of human thalamic nucleus ventralis caudalis respond to painful heat stimuli. Brain Res 1993; 623: 235-40.
34. Talbot JD, Marrett S, Evans AC, Meyer E, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH. Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science 1991; 251: 1355-60.
35. Rainville P, Duncan GH, Price DD, Carrier B, Bushnell MC. Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex. Science 1997; 277: 968-71.
36. Wall PD, Gutnick M. Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: the physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma. Exp Neurol 1974; 43: 580-93.
37. Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974; 248: 740-43.
38. Devor M, Wall PD, Catalan N. Systemic lidocaine silences ectopic neuroma and DRG discharge without blocking nerve conduction. Pain 1992; 48: 261-68.
39. + channel immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nerve injury and neuroma formation. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 1976-92.
40. Amir R, Devor M. Axonal cross-excitation in nerve-end neuromas: comparison of A- and C-fibers. J Neurophysiol 1992; 68: 1160-66.
41. Fried K, Govrin-Lippmann R, Devor M. Close apposition among neighbouring axonal endings in a neuroma. J Neurocytol 1993; 22: 663-81.
42. + channels. J Neurophysiol 1994; 72: 349-59.
43. Small JR, Scadding JW, Landon DN. Ultrastructural localization of sympathetic axons in experimental rat sciatic nerve neuromas. J Neurocytol 1996; 25: 573-82.
44. Chung JM, Choi Y, Yoon YW, Na HS. Effects of age on behavioral signs of neuropathc pain in an experimental rat model. Neurosci Lett 1995; 183: 54-57.
45. Coyle DE, Sehlhorst CS, Behbehani MM. Intact female rats are more susceptible to the development of tactile allodynia than ovariectomized female rats following partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Neurosci Lett 1996; 203: 37-40.
46. Coyle DE, Sehlhorst CS, Mascari C. Female rats are more susceptible to the development of neuropathic pain using the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model. Neurosci Lett 1995; 186: 135-38.
47. Bennett GJ, Xie Y-K. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 1988; 33: 87-107.
48. Attal N, Jazat F, Kayser V, Guilbaud G. Further evidence for 'pain-related' behaviors in a model of unilateral peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 1990; 41: 235-51.
49. Sommer C, Myers RR. Vascular pathology in CCI neuropathy: a quantitative temporal study. Exp Neurol 1996; 141: 113-19.
50. Sasaki H, Kihara M, Zollman PJ et al. Chronic constriction model of rat sciatic nerve: nerve blood flow, morphologic and biochemical alterations. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1997; 93: 62-70.
51. Sugimoto T, Bennett GJ, Kajander KC. Strychnine-enhanced transsynaptic degeneration of dorsal horn neurons with an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1989; 98: 139-43.
52. Sugimoto T, Bennett GJ, Kajander KC. Transsynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: effects of a chronic constriction injury, transection and strychnine. Pain 1990; 42: 205-13.
53. Hama AT, Pappas GD, Sagen J. Adrenal medullary implants reduce transsynaptic degeneration in the spinal cord of rats following chronic constriction nerve injury. Exp Neurol 1996; 137: 81-93.
54. Cammermeyer J. The importance of avoiding 'dark' neurons in experimental neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1961; 1: 245-70.
55. Gautron M, Jazat F, Ratinahirana H, Hauw JJ, Guilbaud G. Alterations in myelinated fibres in the sciatic nerve of rats after constriction: possible relationships between the presence of abnormal small myelinated fibres and pain-related behaviour. Neurosci Lett 1990; 111: 28-33.
56. Basbaum AI, Gautron M, Jazat F, Mayes M, Guilbaud G. The spectrum of fiber loss in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat: an electron microscopic study. Pain 1991; 47: 359-67.
57. Coggeshall RE, Dougherty PM, Pover CM, Carlton SM. Is large myelinated fiber loss associated with hyperalgesia in a model of experimental peripheral neuropathy in the rat? Pain 1993; 52: 233-42.
58. Guilbaud G, Gautron M, Jazat F, Ratinahirana H, Hassig R, Hauw JJ. Time course of degeneration and regeneration of myclinated nerve fibres following chronic loose ligatures of the rat sciatic nerve: can nerve lesions be linked to the abnormal pain-related behaviours? Pain 1993; 53: 147-58.
59. Cameron AA, Cliffer KD, Dougherty PM, Garrison CJ, Willis WD, Carlton SM. Time course of degenerative and regenerative changes in the dorsal horn in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. J Comp Neurol 1997; 379: 428-42.
60. Kajander KC, Wakisaka S, Bennett GJ. Spontaneous discharge originates in the dorsal root ganglion at the onset of a painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1992; 138: 225-28.
61. Tal M, Eliav E. Abnormal discharge originates at the site of nerve injury in experimental constriction neuropathy (CCI) in the rat. Pain 1996; 64: 511-18.
62. Laird JMA, Bennett GJ. Dorsal root potentials and afferent input to the spinal cord in rats with an experimental peripheral neuropathy. Brain Res 1992; 584: 181-90.
63. Colvin LA, Mark MA, Duggan AW. Bilaterally enhanced dorsal horn postsynaptic currents in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1996; 207: 29-32.
64. Woolf CJ, Shortland P, Coggeshall RE. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents. Nature 1992; 355: 75-78.
65. Woolf CJ, Shortland P, Reynolds M, Ridings J, Doubell T, Coggeshall RE. Reorganization of central terminals of myelinated primary afferents in the rat dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy. J Comp Neurol 1995; 360: 121-34.
66. Ramer MS, Bisby MA. Rapid sprouting of sympathetic axons in dorsal root ganglia of rats with a chronic constriction injury. Pain 1997; 70: 237-44.
67. Ramer MS, French GD, Bisby MA. Wallerian degeneration is required for both neuropathic pain and sympathetic sprouting into the DRG. Pain 1997; 72: 71-78.
68. Kajander KC, Xu J. Quantitative evaluation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels in rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 1995; 186: 184-88.
69. Xu JY, Pollock CH, Kajander KC. Chromic gut suture reduces calcitonin-gene-related peptide and substance P levels in the spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in the rat. Pain 1996; 64: 503-509.
70. Cui JG, Linderoth B, Meyerson B. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch-evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms. An experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat. Pain 1996; 66: 287-95.
71. Ma W, Bisby MA. Differential expression of galanin immunoreactivities in the primary sensory neurons following partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries. Neuroscience 1997; 79: 1183-95.
72. Colvin LA, Mark MA, Duggan AW. The effect of a peripheral mononeuropathy on immunoreactive (ir)-galanin release in the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res 1997; 766: 259-61.
73. Kajander KC, Madsen AM, Iadarola MJ, Draisci G. Fos-like immunoreactivity increases in the lumbar spinal cord following a chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve of rat. Neurosci Lett 1996; 206: 9-12.
74. Siegan JB, Hama AT, Sagen J. Suppression of neuropathic pain by a naturally-derived peptide with NMDA antagonist activity. Brain Res 1997; 755: 331-34.
75. Mantyh PW, Rogers SD, Honore P et al. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 1997; 278: 275-79.
76. Ro LS, Chan ST, Tang LM, Chang HS. Local application of anti-NGF blocks the collateral sprouting in rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Neurosci Lett 1996; 218: 87-90.
77. Ren K, Thomas DA, Dubner R. Nerve growth factor alleviates a painful peripheral neuropathy in rats. Brain Res 1995; 699: 286-92.
78. Herzberg U, Eliav E, Dorsey JM, Gracely RH, Kopin IJ. NGF involvement in pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the rat sciatic nerve. NeuroReport 1997; 8: 1613-18.
79. Herzberg U, Eliav E, Bennett GJ, Kopin IJ. The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 mesylate, a high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 1997; 221: 157-60.
80. Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y. A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain 1990; 43: 205-18.
81. Takaishi K, Eisele JH, Carstens E. Behavioral and electrophysiological assessment of hyperalgesia and changes in dorsal horn responses following partial sciatic nerve ligation in rats. Pain 1996; 66: 297-306.
82. Stiller CO, Cui JG, O'Connor WT, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Release of γ-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats. Neurosurgery 1996; 39: 367-75.
83. Cui JG, O'Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain 1997; 73: 87-95.
84. Kim SH, Chung JM. An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat. Pain 1992; 50: 355-63.
85. Na HS, Yoon YW, Chung JM. Both motor and sensory abnormalities contribute to changes in foot posture in an experimental rat neuropathic model. Pain 1996; 67: 173-78.
86. Chung K, Yoon YW, Chung JM. Sprouting sympathetic fibers form synaptic varicosities in the dorsal root ganglion of the rat with neuropathic injury. Brain Res 1997; 751: 275-80.
87. Kim SH, Chung JM. Sympathectomy alleviates mechanical allodynia in an experimental animal model for neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1991; 134: 131-34.
88. Kim SH, Na HS, Sheen K, Chung JM. Effects of sympathectomy on a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Pain 1993; 55: 85-92.
89. Chung K, Kim HJ, Na HS, Park MJ, Chung JM. Abnormalities of sympathetic innervation in the area of an injured peripheral nerve in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 1993; 162: 85-88.
90. Chung KS, Lee BH, Yoon YW, Chung JM. Sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia of the injured peripheral nerve in a rat neuropathic pain model. J Comp Neurol 1996; 376: 241-52.
91. Choi Y, Yoon YW, Na HS, Kim SH, Chung JM. Behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain 1994; 59: 369-76.
92. Lekan HA, Carlton SM, Coggeshall RE. Sprouting of Ab fibers into lamina II of the rat dorsal horn in peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1996; 208: 147-50.
93. Lekan HA, Chung K, Yoon YW, Chung JM, Coggeshall RE. Loss of dorsal root ganglion cells concomitant with dorsal root axon sprouting following segmental nerve lesions. Neuroscience 1997; 81: 527-34.
94. Nichols ML, Lopez Y, Ossipov MH, Bian D, Porreca F. Enhancement of the antiallodynic and antinociceptive efficacy of spinal morphine by antisera to dynorphin A (1-13) or MK-801 in a nerve-ligation model of peripheral neuropathy. Pain 1997; 63: 317-22.
95. Leem JW, Choi EJ, Park ES, Paik KS. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists differentially suppress dorsal horn neuron responses to mechanical stimuli in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 1996; 211: 37-40.
96. Mosconi T, Kruger L. Fixed-diameter polyethylene cuffs applied to the rat sciatic nerve induce a painful neuropathy: ultrastructural morphometric analysis of axonal alterations. Pain 1996; 64: 37-57.
97. Levine JD, Goetzl EJ, Basbaum AI. Contribution of the nervous system to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis and other polyarthritides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1987; 13: 369-83.
98. Levine JD, Dardick SJ, Basbaum AI, Scipio E. Reflex neurogenic inflammation: 1. Contribution of the peripheral nervous system to spatially remote inflammatory responses that follow injury. J Neurosci 1985; 5: 1380-86.
99. Levine JD, Basbaum AI, Clark R, Devor M, Helms C, Moskowitz MA. Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science 1984; 226: 547-49.
100. Kayser V, Besson JM, Guilbaud G. Paradoxical hyperalgesic effect of exceedingly low doses of systemic morphine in an animal model of persistent pain (Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats). Brain Res 1987; 414: 155-57.
101. Kayser V, Attal N, Chen YL, Guilbaud G. Single neurone studies of opioid tolerance and dependence at the ventrobasal thalamic level in an experimental model of clinical pain: the arthritic rat. Brain Res 1991; 554: 130-38.
102. Cattaneo I, Kayser V, Guilbaud G. Differential effects of specific delta and kappa opioid receptor antagonists on the bidirectional dose-dependent effect of systemic naloxone in arthritic rats, an experimental model of persistent pain. Brain Res 1993; 623: 201-207.
103. Guilbaud G, Peschanski M, Briand A, Gautron M. The organization of spinal pathways to ventrobasal thalamus in an experimental model of pain (the arthritic rat). An electrophysiological study. Pain 1986; 26: 301-12.
104. Woolf CJ, Ma QP, Allchorne A, Poole S. Peripheral cell types contributing to the hyperalgesic action of nerve growth factor in inflammation. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2716-23.
105. Ma QP, Woolf CJ. Progressive tactile hypersensitivity: an inflammation-induced incremental increase in the excitability of the spinal cord. Pain 1996; 67: 97-106.
106. Partanen J, Niskanen L, Lehtinen J et al. Natural history of peripheral neuropathy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 89-94.
107. Forman LJ, Estilow S, Lewis M, Vasilenko P. Streptozocin diabetes alters immunoreactive β-endorphin levels and pain perception after 8 weeks in female rats. Diabetes 1986; 35: 1309-13.
108. Ahlgren SC, Levine JD. Mechanical hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Neuroscience 1993; 52: 1049-55.
109. Zochodne DW, Murray MM, Van der Sloot P, Riopelle RJ. Distal tibial mononeuropathy in diabetic and nondiabetic rats reared in wire cages: an experimental entrapment neuropathy. Brain Res 1995; 698: 130-36.
110. Tjolsen A, Berge O-G, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 1992; 51: 5-17.
111. Gogas KR, Cho HJ, Botchkina GI, Levine JD, Basbaum AI. Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked pain behaviors and neuronal fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat by supraspinal morphine. Pain 1996; 65: 9-15.
112. Abbott FV, Hong YG, Franklin KBJ. The effect of lesions of the dorsolateral funiculus on formalin pain and morphine analgesia: a dose-response analysis. Pain 1996; 65: 17-23.
113. Fisher K, Coderre TJ. The contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to formalin-induced nociception. Pain 1996; 68: 255-63.
114. Watkins LR, Martin D, Ulrich P, Tracey KJ, Maier SF. Evidence for the involvement of spinal cord glia in subcutaneous formalin-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 1997; 71: 225-35.
115. Malmberg AB, Brandon EP, Idzerda RL, Liu HT, McKnight GS, Basbaum AI. Diminished inflammation and nociceptive pain with preservation of neuropathic pain in mice with a targeted mutation of the type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 7462-70.
116. LaMotte RH, Lundberg LER, Torebjork HE. Pain, hyperalgesia and activity in nociceptive C units in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. J Physiol (Lond) 1992; 448: 749-64.
117. Malmberg AB, Chen C, Tonegawa S, Basbaum AI. Preserved acute pain and reduced neuropathic pain in mice lacking PKC gamma. Science 1997; 278: 279-83.
118. Mao JR, Price DD, Phillips LL, Lu JA, Mayer DJ. Increases in protein kinase C gamma immunoreactivity in the spinal cord dorsal horn of rats with painful mononeuropathy. Neurosci Lett 1995; 198: 75-78.
119. Traub RJ. The spinal contribution of substance P to the generation and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 1996; 67: 151-61.
120. B receptor-mediated events to inflammatory pain processing: Carrageenan oedema and associated spinal c-fos expression in the rat. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 487-96.
121. Andoh T, Itoh M, Kuraishi Y. Nociceptin gene expression in rat dorsal root ganglia induced by peripheral inflammation. NeuroReport 1997; 8: 2793-96.
122. DeLeo JA, Coombs DW, Willenbring S et al. Characterization of a neuropathic pain model: sciatic cryoneurolysis in the rat. Pain 1994; 56: 9-16.
123. Wagner R, DeLeo JA. Pre-emptive dynorphin and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonism alters spinal immunocytochemistry but not allodynia following complete peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 1996; 72: 527-34.
124. Slart R, Yu AL, Yaksh TL, Sorkin LS. An animal model of pain produced by systemic administration of an immunotherapeutic anti-ganglioside antibody. Pain 1997; 69: 119-25.
125. Xiao WH, Yu AL, Sorkin LS. Electrophysiological characteristics of primary afferent fibers after systemic administration of anti-GD2 ganglioside antibody. Pain 1997; 69: 145-51.
126. Cervero F. Sensory innervation of the viscera: peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 95-138.
127. Gebhart GF. Visceral polymodal receptors. Prog Brain Res 1996; 113: 101-12.
128. Ness TJ, Gebhart GF. Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain 1990; 41: 167-234.
129. Traub RJ, Pechman P, Iadarola MJ, Gebhart GF. Fos-like proteins in the lumbosacral spinal cord following noxious and non-noxious colorectal distention in the rat. Pain 1992; 49: 393-403.
130. Traub RJ, Herdegen T, Gebhart GF. Differential expression of c-fos and c-jun in two regions of the rat spinal cord following noxious colorectal distention. Neurosci Lett 1993; 160: 121-25.
131. Traub RJ, Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. Differential c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract and spinal cord following noxious gastric distention in the rat. Neuroscience 1996; 74: 873-84.
132. Traub RJ, Silva E, Gebhart GF, Solodkin A. Noxious colorectal distention induced c-fos protein in limbic brain structures in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1996; 215: 165-68.
133. Traub RJ, Lim F, Sengupta JN, Meller ST, Gebhart GF. Noxious distention of viscera results in differential c-fos expression in second order sensory neurons receiving 'sympathetic' or 'parasympathetic' input. Neurosci Lett 1994; 180: 71-75.
134. Traub RJ, Stitt S, Gebhart GF. Attenuation of c-fos expression in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord by morphine or tramadol following noxious colorectal distention. Brain Res 1995; 701: 175-82.
135. Kolhekar R, Gebhart GF. Modulation of spinal visceral nociceptive transmission by NMDA receptor activation in the rat. J Neurophysiol 1996; 75: 2344-53.
136. Follett KA, Dirks B. Characterization of responses of primary somatosensory cerebral cortex neurons to noxious visceral stimulation in the rat. Brain Res 1994; 656: 27-32.
137. Katter JT, Dado RJ, Kostarczyk E, Giesler GJ. Spinothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons in the sacral spinal cord of rats: 1. Locations of antidromically identified axons in the cervical cord and diencephalon. J Neurophysiol 1996; 75: 2581-605.
138. Kawakita K, Sumiya E, Murase K, Okada K. Response characteristics of nucleus submedius neurons to colo-rectal distension in the rat. Neurosci Res 1997; 28: 59-66.
139. Berkley KJ, Hubscher CH, Wall PD. Neuronal responses to stimulation of the cervix, uterus, colon, and skin in the rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 1993; 69: 545-56.
140. Berkeley KJ, Guilbaud G, Benoist JM, Gautron M. Responses of neurons in and near the thalamic ventrobasal complex of the rat to stimulation of uterus, cervix, vagina, colon, and skin. J Neurophysiol 1993; 69: 557-68.
141. 2. Brain Res 1993; 614: 285-90.
142. Berkley KJ, Benoist JM, Gautron M, Guilbaud G. Responses of neurons in the caudal intralaminar thalamic complex of the rat to stimulation of the uterus, vagina, cervix, colon and skin. Brain Res 1995; 695: 92-95.
143. Bon K, Lantéri-Minet M, De Pommery J, Michiels JF, Menétrey D. Cyclophosphamide cystitis as a model of visceral pain in rats. A survey of hindbrain structures involved in visceroccption and nociception using the expression of c-fos and Krox-24 proteins. Exp Brain Res 1996; 108: 404-16.
144. Goettl VM, Larson AA. Activity at phencyclidine and mu opioid sites mediates the hyperalgesic and antinociceptive properties of the N-terminus of substance P in a model of visceral pain. Neuroscience 1994; 60: 375-82.
145. McMahon S, Abel C. A model for the study of visceral pain states: chronic inflammation of the chronic decerebrate rat urinary bladder by irritant chemicals. Pain 1987; 28: 109-27.
146. Rice A, McMahon S. Pre-emptive intrathecal administration of an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP5) prevents hyper-reflexia in a model of persistent visceral pain. Pain 1994; 57: 335-40.
147. Rice ASC. Topical spinal administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor prevents the hyper-reflexia associated with a rat model of persistent visceral pain. Neurosci Lett 1995; 187: 111-14.
148. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hao J-X, Xu X-J. Mechanisms of central pain. In: Jensen TS, Turner JA, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z eds. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Pain (Progress in pain research and management, vol. 8). Seattle: IASP Press, 1997: 575-89.
149. Liu SL, Ruenes GL, Yezierski RP. NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists protect against excitotoxic injury in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 1997; 756: 160-67.