Susceptibility genes for allergy and asthma

Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 256-273

  Ruffilli, A ^a   Bonini, S ^b  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E;

ALLERGY; ASTHMA; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC LINKAGE; HUMAN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0031001692     PISSN: 01054538     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00990.x     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Gerrard JW, Rao OC, Morton NE. A genetic study of IgE. Am J Hum Genet 1978;30:45-58.
2. Meyers BA, Beaty TH, Freidhoff LR, Marsh DG. Inheritance of serum IgE (basal level in man. Am J Hum Genet 1987;41:51-62.
3. Blumenthal MN, Namboodiri KK, Mendell N, Gleich G, Elston RC, Yunis E. Genetic transmission of serum IgE levels. Am J Med Genet 1981;10:219-28.
4. Meyers BA, Bias WB, Marsh DG. A genetic study of total IgE level in the Amish. Hum Hered 1982;31:15-23.
5. Marsh DG, Meyers DA, Bias WR. The epidemiology and genetics of atopic allergy. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1551-9.
6. Hasstedt SJ, Meyers DA, Marsh DG. Inheritance of IgE genetic model fitting. Am J Med Genet 1983;14:61-6.
7. Meyers DA, Beaty TH, Colyer CR, Marsh DG. Genetics of total serum IgE levels: a regressive model approach to segregation analysis. Genet Epidemiol 1991;8:351-9.
8. Kostyu DD. The HLA gene complex and genetic susceptibility to disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1991;1:40-7.
9. Marsh DG. Immunogenetic and immunochemical factors determining immune responsiveness to allergens: studies in unrelated subjects. In: Marsh DG, Blumenthal M, editors. Genetic and environmental factors in clinical allergy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990: 97-122.
10. Cookson WOCM, Sharp PA, Faux JA, Hopkin JM. Linkage between immunoglobulin E responses underlying asthma and rhinitis and chromosome 11q. Lancet 1989;1:1292-5.
11. Sandford AJ, Shirakawa T, Moffatt MF, et al. Localisation of atopy and beta subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor on chromosome 11q. Lancet 1993;341:332-4.
12. Shirakawa T, Li A, Dubowitz M, et al. Association between atopy and variants of the beta subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Nat Genet 1994;7:125-9.
13. Hill MR, James AL, Faux JA, et al. Fc epsilon RI-beta polymorphism and risk of atopy in a general population sample. BMJ 1995;311:776-9.
14. Hill MR, Cookson WOCM. A new variant of the beta subunit of the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fc-epsilon-RI-beta E237G): association with measures of atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5: 959-62.
15. van Herwerden L, Harrap SB, Wong ZYH, et al. Linkage of high affinity IgE receptor gene with bronchial hyperreactivity even in absence of atopy. Lancet 1995;346: 1262-8.
16. Sandford A, Weir T, Pare P. The genetics of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1966;153:749-65.
17. Huang S, Marsh DG. Genetics of allergy. Ann Allergy 1993;70:347-57.
18. Cookson WOCM. Genetic aspects of atopy. In: Burr ML, editor. Epidemiology of clinical allergy. Monogr Allergy (Basel: Karger) 1993;31:171-89.
19. Meyers DA, Bleecker AR. Approaches to mapping genes for allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:411-13.
20. Holgate SJ, Church KM, Howarth PH, Morton EN, Frew AJ Djukanovic R. Genetic and environmental influences on airway inflammation in asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995;107:29-33.
21. Lawrence S, Beasley R, Doull I, et al. Genetic analysis of atopy and asthma as quantitative traits and ordered polychotomies. Ann Hum Genet 1944;58:359-68.
22. Bonini S, Magrini L, Rotiroti G, Ronchetti MP, Onorati P Genetic and environmental factors in the changing incidence of allergy. Allergy 1994;49:6-14.
23. Panhuysen CIM, Meyers DA, Postma DS, Bleecker ER. The genetics of asthma and atopy. Allergy 1995;50:863-9.
24. Greenberg DA. Linkage analysis of necessary disease loci versus susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet 1993;52: 135-43.
25. Lander ES, Schork NJ. Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science 1994;263:2037-48.
26. Schellenberg DG. Progress in Alzheimer's disease genetics. Curr Opin Neurol 1995;8:262-7.
27. Te Meerman GJ, van der Meulen MA, Sandkuijl LA. Perspectives of identity by descent mapping in founder populations. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:97-102.
28. Zamel N, McClean PA, Sandell PR, Siminovitch KA, Slutsky AS. Asthma on Tristan da Cunha: looking for the genetic link. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1902-6.
29. Marsh DG, Neely JD, Breazeale DR, et al. Linkage analysis of IL-4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum IgE concentration. Science 1994;264:1152-6.
30. Schaid DJ, Sommer SS. Comparison of statistics for candidate gene association studies using cases and parents. Am J Hum Genet 1994;55:402-9.
31. Risch N. Genetic linkage: interpreting lod scores. Science 1992;261:803-4.
32. Lange K. A test statistic for the affected sib set method. Am J Hum Genet 1986;50:283-90.
33. Spielman RS, McGinnis RE, Ewens WJ. Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet 1993;52:506-16.
34. Goldin LR, Gershon ES. Power of the affected-sib-pair method for heterogeneous disorders. Genet Epidemiol 1988;5:35-42.
35. Elston RC. Linkage and association to genetic markers. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1995;12:129-40.
36. Doull IJ, Lawrence S, Watson M, et al. Allelic association of gene markers on chromosomes 5q and 11q with atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1280-4.
37. Burrow B, Sears RS, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, Holdaway MD. Relations of bronchial responsiveness to allergy skin test reactivity, lung function, respiratory symptoms and diagnoses in thirteen-year-old New Zealand children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:549-56.
38. Marsh DG. Immunogenetic and immunochemical factors determining immune responsiveness to allergens: studies in unrelated subjects. In: Marsh DG, Blumenthal M, editors. Genetic and environmental factors in clinical allergy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990: 97-122.
39. Marsh DG, Meyers DA, Freidhoff LR, et al. HLA-DW2: a genetic marker for human immune response to short ragweed pollen allergen Ra 5. II. Response after ragweed immunotherapy. J Exp Med 1982;155:1452-63.
40. Blumenthal M, Bonini S. Immunogenetics of specific immune responses to allergens in twins and families. In: Marsh DG, Blumenthal M, editors. Genetic and environmental factors in clinical allergy. Minneapolis. MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990:132-42.
41. Young RP, Hart BJ, Merret TG, Read AF, Hopkins JM. House dust mite sensitivity: interaction of genetics and allergen dosage. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:205-11.
42. Bonini S. Genetic aspects of allergic asthma. Twin studies. In: Serafini U, Errigo E, editors. Proceedings of the XII Congress of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Florence: OIC Medical Press, 1983: 109-11.
43. Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, Cline MG. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. New Engl J Med 1989; 320:271-7.
44. Bonini S. Smoking. IgE and occupational allergy. BMJ 1982;284:512.
45. de Vries JE. Novel fundamental approaches to intervening in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:141-4.
46. van Lewven BH, Martinson ME, Webb GC, Young IG. Molecular organization of the cytokine gene cluster, involving the human IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF genes, on human chromosome 5. Blood 1989;73:1142-8.
47. Del Prete G. Human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes: their role in the pathophysiology of atopy. Allergy 1992;47:450-5.
48. Bonini S, Rasi G, Trillò ME, Franci F. Atopy in twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983;71:100.
49. Kay AB. Asthma and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;87:893-10.
50. Bonini S. Bronchial asthma - no more doubts? Allergy 1996;51:203-5.
51. Ricci M, Rossi O, Bertoni M, Matucci A. The importance of Th2-like cells in the pathogenesis of airway allergic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:360-9.
52. Marone G, Poto S, Celestino D, Bonini S. Human basophil releasability. III. Genetic control of human basophil releas-ability. J Immunol 1986;137:3588-91.
53. Kaplan AP, Kuna P, Reddigari S, Oppenheim J, Rucinski D. Human histamine releasing factors. In: Miyamoto T, Okuda H, editors. Progress in allergy and clinical immunology. Vol. 2. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber, 1992:376-82.
54. Canonica GW, Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Pesce G, Bagnasco M. Adhesion molecules of allergic inflammation: recent insights into their functional roles. Allergy 1994;49:135-41.
55. Broide DH. Cytokines: orchestrators of human allergic reactions. Allergy Clin Immunol News 1994;49:576-86.
56. Marshall JS, Wasserman S. Mast cells and the nerves - potential interactions in the contact of chronic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:102-10.
57. Foreman JC. Neuropeptides and the pathogenesis of allergy. Allergy 1987;42:1-11.
58. Brines R. Neuroendocrine networks. Immunol Today 1994; 15:503.
59. Hopp RJ, Nair NM, Bewtra AK, Townley RG. Genetic aspects of bronchial hyperreactivity. In: Marsh DG. Blumenthal M, editors. Genetic and environmental factors in clinical allergy. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
60. Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubts no more. Immunol Today 1991;22:256-7.
61. Parronchi P, De Carli M, Manetti R, et al. Aberrant IL-4 and IL-5 production in vitro by CD4+ T helper cells from atopic subjects. Eur Immunol 1992;22:1615-20.
62. Paul WE, Seder RA. Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell 1994;76:241-51.
63. Galli SJ, Costa JJ. Mast-cell-leukocyte cytokine cascades in allergic inflammation. Allergy 1995;50:581-92.
64. Robinson DS, Hamid Q, Ying S, et al. Predominant TH2-like bronchoalveolar T-lymphocyte population in atopic asthma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:298-304.
65. Vercelli D, Geha RS. Regulation of isotype switching. Curr Opin Immunol 1992;4:794-7.
66. Defrance T, Carayon P, Billian G, et al. Interleukin 13 is a B cell stimulating factor. J Exp Med 1994;179:35-43.
67. Huang SK, Xiao HQ, Kleine-Tebbe J, et al. IL-13 expression at the sites of allergen challenge in patients with asthma. J Immunol 1995;155:2688-94.
68. Okudaira H, Mori A, Suko M, Etoh T, Nakagawa H, Ito K. Enhanced production and gene expression of interleukin-5 in patients with bronchial asthma: possible management of atopic diseases by down-regulation of interleukin-5 gene transcription. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995;107:255-8.
69. Mori A, Suko M, Kaminuma O, et al. IL-15 promotes cytokine production of human T helper cells. J Immunol 1996;156:2400-25.
70. Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Shows TB, Law ML, Goeddel DV, Gray PW. Human immune interferon gene is located on chromosome 12. J Exp Med 1983;157:1020-7.
71. Pritchard MA, Baker E, Whitmore SA, et al. The interleukin-4 receptor gene (IL-4R) maps to 16p11.2-16p12.1 in human and to the distal region of mouse chromosome 7. Genomics 1991;10:801-6.
72. Grabstein KH, Eisenman J, Shanebeck K, et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science 1994;264:965-8.
73. Pfizenmaier K, Wiegmann K, Scheurich P, et al. High affinity human IFN-gamma-binding capacity is encoded by a single receptor gene located in proximity to c-ros on human chromosome region 6q16 to 6q22. J Immunol 1988; 141:856-60.
74. Adcock IM, Lane SJ, Brown CR, Lee TH, Barnes PJ. Abnormal glucocorticoid receptor-activator protein 1 interaction in steroid-resistant asthma. J Exp Med 1995;182: 1951-8.
75. Ray A, Siegel MD, Prefontaine KE, Ray P. Anti-inflammation: direct physical association and functional antagonism between transcription factor NF-KB and the glucocorticoid receptor. Chest 1995;107:1398.
76. Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Transcription factors. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:46-9.
77. Hoey T, Sun YL, Williamson K, Xu X. Isolation of two new members of the NF-AT gene family and functional characterization of the NF-AT proteins. Immunity 1995; 2:461-72.
78. Weaver CT, Hawrylowicz CM, Unanue ER. T helper cell subsets require the expression of distinct costimulatory signals by antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:8181-5.
79. Singh RR, Hahn BH, Sercarz EE. Neonatal peptide exposure can prime T cells and, upon subsequent immunization, induce their immune deviation: implications for antibody vs. T cell-mediated autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1996;183: 1613-21.
80. Demeure CE, Yang LP, Byun DG, Ishihara H, Vezzio N, Delaspesso G. Human naive CD4+ T cells produce interleukin 4 at priming and acquire a TH2 phenotype upon repetitive stimulation in neutral condition. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:2722-5.
81. Holt PG. Primary allergic sensitization to environmental antigens: perinatal T cell priming as a determinant of responder phenotype in adulthood. J Exp Med 1996;183: 1297-1301.
82. Collins MK, Goodfellow PN, Spurr NK, et al. The human T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene maps to chromosome 14. Nature 1985;314:273-4.
83. Takihara Y, Tkachuk D, Michalopoulos E, et al. Sequence and organization of the diversity, joining, and constant region genes of the human T-cell delta-chain locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988;85:6097-6101.
84. Barker PE, Ruddle FH, Royer HD, et al. Chromosomal location of human T-cell receptor gene beta. Science 1984;226:348-9.
85. Rabbitts TH, Lefranc MP, Stinson MA, et al. The chromosomal location of T-cell receptor genes and a T cell rearranging gene: possible correlation with specific translocations in human T cell leukaemia. EMBO J 1985;4:1461-5.
86. Spies T, Blanck G, Bresnahan M, Sands J, Strominger JL. A new cluster of genes within the human major histocompatibility complex. Science 1989;243:214-17.
87. Gibbons RJ, Picketts DJ, Higgs DR. Syndromal mental retardation due to mutation in a regulatory gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 1995;4:1705-9.
88. Schroeder SA, Gaughan DM, Swift M. Protection against bronchial asthma by CFTR delta F508 mutation: a heterozygote advantage in cystic fibrosis. Nature Med 1996;1: 703-5.
89. Brenner-Ullman A, Melzer-Ofir H, Daniels M, Shohat M. Possible protection against asthma in heterozygotes for familial Mediterranean fever. Am J Med Genet 1994;3: 172-5.
90. Vianna EO, Garcia-Leme J. Allergen-induced airway inflammation in rats. Role of insulin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:809-14.
91. Okudaira H, Terada E, Yokoyama M, Miyamoto T. IgE-isotype-specific suppressor cells in the mouse: characterization using tetraparental chimera mice of high (DBA/ 2) and low (SJL) IgE responder embryos. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988;85:462-6.
92. Yoshimoto T, Bendelac A, Hu-Li J, Paul WP. Defective IgE production by SJL mice is linked to the absence of CD4+, NK1.1+ T cells that promptly produce interleukin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:11931-4.
93. Kumar V, Bhardwaj V, Soares L, Alexander J, Sette A, Sercarz E. Major histocompatibility complex binding affinity of an antigenic determinata is crucial for the differential secretion of IL-4 or IFN-γ by T cells. J Immunol 1995; 92: 9510-14.
94. Murray JS, Pfeiffer C, Madri J, Bottomly K. A single peptide induces either humoral or cell mediated responses in mice of distinct genotypes. Eur J Immunol 1992;22: 559-65.
95. Asherson GL, Dieli F, Gautam Y, Siew LK, Zembala M. Major histocompatibility complex regulation of the class of the immune response: the H-2d haplotype determines poor interferon-gamma response to several antigens. Eur J Immunol 1990;20:1305-10.
96. Guler ML, Gorham JD, Hsieh CS, et al. Genetic susceptibility to Leishmania: IL-12 responsiveness in TH1 cell development. Science 1996;271:984-7.
97. De Sanctis GT, Merchant M, Beier DR, et al. Quantitative locus analysis of airway hyperresponsiveness in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Nat Genet 1995;11:150-4.
98. Levitt RC, Mitzner W. Autosomal recessive inheritance of airway hyperreactivity. J Appl Physiol 1989;57:1125-32.
99. Huang XZ, Wu JF, Cass D, et al. Inactivation of the integrin beta 6 subunit gene reveals a role of epithelial integrins in regulating inflammation in the lung and skin. J Cell Biol 1996;133:921-8.
100. Hoehe MR, Otterud B, Hsieh WT, et al. Genetic mapping of adrenergic receptor genes in humans. J Mol Med 1995;73:299-306.
101. Itosh S, Harada H, Nakamura Y, White R, Taniguchi T. Assignment of the human interferon regulator factor 1 (IRF-1) gene to chromosome 5q23-31. Genomics 1991;10: 1097-9.
102. Maltzman JS, Carmen JA, Monroe JG. Transcriptional regulation of the ICAM-1 gene in antigen receptor- and phorbol ester-stimulated B lymphocytes: role for transcription factor EGR1. J Exp Med 1966;183:1747-59.
103. Frolova EI, Dolganov GM, Mazo IA, et al. Linkage mapping of the human CSF-2 and IL-3 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:4821-4.
104. Pforte A, Schiessler A, Gais P, et al. Expression of the CD14 antigen was studied on alveolar macrophages in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA). Increased expression of the monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1993; 48:607-12.
105. Meyers DA, Postma DS, Panhuysen CIM, et al. Evidence for a locus regulating total serum IgE levels mapping to chromosome 5. Genomics 1994;23:464-70.
106. Postma DS, Bleeker ER, Amelung PJ, et al. Genetic susceptibility to asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy. N Engl Med J 1995;333:894-900.
107. Xu J, Levitt RC, Panhuysen CIM, et al. Evidence for two unlinked loci regulating total serum IgE levels. Am J Hum Genet 1955;57:425-30.
108. 2-adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry 1994;33:9414-19.
109. Green SA, Cole G, Jacinto M, Innis M, Ligget SB. A polymorphism of the human β-adrenergic receptor within the fourth transmembrane domain alters ligand binding and functional properties of the receptors. J Biol Chem 1993;268:23116-21.
110. 2-adrenergic receptor genotypes on signal transduction in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;13:25-33.
111. Szefler SJ, Ando R, Cicutto LC, Surs W, Hill MR, Martin RJ. Plasma histamine, epinephrine, cortisol and leukocyte-beta-adrenergic receptors in nocturnal asthma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;40:59-68.
112. Reishaus E, Innis M, MacIntyre N, Ligget SB. Mutations in the gene encoding for the β-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. J Am Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993;8:334-9.
113. 2-adrenergic receptor in nocturnal and nonnocturnal asthma. Evidence that Gly16 correlates with the nocturnal phenotype. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1635-41.
114. 2-adrenoceptor polymorphism with lower airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 1995;345: 1213-14.
115. Foster H, Walker D, Charles P, Kelly C, Canavagh G, Griffith I. Association of DR3 with susceptibility to and severity of primary Sjögren's syndrome in family studies. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31:309-14.
116. Goldstein R, Davic M, Targoff IN, et al. HLA-D region genes associated with autoantibodies to histidyl transfer RNA synthetase and other translation related factors in myositis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;32:1240-7.
117. Desombere I, Hauser P, Rossau R, Paradijs J, Leroux-Roels G. Non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine can present envelope particles to T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1995;154:520-9.
118. Marsh DG, Hsu SH, Roebber M, et al. HLA-Dw2: a genetic marker for human immune response to short ragweed pollen allergen Ra 5. Response resulting primarily from natural antigenic exposure. J Exp Med 1982; 155:1439-51.
119. Zwollo P, Ansari AA, Marsh DG. Association of class II DNA restriction fragments with responsiveness to Ambrosia artemisiifolia (short ragweed)-pollen allergen Amb a V in ragweed-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;3: 45-54.
120. Zwollo P, Ehrlich-Kautzky E, Scharf SJ, Ansari AA, Erlich HA, Marsh DG. Sequencing of HLA-D in responders and nonresponders to short ragweed allergen. Amb a V. Immunogenetics 1991;33:141-51.
121. Fischer GF, Pickl WF, Fae I, et al. Association between IgE response against Bet v I, the major allergen of birch pollen, and HLA-DR alleles. Hum Immunol 1992;33: 259-63.
122. Sparholt SH, Georssen J, Macken HO, Svendson UG, Schou C. Association between HLA-DRB3*0101 and IgE responsiveness to Bet v I. Hum Immunol 1994;39:76-82.
123. Ansari AA, Freidhoff LR, Meyers DA, Bias WB, Marsh DG. Human immune responsiveness to Lolium perenne pollen allergen Lol p III (rye III) is associated with HLA-DR3 and DR5. Hum Immunol 1989;25:59-71.
124. Ansari AA, Shinomiya N, Zwollo P, Marsh DG. HLA-D gene studies in relation to immune responsiveness to a grass allergen Lol p III. Immunogenetics 1991;3:24-32.
125. Cardaba B, Vilches C, Martin E, et al. DR7 and DQ2 are positively associated with IgE response to the main allergen of olive pollen (Ole e I) in allergic patients. Hum Immunol 1993;38:293-302.
126. D'Amato M, Scotto d'Abusco A, Maggi E, et al. Association of responsiveness to the major pollen allergen of Parietaria officinalis with HLA-DRB1* alleles. A multicenter study. Hum Immunol 1996;46:100-6.
127. Tautz C, Rihs HP, Thiele A, et al. Association of class II sequences encoding DR1 and DQ5 specificities with hypersensitivity to chironomid allergen Chi t I. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;93:918-25.
128. Lympany P, Kemeny M, Welsh KI, Lee TH. An HLA associated nonresponsiveness to mellitin, a component of bee venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:160-7.
129. Reid MJ, William AN, Whisman BA, et al. HLA-DR4 associated non-responsiveness to mountain cedar allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;89:593-9.
130. Young RP, Dekker JW, Wordsworth BP, et al. HLA DR and HLA DP genotypes and immunoglobulin E responses to common major allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 1994;24: 431-9.
131. Kemeny DM, Lee TH. An analysis with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes of the association between aspirin-induced asthma and antigens of the HLA system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:114-23.
132. Caraballo LR, Marrugo J, Jimenez S, Angelini G, Ferrara GB. Frequency of DPB1*0401 is significantly decreased in patients with allergic asthma in a mulatto population. Hum Immunol 1991;32:157-61.
133. Caraballo LR, Hernandez M. HLA haplotype segregation in familles with allergic asthma. Tissue Antigens 1990;35: 182-6.
134. Berzofsky JA. Ir genes: antigen-specific genetic regulation of the immune response. In: Sela M, editor. The antigens. New York: Academic Press, 1987:1-146.
135. Dieli F, Asherson G, Bonanno CT, Sireci G, Salerno A. Major histocompatibility complex control of the class of the immune response to the hapten trinitrophenyl. Immunology 1995;84:355-9.
136. Clausen JT, Sparck JV, Werdelin O, Larsen SO, Lundberg L. Immunogenetic studies of respiratory anaphylaxis in selectively bred guinea pigs. Inheritance of atopy, linkage to MHC-complex. Allergy 1985;40:15-22.
137. Shimizu H, Mitomo K, Watanabe T, Okamoto S, Yamamoto K. Involvement of an NF-kappa B-like transcription factor in the activation of the interleukin-6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines. Mol Cell Biol 1990;10: 561-8.
138. Walker C, Bauer W, Braun RK, et al. Activated T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with various lung diseases associated with eosinophilia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1038-48.
139. Owen-Schaub LB, De Mars M, Murphy EC, Grimm EA. TNF-beta (lymphotoxin) strongly upregulates TNF-alpha gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphokine Res 1990;9:491-7.
140. Cookson WOMC, Moffatt MF. Asthma and tumor necrosis factor polymorphism. Hum Immunol 1996;47: 160.
141. Hoehe MR, Ehrenreich H, Otterud B, et al. The human endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) encoding a peptide with potent vasoactive properties maps distal to HLA on chromosome arm 6p in close linkage to D6S89. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1993;62:131-5.
142. Young RP, Sharp PA, Lynch JR, et al. Confirmation of genetic linkage between atopic IgE responses and chromosome 11q13. J Med Genet 1992;29:236-8.
143. Moffatt MF, Sharp PA, Faux JA, Young RP, Cookson WOCM, Hopkin JM. Factors confounding genetic linkage between atopy and chromosome 11q. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:1046-11.
144. Cookson WOCM, Young RP, Sandford AJ, et al. Maternal inheritance of atopic IgE responsiveness on chromosome 11q. Lancet 1992;340:381-4.
145. Cookson WOCM, Hopkin JM. Dominant inheritance of atopic immunoglobulin-E responsiveness. Lancet 1988;1: 86-8.
146. Marsh DG, Meyers DA. A major gene for allergy - fact or fancy? Nat Genet 1992;2:252-4.
147. Hall JG. Genomic imprinting: review and relevance to human diseases. Am J Hum Gen 1990;46:857-73.
148. Tedder TF, Klejman G, Schlossman SF, Saito H. Structure of the gene encoding the human B lymphocyte differentiation antigen CD20. J Immunol 1989;142:2560-8.
149. Ravetch JV, Kinet JP. Fc receptors. Ann Rev Immunol 1991;9:457-92.
150. Jouvin MH, Numerof RP, Kinet JP. Signal transduction through the conserved motifs of the high affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilon RI. Semin Immunol 1995;7:29-35.
151. εRIγ-mediated cell activation signals. Cell 1996;85:985-95.
152. εRIbeta gene. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 33:213.
153. εRIbeta and CD20. Hum Mol Genet 1994;3:779-85.
154. Sandford AJ, Moffatt MF, Daniels SE, et al. A genetic map of chromosome 11q, including the atopy locus. Eur J Hum Genet 1995;3:188-94.
155. Shirakawa T, Hashimoto T, Furuyama J, Takeshita T, Morimoto K. Linkage between severe atopy and chromosome 11q13 in Japanese families. Clin Genet 1994;46: 228-32.
156. Shirakawa T, Mao XQ, Sasaki S, Kawai M, Morimoto K, Hopkin JM. Association between Fc epsilon RI beta and atopic disorder in a Japanese population. Lancet 1996;347: 94-5.
157. Collee JM, ten Kate LP, de Vries HG, et al. Allele sharing on chromosome 11q13 in sibs with asthma and atopy. Lancet 1993;342:936.
158. Hizawa N, Yamaguchi E, Ohe M, et al. Lack of linkage between atopy and locus 11q13. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22: 1065-9.
159. Lympany P, Welsh KI, Cochrane GM, Kemeny DM, Lee TH. Genetic analysis of the linkage between chromosome 11q and atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:1085-92.
160. Rich SS, Roitman-Johnson B, Greenberg B, Roberts S, Blumenthal MN. Genetic analysis of atopy in three large kindreds: no evidence of linkage to D11S97. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:1070-6.
161. Amelung PJ, Panhuysen CIM, Postma DS, et al. Atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: exclusion of linkage to markers on chromosomes 11q and 6p. Clin Exp Allergy 1992;22:1077-84.
162. Brereton HM, Ruffin RE, Thompson PJ, Turner DR. Familial atopy in Australian pedigrees: adventitious linkage to chromosome 8 is not confirmed nor is there evidence of linkage to the high affinity IgE receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 1994;24:868-77.
163. Hizawa N, Yamaguchi E, Furuya K, et al. Association between high serum total IgE levels and D11S97 on chromosome 11q13 in Japanese subjects. J Med Genet 1995;32:363-9.
164. Hall IP, Wheatley A, Dewar J, Wilkinson J, Morrison J. Fc epsilon RI-beta polymorphisms unlikely to contribute substantially to genetic risk of allergic disease. BMJ 1966;312:311.
165. Martinati LC, Trabetti E, Casartelli A, Boner AL, Pignatti PF. Affected sib-pair and mutation analyses of the high affinity IgE receptor beta chain locus in Italian families with atopic asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1682-5.
166. Hay JG, Danel C, Chu CS, Crystal RG. Human CC10 gene expression in airway epithelium and subchromosomal locus suggest linkage to airway disease. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:565-75.
167. Renz H, Bradley KL, Marrack P, Gelfand EW. T cells expressing variable elements of T-cell receptor beta 8 and beta 2 chain regulate murine IgE production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992;89:6438-42.
168. Parronchi P, Mohapatra S, Sampognaro S, et al. Effects of interferon-alpha on cytokine profile, T cell receptor repertoire and peptide reactivity of human allergen-specific T cells. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:697-703.
169. Oksenberg JR, Sherritt M, Begovich AB, et al. Polymorphism of T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86:988-92.
170. Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S, Yang M, et al. Molecular basis of crossreactivity among allergen specific human T cells: T cell receptor V alpha gene usage and epitope structure. Immunology 1994;81:15-20.
171. Wedderburn LC, O'Hehir R, Hewitt CR, Lamb JR, Owen MJ. In vivo clonal dominance and limited TCR usage in human CD4+ T cell recognition of house dust mite allergens. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1993;90: 8214-18.
172. Shanmugam A, Copie-Bergman C, Falissard B, et al. TCR alpha beta gene usage for myelin basic protein recognition in healthy monozygous twins. J Immunol 1996;156:3747-54.
173. Mu H, Charmley P, King MC, Criswell LA. Synergy between T cell receptor beta gene polymorphism and HLA-DR4 insusceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:931-7.
174. Manabe K, Hibberd ML, Donaldson PT, et al. T-cell receptor constant beta germline gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1321-5.
175. Moffatt MF, Hill MR, Cornelis F, et al. Genetic linkage of T-cell receptor alpha/delta complex to specific IgE responses. Lancet 1994;343:1597-1600.
176. Daniels SE, Bhattacharrya S, James A, et al. A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci underlying asthma. Nature 1996;383:247-50.