Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 998-1040

  Eckardt, Michael J ^a   File, Sandra E ^b   Gessa, Gian Luigi ^c   Grant, Kathleen A ^d   Guerri, Consuelo ^e   Hoffman, Paula L ^f   Kalant, Harold ^g   Koob, George F ^h   Li, Ting Kai ⁱ   Tabakoff, Boris ^f  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

^d WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PRÍNCIPE FELIPE   (Spain)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^h SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

ⁱ INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior; Biology; Brain; Ethanol; Moderate

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BEHAVIOR; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COGNITION; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS; ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ETHANOL; FEMALE; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; PREGNANCY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031679451     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x     Document Type: Review

References (440)

1. Haggard HW, Jellinek EM: Alcohol Explored. Garden City, Doubleday, 1942, p 12
2. Baldwin AD: Anstie's alcohol limit. Am J Publ Health 67:679-681, 1977
3. Babor TF, Kranzler HR, Lauerman RJ: Social drinking as a health and psychosocial risk factor. Anstie's limit revisited. Recent Dev Alcohol 5:373-402, 1987
4. Werner M: Assessing moderate alcohol consumption as a personal risk factor. Clin Chim Acta 246:5-20, 1996
5. Tabakoff B, Melchior CL, Hoffman PL: Commentary on ethanol tolerance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6:252-259, 1982
6. Cahalan D, Cisin IH, Crossley HM: American Drinking Practices; A National Study of Drinking Behavior and Attitudes. Monograph #6. New Brunswick, NJ, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1969
7. Vogel-Sprott M: Defining "light" and "heavy" social drinking; research implications and hypotheses. Q J Stud Alcohol 35:1388-1392, 1974
8. Marconi J: The concept of alcoholism. Q J Stud Alcohol 20:216-235, 1959
9. Péquignot G: Enquête par interrogatoire sur les circonstances diététiques de la cirrhose alcoholique en France. Bull Inst Nat Hyg 13:719-749, 1958
10. Rankin JG, Schmidt W, Popham RE, de Lint J: Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease - insights and problems, in Khanna JM, Israel Y, Kalant H (eds): Alcoholic Liver Pathology, Toronto, Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation, 1975, pp 31-41
11. Abel KL, Kruger ML: Hon v. Stroh Brewery Company: What do we mean by "moderate" and "heavy" drinking? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1024-1031, 1995
12. Beilin LJ, Puddey IB, Burke V: Alcohol and hypertension - Kill or cure? J Hum Hypertension 10(Suppl. 2):S1-S5, 1996
13. Camargo CA Jr: Case-control and cohort studies of moderate alcohol consumption and stroke. Clin Chim Acta 246:107-119, 1996
14. Glaser FB, Kishline A: Moderate Drinking - The New Option for Problem Drinkers. Tucson, See Sharp Press, 1994, p vi
15. Harper C, Kril J, Daly J: Does a "moderate" alcohol intake damage the brain? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:909-913, 1988
16. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, Albert MS, Rosner B, Taylor JO, Evans DA: Relation of smoking and low-to-moderate alcohol consumption to change in cognitive function: A longitudinal study in a defined community of older persons. Am J Epidemiol 137:881-891, 1993
17. Jenkins R, Harvey S, Butler T, Thomas RL: A six year longitudinal study of the occupational consequences of drinking over "safe limits" of alcohol. Br J Indust Med 49:369-374, 1992
18. Karkkainen P, Jokelainen K, Roine R, Suokas A, Salaspuro M: The effects of moderate drinking and abstinence on serum and urinary beta-hexosaminidase levels. Drug Alcohol Depend 25:35-38, 1990
19. La Grange L, Anton RF, Garcia S, Herrbold C: Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels in a female population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:100-103, 1995
20. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Palmieri SL: Cigarette smoking by women: Interactions with alcohol use. Psychopharmacology 93:8-15, 1987
21. Mills JL, Gruabard BI: Is moderate drinking during pregnancy associated with an increased risk for malformations? Pediatrics 80:309-314, 1987
22. Pajarinen J, Savolainen V, Perola M, Penttila A, Karhunen PJ: Glutathione S-transferase-M1 "null" genotype and alcohol-induced disorders of human spermatogenesis. Int J Androl 19:155-163, 1996
23. Palomaki H, Kaste M: Regular light-to-moderate intake of alcohol and the risk of ischemic stroke. Is there a beneficial effect? Stroke 24:1828-1832, 1993
24. Rostand A, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Dahaene P, Delestret I, Klein-Bertrand C, Querleu D, Crepin G: Alcohol use in pregnancy, craniofacial features, and fetal growth. J Epidemiol Community Health 44:302-306, 1990
25. Sanchez-Craig M, Annis HM, Bornet AR, MacDonald KR: Random assignment to abstinence and controlled drinking: Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral program for problem drinkers. J Consult Clin Psychol 52:390-403, 1984
26. van't Veer P, Kok FJ, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F: Alcohol dose, frequency and age at first exposure in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 18:511-517, 1989
27. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG: Patterns of alcohol intake and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Stroke 27:1033-1039, 1996
28. de Labry LO, Glynn RJ, Levenson MR, Hermos JA, LoCastro JS, Vokonas PS: Alcohol consumption and mortality in an American male population: Recovering the U-shaped curve - Findings from the normative aging study. J Stud Alcohol 53:25-32, 1992
29. Poikolainen K: Alcohol and mortality: A review. J Clin Epidemiol 48:455-465, 1995
30. Klatsky AL: Alcohol and hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 246:91-105, 1996
31. Mucha RF, Pinel JPL: Increased susceptibility to kindled seizures in rats following a single injection of alcohol. J Stud Alcohol 40:258-271, 1979
32. Edmondson HA, Hall EM, Myers RD: Pathology of alcoholism, in Thompson GN (ed): Alcoholism. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1956, pp 233-290
33. Schuckit MA: Advances in understanding the vulnerability to alcoholism, in O'Brien CP, Jaffe JH (eds): Addictive States. New York, Raven Press, 1992, pp 93-108
34. Pollock VE: Meta-analysis of subjective sensitivity to alcohol in sons of alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 149:1534-1538, 1992
35. Kalant H, LeBlanc EA, Gibbins RJ: Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs. Pharmacol Rev 23:135-191, 1971
36. Kalant H: Current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of alcohol tolerance. Addiction Biol 1:133-141, 1996
37. Deitrich RA, Radcliffe R, Erwin VG: Pharmacological effects in the development of physiological tolerance and physical dependence, in Begleiter H, Kissin B (eds): The Pharmacology of Alcohol and Alcohol Dependence. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp 431-476
38. Longnecker MP, Enger SM: Epidemiologic data on alcoholic beverage consumption and risk of cancer. Clin Chim Acta 246:121-141, 1996
39. Cortot A, Jobin G, Ducrot F, Aymes C, Giraudeaux V, Modigliani R: Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal absorption of alcohol ingested with a meal. Dig Dis Sci 31:343-348, 1986
40. Kopun M, Propping P: The kinetics of ethanol absorption and elimination in twins and supplementary repetitive experiments in singleton subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 11:337-344, 1977
41. Ammon E, Schäfer C, Hofmann U, Klotz U: Disposition and first-pass metabolism of ethanol in humans: Is it gastric or hepatic and does it depend on gender? Clin Pharmacol Ther 59:503-513, 1996
42. Dohmen K, Baraona E, Ishibashi H, Pozzato G, Moretti M, Matsunaga C, Fujimoto K, Lieber CS: Ethnic differences in gastric σ-alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol first-pass metabolism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:1569-1576, 1996
43. Li T-K: The absorption, distribution and metabolism of ethanol and its effects on nutrition and hepatic function, in Tabakoff B, Sutker PB, Randall CL (eds): Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse. New York, Plenum Press, 1983, pp 47-77
44. Zimatkin SM, Deitrich RA: Ethanol metabolism in the brain. Addict Biol 2:387-399, 1997
45. Tabakoff B, von Wartburg J-P: Separation of aldehyde reductases and alcohol dehydrogenase from brain by affinity chromatography: Metabolism of succinic semialdehyde and ethanol. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 63:957-966, 1975
46. Veloso D, Passonneau JV, Veech RL: The effects of intoxicating doses of ethanol upon intermediary metabolism in rat brain. J Neurochem 19:2679-2686, 1972
47. Crabb DW, Bosron WF, Li T-K: Steady-state kinetic properties of purified rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase: Application to predicting alcohol elimination rates in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 224:299-309, 1983
48. Bosron WF, Li T-K, Dafeldecker WP, Vallee BL: Human liver π-alcohol dehydrogenase: Kinetic and molecular properties. Biochemistry 18:1101-1105, 1979
49. Bosron WF, Magnes LJ, Li T-K: Kinetic and electrophoretic properties of native and recombined isoenzymes of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 22:1852-1857, 1983
50. 2γ1 "oriental" isoenzymes. Biochemistry 23:5847-5853, 1984
51. 3 alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 28:6810-6815, 1989
52. Kedishvili NY, Bosron WF, Stone CL, Hurley TD, Peggs CF, Thomasson HR, Popov KM, Carr LG, Edenberg HJ, Li T-K: Expression and kinetic characterization of recombinant human stomach alcohol dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 270:3625-3630, 1995
53. Jornvall H, Hempel J, Vallee B: Structures of human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Enzyme 37:5-18, 1987
54. Greenfield NJ, Pietruszko R: Two aldehyde dehydrogenases from human liver. Isolation via affinity chromatography and characterization of the isozymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 483:35-45, 1977
55. Forte-McRobbie C, Pietruszko R: Human glutamic-γ-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Kinetic mechanism. Biochem J 261:935-943, 1989
56. m for γ-aminobutyraldehyde. J Biol Chem 264:4715-4621, 1989
57. Thomasson HR, Beard JD, Li T-K: ADH2 gene polymorphisms are determinants of alcohol pharmacokinetics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1495-1499, 1995
58. von Wartburg J-P: Pharmacokinetics of alcohol, in Crow KE, Batt RD (eds): Human Metabolism of Alcohol, vol 1. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1989, pp 9-22
59. Bosron WF, Ehrig T, Li TK: Genetic factors in alcohol metabolism and alcoholism. Semin Liver Dis 13:126-135, 1993
60. Jones AW: Disappearance rate of ethanol from the blood of human subjects: Implications in forensic toxicology. J Forensic Sci 38:104-118, 1993
61. Bennion LJ, Li T-K: Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and whites: Lack of racial differences in metabolic rate and liver alcohol dehydrogenase. N Engl J Med 294:9-13, 1976
62. Martin NG, Perl J, Oakeshott JG, Gibson JB, Starmer GA, Wilks AV: A twin study of ethanol metabolism. Behav Genet 15:93-109, 1985
63. Fraser AG, Rosalki SB, Gamble GD, Pounder RE: Inter-individual and intra-individual variability of ethanol concentration-time profiles: comparison of ethanol ingestion before or after an evening meal. Br J Clin Pharmacol 40:387-392, 1995
64. -1). Br J Clin Pharmacol 41:129-133, 1996
65. Roine RP, Gentry RT, Lim RT Jr, Helkkonen E, Salaspuro M, Lieber CS: Comparison of blood alcohol concentrations after beer and whiskey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:709-711, 1993
66. Li T-K, Lumeng L, Thomasson H: Genetic and gender differences in alcohol consumption and metabolism. NIAAA Res Monogr 29:87-99, 1995
67. Taylor JL, Dolhert N, Friedman L, Mumenthaler M, Yesavage JA: Alcohol elimination and simulator performance of male and female aviators: A preliminary report. Aviat Space Environ Med 67:407-413, 1996
68. Watson PE: Total body water and blood alcohol levels: Updating the fundamentals, in Crow KE, Batt RD (eds): Human Metabolism of Alcohol, vol 1. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1989, pp 41-56
69. Jones AW, Neri A: Age-related differences in blood ethanol parameters and subjective feelings of intoxication in healthy men. Alcohol Alcohol 20:45-52, 1985
70. Pozzato G, Moretti M, Franzin F, Croce LS, Lacchin T, Benedetti G, Sablich R, Stebel M, Campanacci L: Ethanol metabolism and aging: The role of "first pass metabolism" and gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:B135-B141, 1995
71. Frezza M, Di Padova C, Pozzato G, Terpin M, Baraona E, Lieber CS: High blood alcohol levels in women: The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med 322:95-99, 1990
72. Whitfield JB, Martin NG: Alcohol consumption and alcohol pharmacokinetics: Interactions within the normal population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:238-243, 1994
73. Sedman AJ, Wilkinson PK, Sakmar E, Weidler DJ, Wagner JG: Food effects on absorption and metabolism of alcohol. J Stud Alcohol 37:1197-1214, 1976
74. Welling PG, Lyons LL, Elliott R, Amidon GL: Pharmacokinetics of alcohol following single low doses to fasted and nonfasted subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 17:199-206, 1977
75. Hahn RG, Norberg A, Gabrielsson J, Danielsson A, Jones AW: Eating a meal increases the clearance of ethanol given by intravenous infusion. Alcohol Alcohol 29:673-677, 1994
76. Rogers J, Smith J, Starmer GA, Whitfield JB: Differing effects of carbohydrate, fat and protein on the rate of ethanol metabolism. Alcohol Alcohol 22:345-353, 1987
77. Mascord D, Smith J, Starmer GA, Whitfield JB: The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism and on the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in man. Alcohol Alcohol 26:53-59, 1991
78. U.K. Department of Human and Social Security: Sensible Drinking: the Report of an Interdepartmental Working Group, London, HMSO, 1995
79. USDA/USDHHS: Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 4th ed. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995
80. Grant KA, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B: Neurobiological and behavioral approaches to tolerance and dependence, in Edwards G, Lader M (eds): The Nature of Drug Dependence. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990, pp 135-169
81. Tabakoff B, Hellevuo K, Hoffman PL: Alcohol, in Shuster CR, Gust SW, Kuhar MJ (eds): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 118. Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp 373-458
82. Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Biochemical pharmacology of alcohol, in Meltzer HY (ed): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1987, pp 1521-1526
83. A and glycine receptors. Nature 389:385-389, 1997
84. A receptor channels. Ann Rev Neurosci 17:569-602, 1994
85. A receptor subunit for benzodiazepine pharmacology. Nature 338:582-585, 1989
86. Macdonald RL: Ethanol, γ-aminobutyrate type A receptors, and protein kinase C phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3633-3635, 1995
87. Nestoros JN: Ethanol specifically potentiates GABA-mediated neurotransmission in feline cerebral cortex. Science 209:708-710, 1980
88. Suzdak PD, Glowa JR, Crawley JN, Schwartz RD, Skolnick P, Paul SM: A selective imidazobenzodiazepine antagonist of ethanol in the rat. Science 234:1243-1247, 1986
89. 36Cl-influx in primary spinal cord cultured neurons. Brain Res Bull 17:123-126, 1986
90. A-gated chloride channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:558-564, 1988
91. Allan AM, Harris RA: Acute and chronic ethanol treatments alter GABA receptor-operated chloride channels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:665-670, 1987
92. Celentano JJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH: Ethanol potentiates GABA-and glycine-induced chloride currents in chick spinal cord neurons. Brain Res 455:377-380, 1988
93. - current in mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 187: 127-130, 1990
94. Nishio M, Narahashi T: Ethanol enhancement of GABA-activated chloride current in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res 518:283-286, 1990
95. A receptor-activated chloride currents in chick cerebral cortical neurons. Brain Res 564:138-142, 1991
96. Simson PE, Criswell HE, Breese GR: Ethanol potentiates γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition in the inferior colliculus: Evidence for local ethanol/γ-aminobutyric acid interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259:1288-1293, 1991
97. Osmanovic SS, Shefner SA: Enhancement of current induced by superfusion of GABA in locus coeruleus neurons by pentobarbital, but not ethanol. Brain Res 517:324-329, 1990
98. White G, Lovinger DM, Weight FF: Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated current but does not alter GABA-activated current in an isolated adult mammalian neuron. Brain Res 507:332-336, 1990
99. Mihic SJ, Wu PH, Kalant H: Potentiation of γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated chloride flux by pentobarbital and diazepam but not ethanol. J Neurochem 58:745-751, 1992
100. Givens BS, Breese GR: Site-specific enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition of neural activity by ethanol in the rat medial septal area. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254:528-538, 1990
101. A receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes requires 8 amino acids contained in the γ2L subunit. Neuron 7:27-33, 1991
102. Wafford KA, Whiting PJ: Ethanol potentiation of GABA(A) receptors requires phosphorylation of the alternatively spliced variant of the γ2 subunit. FEBS Lett 313:113-117, 1992
103. Harris RA, McQuilkin SJ, Paylor R, Abeliovich A, Tonegawa S, Wehner JM: Mutant mice lacking the γ isoform of protein kinase C show decreased behavioral actions of ethanol and altered function of γ-aminobutyrate type A receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3658-3662, 1995
104. A receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5049-5054, 1996
105. B receptors and the effects of baclofen in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 46:423-462, 1995
106. Hoffman PL, Rabe CS, Moses F, Tabakoff B: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and ethanol: Inhibition of calcium flux and cyclic GMP production. J Neurochem 52:1937-1940, 1989
107. Lovinger DM, White G, Weight FF: Ethanol inhibits NMDA-activated ion current in hippocampal neurons. Science 243:1721-1724, 1989
108. Lima-Landman MT, Albuquerque EX: Ethanol potentiates and blocks NMDA-activated single-channel currents in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. FEBS Lett 247:61-67, 1989
109. Mori H, Mishina M: Structure and function of the NMDA receptor channel. Neuropharmacology 34:1219-1237, 1995
110. 2+ in dissociated brain cells. Brain Res 499:383-387, 1989
111. Lovinger DM, White G, Weight FF: NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic excitation selectively inhibited by ethanol in hippocampal slice from adult rat. J Neurosci 10:1372-1379, 1990
112. 2+ concentration by ethanol. J Neurochem 56:1536-1543, 1991
113. Göthert M, Fink K: Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-and L-glutamate-induced noradrenaline and acetylcholine release in the rat brain by ethanol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 340:516-521, 1989
114. 3H]norepinephrine release from rat cortical slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253:1138-1144, 1990
115. Woodward JJ, Gonzales RA: Ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated endogenous dopamine release from rat striatal slices: Reversal by glycine. J Neurochem 54:712-715, 1990
116. Fink K, Schultheiss R, Göthert M: Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate- and kainate-evoked noradrenaline release in human cerebral cortex slices by ethanol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 345: 700-703, 1992
117. Woodward JJ: A comparison of the effects of ethanol and the competitive glycine antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced neurotransmitter release from rat hippocampal slices. J Neurochem 62:987-991, 1994
118. Simson PE, Criswell HE, Johnson KB, Hicks RE, Breese GR: Ethanol inhibits NMDA-evoked electrophysiological activity in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:225-231, 1991
119. McBain CJ, Mayer ML: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function. Physiol Rev 74:723-760, 1994
120. Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Ethanol and glutamate receptors, in Deitrich RA, Erwin VG (eds): Pharmacological Effects of Ethanol on the Nervous System. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1996, pp 73-93
121. Lovinger DM: Developmental decrease in ethanol inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat neocortical neurons: Relation to the actions of ifenprodil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:164-172, 1995
122. Yang X, Criswell HE, Simson P, Moy S, Breese GR: Evidence for a selective effect of ethanol on N-methyl-D-aspartate responses: Ethanol affects a subtype of the ifenprodil-sensitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:114-124, 1996
123. Rabe CS, Tabakoff B: Glycine site-directed agonists reverse the actions of ethanol at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Mol Pharmacol 38:753-757, 1990
124. Snell LD, Iorio KR, Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Protein kinase C activation attenuates N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced increases in intracellular calcium in cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem 62:1783-1789, 1994
125. Snell LD, Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Involvement of protein kinase C in ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA receptor function in cerebellar granule cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:81-85, 1994
126. Bhave SV, Snell LD, Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptor function in developing cerebellar granule neurons: relationship to NMDA receptor subunit expression. Mol Pharmacol submitted
127. Dildy-Mayfield JE, Harris RA: Activation of protein kinase C inhibits kainate-induced currents in oocytes expressing glutamate receptor subunits. J Neurochem 62:1639-1642, 1994
128. Dildy-Mayfield JE, Harris RA: Ethanol inhibition of AMPA/kainate receptor function in Xenopus oocytes: Role of calcium and protein kinase C. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:445, 1994
129. LeMarquand D, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C: Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: Clinical evidence. Biol Psychiatry 36:326-337, 1994
130. LeMarquand D, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C: Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: Findings of animal studies. Biol Psychiatry 36:395-421, 1994
131. Murphy JM, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Contents of monoamines in forebrain regions of alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26:389-392, 1987
132. Chu N-S, Keenan L: Responses of midbrain dorsal raphe neurons to ethanol studied in brainstem slices. Alcohol 4:373-374, 1987
133. Yoshimoto K, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol 9:17-22, 1992
134. Heidbreder C, De Witte P: Ethanol differentially affects extracellular monoamines and GABA in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:477-481, 1993
135. Buckholtz NS, Zhou DF, Tabakoff B: Ethanol does not affect serotonin receptor binding in rodent brain. Alcohol 6:277-280, 1989
136. Peroutka SJ: 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. J Neurochem 60: 408-416, 1993
137. 3 receptors are membrane ion channels. Nature 339:706-709, 1989
138. Maricq AV, Peterson AS, Brake AJ, Myers RM, Julius D: Primary structure and functional expression of the 5HT3 receptor, a serotoningated ion channel. Science 254:432-437, 1991
139. 3 receptors in rat brain using radioligand binding. Nature 330: 746-748, 1987
140. 3 receptor-mediated ion current in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 122:57-60, 1991
141. 3 receptor-mediated ion current in neuroblastoma cells and isolated adult mammalian neurons. Mol Pharmacol 40:263-270, 1991
142. 3RA receptors expressed in a mammalian cell line. Neuropharmacology 33:1567-1572, 1994
143. 3 receptors in NCB-20 cells and in rat cerebral membranes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:775-778, 1991
144. Koob GF: Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:177-184, 1992
145. 3 antagonist on drug-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 164:515-519, 1989
146. Wozniak KM, Pert A, Linnoila M: Antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors attenuates the effects of ethanol on extracellular dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 187:287-289, 1990
147. 3 receptors. Pharmacol Ther 47:181-202, 1990
148. 3 receptor antagonist, suppresses voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 26:107-110, 1991
149. 3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 to inhibit alcohol preference and withdrawal seizures in rats. Alcohol 10:369-373, 1993
150. Tomkins DM, Lê AD, Sellers EM: Effect of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansentron on voluntary ethanol intake in rats and mice maintained on a limited access procedure. Psychopharmacology 117:479-485, 1995
151. Kiyatkin EA: Functional significance of mesolimbic dopamine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19:573-598, 1995
152. Mereu G, Fadda F, Gessa GL: Ethanol stimulates the firing rate of nigral dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetizcd rats. Brain Res 292:63-69, 1984
153. Gessa GL, Muntoni F, Collu M, Vargui L, Mereu G: Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 348:201-203, 1985
154. Brodie MS, Shefner SA, Dunwiddie TV: Ethanol increases the firing rate of dopamine neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area in vitro. Brain Res 508:65-69, 1990
155. Mereu G, Gessa GL: Low doses of ethanol inhibit the firing of neurons in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata: A GABAergic effect? Brain Res 360:325-330, 1985
156. Imperato A, Di Chiara G: Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239:219-228, 1986
157. Williams-Hemby L, Grant KA, Gatto GJ, Porrino LJ: Cerebral metabolic mapping of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:520, 1994
158. Wozniak KM, Pert A, Mele A, Linnoila M: Focal application of alcohols elevates extracellular dopamine in rat brain: A microdialysis study. Brain Res 540:31-40, 1991
159. Blanchard BA, Steindorf S, Wang S, Glick SD: Sex differences in ethanol-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and in ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:968-973, 1993
160. Weiss F, Lorang MT, Bloom FE, Koob GF: Oral alcohol self-administration stimulates dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: Genetic and motivational determinants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267:250-258, 1993
161. Fadda F, Mosca E, Colombo G, Gessa GL: Effect of spontaneous ingestion of ethanol on brain dopamine metabolism. Life Sci 44:281-287, 1989
162. Froehlich JC, Li TK: Opioid involvement in alcohol drinking. Ann NY Acad Sci 739:156-167, 1994
163. Benjamin D, Grant ER, Pohorecky LA: Naltrexone reverses ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in awake, freely moving rats. Brain Res 621:137-140, 1993
164. Acquas E, Meloni M, Di Chiara G: Blockade of δ-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens prevents ethanol-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol 230:239-241, 1993
165. Froehlich JC, Harts J, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Naloxone attenuates ethanol intake in rats selectively bred for high ethanol preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35:385-390, 1990
166. Sinclair JD: Drugs to decrease alcohol drinking. Ann Med 22:357-362, 1990
167. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B: Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:881-887, 1992
168. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:876-880, 1992
169. De Witte P: Naloxone reduces alcohol intake in a free-choice procedure even when both drinking bottles contain saccharin sodium or quinine substances. Neuropsychobiology 12:73-77, 1984
170. Myers RD, Borg S, Mossberg R: Antagonism by naltrexone of voluntary alcohol selection in the chronically drinking macaque monkey. Alcohol 3:383-388, 1986
171. Kornet M, Goosen C, Van Ree JM: Effect of naltrexone on alcohol consumption during chronic alcohol drinking and after a period of imposed abstinence in free-choice drinking rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 104:367-376, 1991
172. Krishnan-Sarin S, Jing S-L, Kurtz DL, Zweifel M, Portoghese PS, Li T-K, Froehlich JC: The delta opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole attenuates both alcohol and saccharin intake in rats selectively bred for alcohol preference. Psychopharmacology 129:177-185, 1995
173. Mitchell SH, de Wit H, Zacny JP: Effects of varying ethanol dose on cigarette consumption in healthy human volunteers. Behav Pharmacol 6:359-365, 1995
174. Henningfield JE, Chait LD, Griffiths RR: Effects of ethanol on cigarette smoking by volunteers without histories of alcoholism. Psychopharmacology 82:1-5, 1984
175. Bradley RJ, Peper K, Sterz R: Postsynaptic effects of ethanol at the frog neuromuscular junction. Nature 284:60-62, 1980
176. Aracava Y, Fróes-Ferráo MM, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX: Sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to ethanol and pyrazole. Ann NY Acad Sci 625:451-472, 1991
177. Blomqvist O, Ericson M, Johnson DH, Engel JA, Soderpalm B: Voluntary ethanol intake in the rat: Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockade or subchronic nicotine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 314:257-267, 1996
178. Schaefer GJ, Michael RP: Interactions between alcohol and nicotine on intracranial self-stimulation and locomotor activity in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 30:37-47, 1992
179. Potthoff AD, Ellison G, Nelson L: Ethanol intake increases during continuous administration of amphetamine and nicotine, but not several other drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18:489-493, 1983
180. Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL: Adenylyl cyclases and alcohol, in Cooper DMF (ed): Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research, vol 32. New York, Raven Press, 1998, pp 173-193
181. Yoshimura M, Tabakoff B: Selective effects of ethanol on the generation of cAMP by particular members of the adenylyl cyclase family. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1435-1440, 1995
182. Szabó G, Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B: Forskolin promotes the development of ethanol tolerance in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice. Life Sci 42:615-621, 1988
183. Collingridge GL, Lester RAJ: Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 41:143-210, 1989
184. Blitzer RD, Gil O, Landau EM: Long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus is inhibited by low concentrations of ethanol. Brain Res 537:203-208, 1990
185. Morris RG, Anderson E, Lynch GS, Baudry M: Selective impairment of learning and blockade of long-term potentiation by an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, AP5. Nature 319:774-776, 1986
186. Matthews DB, Simson PE, Best PJ: Acute ethanol impairs spatial memory but not stimulus/response memory in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:902-909, 1995
187. Nixon SJ: Alcohol's effect on cognition. Alcohol Health Res World 19:97-103, 1995
188. Starmer GA: Effects of low to moderate doses of alcohol on human performance, in Crow KE, Batt RD (eds): Human Metabolism of Alcohol, vol 1. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1989, pp 101-130
189. Babor TF, Berglas S, Mendelson JH, Ellingboe J, Miller K: Alcohol, affect, and the disinhibition of verbal behavior. Psychopharmacology 80:53-60, 1983
190. Martin CS, Earleywine M, Musty RE, Perrine MW, Swift RM: Development and validation of the biphasic alcohol effects scale. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:140-146, 1993
191. Persson LO, Sjoberg L, Svensson E: Mood effects of alcohol. Psychopharmacology 68:295-299, 1980
192. Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Benedikt RA, Jones B: EEG, physiologic and behavioral effects of ethanol administration. NIDA Res Monogr 67:209-214, 1986
193. Schuckit MA: Subjective responses to alcohol in sons of alcoholics and control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:879-884, 1984
194. King AC, Volpicelli JR, Frazer A, O'Brien CP: Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence. Psychopharmacology 129:15-22, 1997
195. Newlin DB, Thomson JB: Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: A critical review and analysis. Psychol Bull 108:383-402, 1990
196. Lammers SMM, Mainzer DEH, Breteler MHM: Do alcohol pharmacokinetics in women vary due to the menstrual cycle? Addiction 90: 23-30, 1995
197. Mello NK, Bree MP, Skupny AS, Mendelson JH: Blood alcohol levels as a function of menstrual cycle phase in female macaque monkeys. Alcohol 1:27-13, 1984
198. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Lex BW: Alcohol use and premenstrual symptoms in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology 101:448-455, 1990
199. Hay WM, Nathan PE, Heermans HW, Frankenstein W: Menstrual cycle, tolerance and blood alcohol level discrimination ability. Addict Behav 9:67-77, 1984
200. Brick J, Nathan PE, Westrick E, Frankenstein W, Shapiro A: The effect of menstrual cycle on blood alcohol levels and behavior. J Stud Alcohol 47:472-477, 1986
201. Sutker PB, Goist KC, Allain AN, Bugg F: Acute alcohol intoxication: Sex comparisons on pharmacokinetic and mood measures. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 11:507-512, 1987
202. Logue PE, Linnoila M, Wallman L, Erwin CW: Effects of ethanol and psychomotor tests on state anxiety: Interaction with menstrual cycle in women. Percept Motor Skills 52:643-648, 1981
203. Schuster CR, Johanson CE: Relationship between the discriminative stimulus properties and subjective effects of drugs. Psychopharmacol Ser 4:161-175, 1988
204. Colpaert FC: Drug discrimination: Behavioral, pharmacological, and molecular mechanisms of discriminative drug effects, in Goldberg SR, Stolerman IP (eds): Behavioral Analysis of Drug Dependence. Orlando, Academic Press, 1986, pp 161-193
205. Overton DA: Applications and limitations of the drug discrimination method for the study of drug abuse, in Colpaert FC, Slangen JL (eds): Drug Discrimination: Applications in CNS Pharmacology. Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982, pp 291-340
206. Holtzman SG: Discriminative stimulus effects of drugs: Relationship to potential for abuse, in Adler MW, Cowan A (eds): Modern Methods in Pharmacology, Testing and Evaluation of Drugs of Abuse, vol 6. New York, Wiley-Liss, 1990, pp 193-210
207. Jarbe TUC, Swedberg MDB: Discriminative stimulus properties of drugs: A brief history and a selective review. Scand J Psychol Suppl 1:72-78, 1982
208. Stolerman IP, Rauch RJ, Norris EA: Discriminative stimulus effects of a nicotine-midazolam mixture in rats. Psychopharmacology 93:250-256, 1987
209. Stolerman IP, Mariathasan EA: Discrimination of an amphetamine-pentobarbitone mixture by rats in an AND-OR paradigm. Psychopharmacology 102:557-560, 1990
210. Stolerman IP, Mariathasan EA, Garcha HS: Discriminative stimulus effects of drug mixtures in rats. NIDA Res Monogr 116:277-306, 1991
211. Pohorecky LA: Biphasic action of ethanol. Biobehav Rev 1:231-240, 1977
212. Grant KA, Colombo G: Pharmacological analysis of the mixed discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 2:445-449, 1993
213. Grant KA, Colombo G: Substitution of the 5-HT1 agonist trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) for the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol: Effect of training dose. Psychopharmacology 113:26-30, 1993
214. Grant KA, Colombo G: Discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol: Effect of training dose on the substitution of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264:1241-1247, 1993
215. Kamien JB, Bickel WK, Hughes JR, Higgins ST, Smith BJ: Drug discrimination by humans compared to nonhumans: Current status and future directions. Psychopharmacology 111:259-270, 1993
216. Hindmarch I, Kerr JS, Sherwood N: The effects of alcohol and other drugs on psychomotor performance and cognitive function. Alcohol Alcohol 26:71-79, 1991
217. Roache JD, Cherek DR, Bennett RH, Schenkler JC, Cowan KA: Differential effects of triazolam and ethanol on awareness, memory and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13:3-15, 1993
218. Fagan D, Tiplady B, Scott DB: Effects of ethanol on psychomotor performance. Br J Anaesth 59:961-965, 1987
219. Alkana RL, Parker ES: Memory facilitation by post-training injection of ethanol. Psychopharmacology 66:117-119, 1979
220. Lloyd HM, Rogers PJ: Mood and cognitive performance improved by a small amount of alcohol given with a lunchtime meal. Behav Pharmacol 8:188-195, 1997
221. Melia KF, Ehlers CL, Lebrun CJ, Koob GF: Post-learning ethanol effects on a water-finding task in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:1813-1815, 1986
222. Melia KF, Koob GF, Ehlers CL: Ethanol effects on delayed spatial matching as modeled by a negative exponential forgetting function. Psychopharmacology 102:391-398, 1990
223. Linnoila M, Erwin CW, Cleveland WP, Logue PE, Gentry WD: Effects of alcohol on psychomotor performance of men and women. J Stud Alcohol 39:745-758, 1978
224. Lex BW, Lukas SE, Greenwald NE, Mendelson JH: Alcohol-induced changes in body sway in women at risk for alcoholism: A pilot study. J Stud Alcohol 49:346-356, 1988
225. Schuckit MA: Ethanol-induced changes in body sway in men at high alcoholism risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:375-379, 1985
226. Jääskeläinen IP, Lehtokoski A, Alho K, Kujala T, Pekkonen E, Sinclair JD, Näätänen R, Sillanaukee P: Low dose of ethanol suppresses mismatch negativity of auditory event-related potentials. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:607-610, 1995
227. Pohorecky LA: The interaction of alcohol and stress. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:209-229, 1981
228. Pohorecky LA: Stress and alcohol interaction: An update of human research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:438-459, 1991
229. Collins RL, Marlatt GA: Psychological correlates and explanations of alcohol use and abuse, in Tabakoff B, Sutker PB, Randall CL (eds): Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse. New York, Plenum Press, 1983, pp 273-308
230. Edwards G, Chandler J, Hensman C, Peto J: Drinking in a London suburb. II. Correlates of trouble with drinking among men. Q J Stud Alcohol 6(Suppl. 6):94-119, 1972
231. Wilson GT: Alcohol and anxiety. Behav Res Ther 26:369-381, 1988
232. Wilson GT, Brick J, Adler J, Cocco K, Breslin C: Alcohol and anxiety reduction in female social drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 50:226-235, 1989
233. Lipscomb TR, Nathan PE, Wilson GT, Abrams DB: Effects of tolerance on the anxiety-reducing function of alcohol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:577-582, 1980
234. Stritzke WGK, Patrick CJ, Lang AR: Alcohol and human emotion: A multidimensional analysis incorporating startle-probe methodology. J Abnorm Psychol 104:114-122, 1995
235. Stritzke WGK, Lang AR, Patrick CJ: Beyond stress and arousal: A reconceptualization of alcohol-emotion relations with reference to psychophysiological methods. Psychol Bull 120:376-395, 1996
236. de Boer MC, Schippers GM, Van Der Staak CPF: The effects of alcohol, expectancy, and alcohol beliefs on anxiety and self-disclosure in women: do beliefs moderate alcohol effects? Addict Behav 19:509-520, 1994
237. Bond AJ, Silveira JC: The combination of alprazolam and alcohol on behavioral aggression. J Stud Alcohol 11:30-39, 1993
238. Lister RG, File SE: Performance impairment and increased anxiety resulting from the combination of alcohol and lorazepam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3:66-71, 1983
239. Eddy CC: The effects of alcohol on anxiety in problem- and nonproblem-drinking women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 3:107-114, 1979
240. Sayette MA, Smith DW, Breiner MJ, Wilson GT: The effect of alcohol on emotional response to a social stressor. J Stud Alcohol 53:541-545, 1992
241. Chutuape MAD, de Wit H: Preferences for ethanol and diazepam in anxious individuals: An evaluation of the self-medication hypothesis. Psychopharmacology 121:91-103, 1995
242. Rivier C: Alcohol stimulates ACTH secretion in the rat: Mechanisms of action and interactions with other stimuli. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:240-254, 1996
243. Geyer MA, Markou A: Animal models of psychiatric disorders, in Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds): Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1995, pp 787-798
244. File SE, Hyde JR: Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety? Br J Pharmacol 62:19-24, 1978
245. File SE: The use of social interaction as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity of chlordiazepoxide-like drugs. J Neurosci Methods 2:219-238, 1980
246. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M: Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14:149-167, 1985
247. Lister RG: The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 92:180-185, 1987
248. File SE: The biological basis of anxiety, in Meltzer HY, Nerozzi D (eds): Current Practices and Future Developments in the Pharmacotherapy of Mental Disorders. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1991, pp 159-166
249. Crawley JN: Neuropharmacologic specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:695-699, 1981
250. Costall B, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ: The anxiolytic and anxiogenic actions of ethanol in a mouse model. J Pharm Pharmacol 40:197-202, 1988
251. Misslin R, Belzung C, Vogel E: Interaction of Ro 15-4513 and ethanol on the behaviour of mice: Antagonistic or additive effects? Psychopharmacology 94:392-396, 1988
252. Wallis CJ, Rezazadeh SM, Lal H: GM1 ganglioside reduces ethanol intoxication and the development of ethanol dependence. Alcohol 12:573-580, 1995
253. Durcan MJ, Lister RG: Time course of ethanol's effects on locomotor activity, exploration and anxiety in mice. Psychopharmacology 96: 67-72, 1988
254. Hale RL, Johnston AL, Becker HC: Indomethacin does not antagonize the anxiolytic action of ethanol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology 101:203-207, 1990
255. Belzung C, Misslin R, Vogel E: The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists β-CCM and Ro 15-3505 both reverse the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in mice. Life Sci 42:1765-1772, 1988
256. Belzung C, Vogel E, Misslin R: Benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 partly reverses some anxiolytic effects of ethanol in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 95:516-519, 1988
257. Belzung C, Le Pape G: Comparison of different behavioral test stimulations used in psychopharmacology for measurement of anxiety. Physiol Behav 56:623-628, 1994
258. Lister RG: Interactions of three benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists with ethanol in a plus-maze test of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30:701-706, 1988
259. Hilakivi LA, Lister RG: Ro 15-4513 and FG 7142 reverse the reduction in social behaviour caused by ethanol in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 154:109-113, 1988
260. Bishop BE, Laverty R: Non-specific reversal of anxiolytic effect of ethanol by Ro 15-4513 in mice. Proc Univ Otago Med Sch 66:43-44, 1988
261. Criswell HE, Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Breese GR: Effects of ethanol, chlordiazepoxide, and MK-801 on performance in the elevated plus-maze and on locomotor activity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:596-601, 1994
262. Prunell M, Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Nunez JF, Tobena A: Anxiolytic profiles of alprazolam and ethanol in the elevated plus-maze test and the early acquisition of shuttlebox avoidance. Pharmacol Res 29:37-46, 1994
263. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC, Weiss SM: Ethanol effects in an anxiety/defense test battery. Alcohol 7:375-381, 1990
264. Koob GF, Percy L, Britton KT: The effects of Ro 15-4513 on the behavioral actions of ethanol in an operant reaction time task and a conflict test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31:757-760, 1988
265. Dalterio SL, Wayner MJ, Geller I, Hartmann RJ: Ethanol and diazepam interactions on conflict behavior in rats. Alcohol 5:471-476, 1988
266. Glowa JR, Crawley J, Suzdak PD, Paul SM: Ethanol and the GABA receptor complex: Studies with the partial inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist Ro 15-4513. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31:767-772, 1989
267. Koob GF, Braestrup C, Thatcher-Britton K: The effects of FG 7142 and Ro 15-1788 on the release of punished responding produced by chloradiazepoxide and ethanol in the rat. Psychopharmacology 90:173-178, 1986
268. Britton KT, Ehlers CL, Koob GF: Is ethanol antagonist Ro 15-4513 selective for ethanol? Science 239:648-650, 1988
269. Prunell M, Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Nunez JF, Tobena A: Differential interactions between ethanol and Ro 15-4513 on two anxiety tests in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:147-151, 1994
270. Koob GF, Mendelson WB, Schafer J, Wall TL, Britton KT, Bloom FE: Picrotoxinin receptor ligand blocks anti-punishment effects of alcohol. Alcohol 5:437-443, 1988
271. Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF: Pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate, alone and with ethanol, in mice on the plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:893-897, 1994
272. Brot MD, Koob GF, Britton KT: Anxiolytic effects of steroid hormones during the estrous cycle: Interactions with ethanol. Recent Dev Alcohol 12:243-259, 1995
273. Brandao ML, Fontes JCS, Graeff FG: Facilitatory effect of ketamine on punished behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:1-4, 1980
274. Chait LD, Wenger GR, McMillan DE: Effects of phencyclidine and ketamine on punished and unpunished responding by pigeons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:145-148, 1981
275. Faiman CP, Viu E, Skolnick P, Trullas R: Differential effects of compounds that act at strychnine-intensive glycine receptors in a punishment procedure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:528-533, 1994
276. Guimarães FS, Carobrez AP, De Aguiar JC, Graeff FG: Anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze of the NMDA receptor antagonist AP7 microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal grey. Psychopharmacology 103:91-94, 1991
277. Kuribara H, Fujiwara S, Yasuda H, Tadokoro S: The anticonflict effect of MK-801, an NMDA antagonist: Investigation by punishment procedure in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 54:250-252, 1990
278. Xie ZC, Buckner E, Commissaris RL: Anticonflict effect of MK-801 in rats: Time course and chronic treatment studies. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51:635-640, 1995
279. Mansbach RS, Willetts J, Jortani SA, Balster RL: NMDA antagonists: Lack of antipunishment effect in squirrel monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39:977-981, 1991
280. Thatcher-Britton K, Koob GF: Alcohol reverses the proconflict effect of corticotropin-releasing factor. Regul Pept 16:315-320, 1986
281. Spanagel R, Montkowski A, Allingham K, Stohr T, Shoaib M, Holsboer F, Landgraf R: Anxiety: A potential predictor of vulnerability to the initiation of ethanol self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 122:369-373, 1995
282. Stewart RB, Gatto GJ, Lumeng L, Li T-K, Murphy JM: Comparison of alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rats on tests of anxiety and for the anxiolytic effects of ethanol. Alcohol 10:1-10, 1993
283. Colombo G, Agabio R, Lobina C, Reali R, Zocchi A, Fadda F, Gessa GL: Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats: A genetic animal model of anxiety. Physiol Behav 57:1181-1185, 1995
284. Viglinskaya IV, Overstreet DH, Kashevskaya OP, Badishtov BA, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Seredenin SB, Halikas JA: To drink or not to drink: Tests of anxiety and immobility in alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rat strains. Physiol Behav 57:937-941, 1995
285. Tuominen K, Hilakivi LA, Paivarinta P, Korpi ER: Behavior of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rat lines in tests of anxiety and aggression. Alcohol 7:349-353, 1990
286. Wong DT, Threlkeld PG, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Higher density of serotonin-1A receptors in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of alcohol-referring P rats. Life Sci 46:231-235, 1990
287. 1A receptors in the median raphé nucleus and dorsal hippocampus may mediate anxiolytic and anxiogenic behaviours respectively. Eur J Pharmacol 264:259-264, 1994
288. 1A receptor modulation of anxiety in two ethological animal tests. J Neurosci 16:4810-4815, 1996
289. Cunningham CL, Niehus DR, Malott DH, Prather LK: Genetic differences in the rewarding and activating effects of morphine and ethanol. Psychopharmacology 107:385-393, 1992
290. Samson HH: Initiation of ethanol-maintained behavior: A comparison of animal models and their implication for human drinking, in Thompson T, Dews PB, Barrett JE (eds): Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology, vol 6. Neurobehavioral Pharmacology. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987, pp 221-248
291. Dudek BC, Abbott ME, Phillips TJ: Stimulant and depressant properties of sedative-hypnotics in mice selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol. Psychopharmacology 82:46-51, 1984
292. Waller MB, Murphy JM, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Effect of low dose ethanol on spontaneous motor activity in alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:617-623, 1986
293. Phillips TJ, Huson M, Gwiazdon C, Burkhart-Kasch S, Shen EH: Effects of acute and repeated ethanol exposures on the locomotor activity of BXD recombinant inbred mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:269-278, 1995
294. Koechling UM, Smith BR, Amit Z: Differential effects of catecholamine antagonists on ethanol-induced excitation in mice. Psychopharmacology 102:234-238, 1990
295. Shen EH, Harland RD, Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ: Bidirectional selective breeding for ethanol effects on locomotor activity: Characterization of FAST and SLOW mice through selection generation 35. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1234-1245, 1995
296. Phillips TJ, Feller DJ, Crabbe JC: Selected mouse lines, alcohol and behavior. Experientia 45:805-827, 1989
297. Phillips TJ, Dudek BC: Locomotor activity responses to ethanol in selectively bred long- and short-sleep mice, two inbred mouse strains, and their F1 hybrids. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:255-261, 1991
298. Middaugh LD, Favara JP, Boggan WO: Ethanol stimulation after chronic exposure in C57 mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:331-335, 1989
299. Kiianmaa K, Tabakoff B: Neurochemical correlates of tolerance and strain differences in the neurochemical effects of ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18(Suppl. 1):383-388, 1983
300. Phillips TJ, Roberts AJ, Lessov CN: Behavioral sensitization to ethanol: Genetics and the effects of stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:487-493, 1997
301. Shen EH, Crabbe JC, Phillips TJ: Dopamine antagonist effects on locomotor activity in naive and ethanol-treated FAST and SLOW selected lines of mice. Psychopharmacology 118:28-36, 1995
302. Broadbent J, Grahame NJ, Cunningham CL: Haloperidol prevents ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity but fails to block sensitization. Psychopharmacology 120:475-482, 1995
303. Jackson HC, Ramsay E, Nutt DJ: Attenuation of the behavioural effects of ethanol in mice by des-enkephalin-gamma-endorphin (ORG 5878). Alcohol Alcohol 27:373-379, 1992
304. Blomqvist O, Soderpalm B, Engel JA: Ethanol-induced locomotor activity: Involvement of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors? Brain Res Bull 29:173-178, 1992
305. Risinger FO, Malott DH, Prather LK, Niehus DR, Cunningham CL: Motivational properties of ethanol in mice selectively bred for ethanol-induced locomotor differences. Psychopharmacology 116:207-216, 1994
306. Risinger FO, Dickinson SD, Cunningham CL: Haloperidol reduces ethanol-induced motor activity stimulation but not conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology 107:453-456, 1992
307. Asin KE, Wirtshafter D, Tabakoff B: Failure to establish a conditioned place preference with ethanol in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22:169-173, 1985
308. Cunningham CL, Niehus JS, Noble D: Species difference in sensitivity to ethanol's hedonic effects. Alcohol 10:97-102, 1993
309. Stewart RB, Grupp LA: Conditioned place aversion mediated by self-administered ethanol in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:1369-1375, 1986
310. Stewart RB, Grupp LA: Conditioned place aversion mediated by orally self-administered ethanol in the rat: A consideration of blood ethanol levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:431-437, 1989
311. Samson HH: Initiation of ethanol reinforcement using a sucrose-substitution procedure in food- and water-sated rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:436-442, 1986
312. Weiss F, Koob GF: The neuropharmacology of ethanol self-administration, in Meyer RF, Koob GF, Lewis MJ, Paul SM (eds): Neuropharmacology of Ethanol: New Approaches. Boston, Birkhauser, 1991
313. A receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 283:151-159, 1995
314. Hodge CW, Chappelle AM, Samson HH: GABAergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens is involved in the termination of ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1486-1493, 1995
315. Pfeffer AO, Samson HH: Haloperiodol and apomorphine effects on ethanol reinforcement in free feeding rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29:343-350, 1988
316. Bono G, Balducci C, Richelmi P, Koob GF, Pulvirenti L: Dopamine partial receptor agonists reduce ethanol intake in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 296:233-238, 1996
317. Samson HH, Hodge CW, Tolliver GA, Haraguchi M: Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: The involvement of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res Bull 30:133-141, 1993
318. Rassnick S, Pulvirenti L, Koob GF: Oral ethanol self-administration in rats is reduced by the administration of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonists into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 109:92-98, 1992
319. Volpicelli JR, Davis MA, Olgin JE: Naltrexone blocks the post-shock increase of ethanol consumption. Life Sci 38:841-847, 1986
320. Reid LD, Hunter GA: Morphine and naloxone modulate intake of ethanol. Alcohol 1:33-37, 1984
321. Samson HH, Doyle TF: Oral ethanol self administration in the rat: Effect of naloxone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22:91-99, 1985
322. Weiss F, Mitchiner M, Bloom FE, Koob GF: Free-choice responding for ethanol versus water in alcohol-preferring (P) and unselected Wistar rats is differently modified by naloxone, bromocriptine, and methysergide. Psychopharmacology 101:178-186, 1990
323. Heyser CJ, Roberts AJ, Schulteis G, Hyytia P, Koob GF: Central administration of an opiate antagonist decreases oral ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci Abstr 21:1698, 1995
324. Sellers EM, Higgins GA, Sobell MB: 5-HT and alcohol abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:69-75, 1992
325. Roberts AJ, Hull EE, McArthur RA, Koob GF: Effects of amperozide, 8-OH-DPAT, and FG 5974 on operant responding for ethanol. Psychopharmacology (in press)
326. Campbell AD, McBride WJ: Serotonin-3 receptor and ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51:835-842, 1995
327. 3 receptor antagonist, reduces voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:847-850, 1992
328. 3 antagonist ICS 205-930. Alcohol 10:191-196, 1993
329. 3 receptor blockade: A preliminary study in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 112:142-144, 1993
330. 3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:879-885, 1994
331. 3 receptors in drug dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 38:155-171, 1995
332. Koob GF, Bloom FE: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242:715-723, 1988
333. Harper C, Kril J: Patterns of neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex in chronic alcoholic patients. J Neurol Sci 92:81-89, 1989
334. Torvik A, Lindboe CF, Rogde S: Brain lesions in alcoholics: A neuropathological study with clinical correlations. J Neurol Sci 56:233-248, 1982
335. Carlen PL, Wortzman G, Holgate RC, Wilkinson DA, Rankin JC: Reversible cerebral atrophy in recently abstinent chronic alcoholics measured by computerized tomography scans. Science 200:1076-1078, 1978
336. Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Mathalon DH, Shear PK, Rosenbloom MJ, Lim KO: Longitudinal changes in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes in abstinent and relapsed alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:1177-1191, 1995
337. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Burr G, Pascani K, Dewey SL, Wolf AP: Decreased brain metabolism in neurologically intact healthy alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 149:1016-1022, 1992
338. Samson Y, Baron J-C, Feline A, Bories J, Crouzel C: Local cerebral glucose utilization in chronic alcoholics: A positron tomographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49:1165-1170, 1986
339. Porjesz B, Begleiter H: Effects of alcohol on electrophysiological activity of the brain, in Begleiter H, Kissin B (eds): Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol 2. New York, Oxford Press, 1996, pp 207-247
340. Eckardt MJ, Martin PR: Clinical assessment of cognition in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:123-127, 1986
341. Parsons OA, Leber WR: The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and brain damage in alcoholics: Causal, interactive, or epiphenomenal? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 5:326-343, 1981
342. Eckardt MJ, Stapleton JM, Rawlings RR, Davis EZ, Grodin DM: Neuropsychological functioning in detoxified alcoholics between 18 and 35 years of age. Am J Psychiatry 152:53-59, 1995
343. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Hitzemann R, Fowler JS, Overall JE, Burr G, Wolf AP: Recovery of brain glucose metabolism in detoxified alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 151:178-183, 1994
344. Bennett AE: Diagnosis of intermediate stage of alcoholic brain disease. JAMA 172:1143-1146, 1960
345. Karhunen PJ, Erkinjuntti T, Laippala P: Moderate alcohol consumption and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Br Med J 308:1663-1667, 1994
346. Mutzell S: Computed tomography of the brain, hepatotoxic drugs and high alcohol consumption in male alcoholic patients and a random sample of from the general male population. Uppsala J Med Sci 97:183-194, 1992
347. Bergman H, Axelsson G, Idestrom CM, Borg S, Hindmarsh T, Makower J, Mutzell S: Alcohol consumption, neuropsychological status and computer-tomographic findings in a random sample of men and women from the general population. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 18(Suppl 1):501-505, 1983
348. Cala LA: CT demonstration of the early effects of alcohol on the brain, in Galanter M (ed): Recent Developments in Alcoholism, vol 3. New York, Plenum Press, 1985, pp 253-264
349. Nichols JM, Martin F: P300 in heavy social drinkers: The effect of lorazepam. Alcohol 10:269-274, 1993
350. Nichols JM, Martin F: The effect of heavy social drinking on recall and event-related potentials. J Stud Alcohol 57:125-135, 1996
351. Parker ES, Noble E: Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in social drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 38:1224-1232, 1977
352. Jones MK, Jones BM: The relationship of age and drinking habits to the effects of alcohol on memory in women. J Stud Alcohol 41:179-186, 1980
353. Parker ES, Birnbaum I, Boyd RA, Noble EP: Neuropsychologic decrements as a function of alcohol intake in male students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4:330-334, 1980
354. MacVane J, Butters N, Montgomery K, Farber J: Cognitive functioning in men social drinkers: A replication study. J Stud Alcohol 43:81-95, 1982
355. Parker ES: Comments on "cognitive functioning in men social drinkers; a replication study." J Stud Alcohol 43:170-177, 1982
356. Parker DA, Parker ES, Brody JA, Schoenberg R: Alcohol use and cognitive loss among employed men and women. Am J Public Health 73:521-526, 1983
357. Hannon R, Day CL, Butler AM, Larson AJ, Casey M: Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students. J Stud Alcohol 44:283-298, 1983
358. Parsons OA, Fabian MS: Comments on "cognitive functioning in men social drinkers: A replication study." J Stud Alcohol 43:178-182, 1982
359. Birnbaum IM, Taylor TH, Parker ES: Alcohol and sober mood state in female social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 7:362-368, 1983
360. Hannon R, Butler CP, Day CL, Kahn SA, Quitoriano LA, Butler AM, Meredith LA: Social drinking and cognitive functioning in college students: A replication and reversibility study. J Stud Alcohol 48:502-506, 1987
361. Arbuckle TY, Chaikelson JS, Gold DP: Social drinking and cognitive functioning revisited: The role of intellectual endowment and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol 55:352-361, 1994
362. Alterman AI, Hall JG: Effects of social drinking and familial alcoholism risk on cognitive functioning: Null findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:799-803, 1989
363. Carey KB, Maisto SA: Effect of a change in drinking pattern on the cognitive function of female social drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 48:236-242, 1987
364. Waugh M, Jackson M, Fox GA, Hawke SH, Tuck RR: Effect of social drinking on neuropsychological performance. Br J Addict 84:659-667, 1989
365. Parsons OA: Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: A review and critique. J Stud Alcohol 47:101-114, 1986
366. Parker ES, Parker DA, Harford TC: Specifying the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive loss: The effects of frequency of consumption and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol 52:366-373, 1991
367. Bowden SC, Walton NH, Walsh KW: The hangover hypothesis and the influence of moderate social drinking on mental ability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12:25-29, 1988
368. Nichols JM, Martin F, Kirkby KC: A comparison of the effect of lorazepam on memory in heavy and low social drinkers. Psychopharmacology 112:475-482, 1993
369. Farmer ME, White LR, Abbott RD, Kittner SJ, Kaplan E, Wolz MM, Brody JA, Wolf PA: Blood pressure and cognitive performance: The Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 126:1103-1114, 1987
370. Hendrie HC, Gao S, Hall KS, Hui SL, Unverzagt FW: The relationship between alcohol consumption, cognitive performance, and daily functioning in an urban sample of older Black Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1158-1165, 1996
371. Christian JC, Reed T, Carmelli D, Page WF, Norton JA Jr, Breitner JC: Self-reported alcohol intake and cognition in aging twins. J Stud Alcohol 56:414-416, 1995
372. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Chown MJ, Evans DA: Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 135:347-355, 1992
373. Orgogozo J-M, Dartigues J-F, Lafont S, Letenneur L, Commenges D, Salamon R, Renaud S, Breteler MB: Wine consumption and dementia in the elderly: A prospective community study in the Bordeaux area. Rev Neurol (Paris) 153:185-192, 1997
374. Streissguth AP, Martin JC: Prenatal effects of alcohol abuse in humans and laboratory animals, in Kissin B, Begleiter H (eds): The Pathogenesis of Alcoholism. New York, Plenum Press, 1983, pp 539-589
375. Clarren SK, Smith DW: The fetal alcohol syndrome. N Engl J Med 298:1063-1067, 1978
376. Voorhess CV, Mollnow E: Behavioral teratogenesis: Long term influences on behavior from early exposure to environmental agents, in Osofsky JD (ed): Handbook of Infant Development, ed 2. New York, Wiley, 1987, pp 913-971
377. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Eighth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. Washington, D.C., Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993
378. Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Martin DC, Herman CS: Effects of maternal alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine use during pregnancy on infant mental and motor development at eight months. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4:152-164, 1980
379. O'Connor MJ, Brill NJ, Sigman M: Alcohol use in primiparous women older than 30 years of age: Relation to infant development. Pediatrics 78:444-450, 1986
380. Fried PA, Watkinson B: 12- and 24-month neurobehavioural follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 10:305-313, 1988
381. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW, Kaplan-Estrin MG: Teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:174-183, 1993
382. Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD: Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: Effects on child IQ and learning problems at 71/2 years. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14:662-669, 1990
383. Greene T, Ernhart CB, Ager J, Sokol R, Martier S, Boyd T: Prenatal alcohol exposure and cognitive development in the preschool years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 13:57-68, 1991
384. Fried PA, O'Connell CM, Watkinson B: 60- and 72-month follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol: Cognitive and language assessment. J Dev Behav Pediatr 13:383-391, 1992
385. Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Carmichael Olson H, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL, Burgess DM: Drinking during pregnancy decreases word attack and arithmetic
386. Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Barr HM: Attention: Prenatal alcohol and continuities of vigilance and attentional problems from 4 through 14 years. Dev Psychopathol 7:419-446, 1995
387. Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Barr HM: The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Child Development, Birth Through 7 Years: A Partial Least Square Solution, International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities, vol 10. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993
388. Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, O'Neill JM, Frankowski JJ, Bihun JT: Visual expectation and dimensions of infant information processing. Child Dev 63:711-724, 1992
389. Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Sokol RJ: Effects of fetal alcohol exposure on infant reaction time. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1125-1132, 1994
390. Kopera-Frye K, Dehaene S, Streissguth H: Impairments of number processing induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychologia 34:1187-1196, 1996
391. Fried PA, Watkinson B: 36- and 48-month neurobehavioral follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:49-58, 1990
392. Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R: A follow-up study of attentional behavior in 6-year-old children exposed prenatally to marihuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:299-311, 1992
393. Greene T, Ernhart CB, Martier S, Sokol RJ, Ager J: Prenatal alcohol exposure and language development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14: 937-945, 1990
394. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW: Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurobehavioral development: Where is the threshold? Alcohol Health Res World 18:30-36, 1994
395. Holzman C, Paneth N, Little R, Pinto-Martin J: Perinatal brain injury in premature infants born to mothers using alcohol in pregnancy. Pediatrics 95:66-73, 1995
396. Bonthius DJ, West JR: Alcohol-induced neuronal loss in developing rats: Increased brain damage with binge exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14:107-118, 1990
397. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Sokol RJ: Increased vulnerability to alcohol-related birth defects in the offspring of mothers over 30. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20:359-363, 1996
398. Day NL, Robles N: Methodological issues in the measurement of substance use. Ann NY Acad Sci 562:8-13, 1989
399. Ernhart CB, Sokol RJ, Martier S, Moron P, Nadler D, Ager JW, Wolf A: Alcohol teratogenicity in the human: A detailed assessment of specificity, critical period, and threshold. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:33-39, 1987
400. Streissguth AP, Martin DC, Barr HM, Sandman BM, Kirchner GL, Darby BL: Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: Attention and reaction time in 4-year-old children. Dev Psychol 20:533-541, 1984
401. Larsson G, Bohlin A-B, Tunell R: Prospective study of children exposed to variable amounts of alcohol in utero. Arch Dis Child 60:316-321, 1985
402. Coles CD, Brown RT, Smith IE, Platzman KA, Erickson S, Falek A: Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 13:357-367, 1991
403. Driscoll CD, Streissguth AP, Riley EP: Prenatal alcohol exposure: Comparability of effects in humans and animal models. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12:231-237, 1990
404. Sanchis R, Sancho-Tello M, Guerri C: The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pregnant rats and their offspring. Alcohol Alcohol 21:295-305, 1986
405. Halmesmäki E: Alcohol counseling of 85 pregnant problem drinkers: Effect on drinking and fetal outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95:243-247, 1988
406. Abel EL: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects. New York, Plenum Press, 1984
407. Guerri C, Sanchis R: Acetalehyde and alcohol levels in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Alcohol 2:267-270, 1985
408. Dobbing J, Sands J: Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Hum Dev 3:79-83, 1979
409. Sulik KK, Johnston MC, Webb MA: Fetal alcohol syndrome: Embryogenesis in a mouse model. Science 214:936-938, 1981
410. Sulik KK, Johnston MC: Sequence of developmental alterations following acute ethanol exposure in mice: Craniofacial features of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Am J Anat 166:257-269, 1983
411. Clarren SK, Astley SJ, Gunderson VM, Spellman D: Cognitive and behavioral deficits in nonhuman primates associated with very early embryonic binge exposures to ethanol. J Pediatr 121:789-796, 1992
412. Cartwright MM, Smith SM: Increased cell death and reduced neural crest cell numbers in ethanol-exposed embryos: Partial basis for the fetal alcohol syndrome phenotype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:378-386, 1995
413. Jacobson M: Developmental Neurobiology, ed 3. New York, Plenum Press, 1991
414. Miller MW: The effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on cell proliferation and neuronal migration, in Miller MW (ed): Development of the Central Nervous System: Effects of Alcohol and Opiates. New York, Wiley-Liss, 1992, pp 47-69
415. Vallés S, Sancho-Tello M, Miñana R, Climent E, Renau-Piqueras J, Guerri C: Glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in rat brain and in radial glia culture is delayed by prenatal ethanol exposure. J Neurochem 67:2425-2433, 1996
416. Lancaster FE, Philips SM, Patsalos PN, Wiggins RC: Brain myelination in the offspring of ethanol-treated rats: In utero versus lactational exposure by crossfostering offspring of control, pair-fed and ethanol treated dams. Brain Res 309:209-216, 1984
417. Pierce DR, West JR: Alcohol-induced microencephaly during the third trimester equivalent: Relationship to dose and blood alcohol concentration. Alcohol 3:185-191, 1986
418. Guerri C: Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the behavioral dysfunctions induced by prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:304-324, 1998
419. Barnes DE, Walker DW: Prenatal ethanol exposure permanently reduces the number of pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 227:333-340, 1981
420. Goodlett CR, Thomas JD, West JR: Long-term deficits in cerebellar growth and rotarod performance of rats following "binge-like" alcohol exposure during the neonatal brain growth spurt. Neurotoxicol Teratol 13:69-74, 1991
421. Druse MJ: Effects of in utero ethanol exposure on the development of neurotransmitter system, in Miller MW (ed): Development of the Central Nervous System: Effects of Alcohol and Opiates. New York, Wiley-Liss, 1992, pp 139-167
422. 1-type dopamine receptors inhibit growth cone motility in cultured retina neurons: Evidence that neurotransmitters act as morphogenic growth regulators in the developing central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 2839-2843, 1988
423. Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Druse M, Walker P, Lauder JM: Serotonin as a development signal. Behav Brain Res 73:19-29, 1996
424. 3H-glutamate binding site density in 45-day-old rats. Alcohol 8:193-201, 1991
425. 3H-MK-801 binding and enhances metabotropic-glutamate receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat hippocampus. Life Sci 56:1373-1383, 1995
426. Swartzwelder HS, Farr KL, Wilson WA, Savage DD: Prenatal exposure to ethanol decreases physiological plasticity in the hippocampus of the adult rat. Alcohol 5:121-124, 1988
427. Napper RMA, West JR: Permanent neuronal cell loss in the cerebellum of rats exposed to continuous low blood alcohol levels during the brain growth spurt: a stereological investigation. J Comp Neurol 362:283-292, 1995
428. Wegelius K, Korpi ER: Ethanol inhibits NMDA-induced toxicity and trophism in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Acta Physiol Scand 154:25-34, 1995
429. Pantazis NJ, Dohrman DP, Luo J, Thomas JD, Goodlett CR, West JR: NMDA prevents alcohol-induced neuronal cell death of cerebellar granule cells in culture. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:846-853, 1995
430. Balázs R, Jørgensen OS, Hack N: N-methyl-D-aspartate promotes the survival of cerebellar granule cells in culture. Neuroscience 27:437-451, 1988
431. Yan G-M, Lin S-Z, Irwin RP, Paul SM: Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors blocks apoptosis of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Mol Pharmacol 47:248-257, 1995
432. Bhave SV, Hoffman PL: Ethanol promotes apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells by inhibiting the tropic effect of NMDA. J Neurochem 68:578-586, 1997
433. Meyer LS, Kotch LE, Riley EP: Alterations in gait following ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14:23-27, 1990
434. Tsai MJ, O'Malley BW: Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu Rev Biochem 63:451-486, 1994
435. Portolés M, Sanchis R, Guerri C: Thyroid hormone levels in rats exposed to alcohol during development. Horm Metab Res 20:267-270, 1988
436. Weinberg J: Recent studies on the effects of fetal alcohol exposure on the endocrine and immune systems. Alcohol Alcohol 2(Suppl.):401-409, 1994
437. McGivern RF, Clancy AN, Hill MA, Noble EP: Prenatal alcohol exposure alters adult expression of sexually dimorphic behavior in the rat. Science 224:896-898, 1984
438. Esquifino AI, Sanchis R, Guerri C: Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on sexual maturation of female rat offspring. Neuroendocrinology 44:483-487, 1986
439. Plant M, Sullivan FM, Guerri C, Abel EL: Alcohol and pregnancy, in Verschuren PM (ed): Health Issues Related to Alcohol Consumption. Brussels, ILSI Europe, 1993
440. West JR, Chen WJ, Pantazis NJ: Fetal alcohol syndrome: The vulnerability of the developing brain and possible mechanisms of damage. Metab Brain Dis 9:291-322, 1994