GAS elements: A few nucleotides with a major impact on cytokine-induced gene expression

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 121-134

  Decker, Thomas ^a   Kovarik, Pavel ^a   Meinke, Andreas ^a  

^a Vienna Biocenter   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GROWTH HORMONE; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; NUCLEOTIDE; PALINDROMIC DNA; PROLACTIN; STAT1 PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CELL GROWTH; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INDUCTION; GENE SEQUENCE; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; ONCOGENE C FOS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

EID: 0030936627     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.121     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. ISAACS, A., and LINDENMANN, J. (1957). Virus interference I. The interferon. Proc. Soc. London [B] 147, 258-267.
2. REVEL, M., and CHEBATH, J. (1986). Interferon-activated genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 11, 166-170.
3. PELLEGRINI, S., and SCHINDLER, C. (1993). Early events in signalling by interferons. Trends Biol. Sci. 18, 338-342.
4. COHEN, B., PERETZ, D., VAIMAN, D., BENECH, P., and CHEBATH, J. (1988). Enhancer-like interferon responsive sequences of the human and murine (2′-5′) oligoadenylate synthetase gene promoters. EMBO J. 7, 1411-1419.
5. PORTER, A.C.G., CHERNAJOVSKI, Y., DALE, T.C., GILBERT, C.S., STARK, G.R., and KERR, I.M. (1988). Interferon response element of the human gene 6-16. EMBO J. 7, 85-92.
6. REICH, N.C., EVANS, B., LEVY, D.E., FAHEY, D.E., KNIGHT, E., and DARNELL, J.E. (1987). Interferon-induced transcription of a gene encoding a 15 kDa protein depends on an upstream enhancer element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6394-6398.
7. LEVY, D.E., KESSLER, D.S., PINE, R., REICH, N., and DARNELL, J.E. (1988). Interferon-induced nuclear factors that bind a shared promoter element correlate with positive and negative transcriptional control. Genes Dev. 2, 383-393.
8. DECKER, T. (1997). The molecular biology of type I interferons: gene activation, promoters, proteins induced. In: Interferon Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis. A.T. Reder, (ed.) New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
9. LARNER, A.C., CHAUDHURI, A., and DARNELL, J.E. (1986). Transcriptional induction by interferon. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 453-459.
10. DALE, T.C., IMAM, A.M., KERR, I.M., and STARK, G.R. (1989). Rapid activation by interferon a of a latent DNA-binding protein present in the cytoplasm of untreated cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1203-1207.
11. PINE, R., DECKER, T., KESSLER, D.S., LEVY, D.E., and DARNELL, J.E. (1990). Purification and cloning of interferon-stimulated gene factor 2: ISGF2 (IRF-1) can bind to the promoters of both interferon-b and interferon-stimulated genes but is not a primary transcriptional activator of either. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 2448-2457.
12. REID, LE., BRASNETT, A.H., GILBERT, C.S., PORTER, A.C.G., GEWERT, D.R., STARK, G.R., and KERR, I. (1989). A single DNA response element can confer inducibility by both α-and γ-interferons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 840-844.
13. CHENG, Y.-S.E., PATTERSON, C.E., and STAEHELI, P. (1991). Interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins lack an N(T)KXD consensus motif and bind GMP in addition to GDP and GTP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 4717-4725.
14. DECKER, T., LEW, D.J., CHENG, Y.-S.E., LEVY, D., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1989). Interactions of α- and γ-interferon in the transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding a guanylate-binding protein. EMBO J. 8, 2009-2014.
15. LEW, D.J., DECKER, T., STREHLOW, I., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1991). Overlapping elements in the guanylate-binding protein gene promoter mediate transcriptional induction by alpha and gamm interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 182-191.
16. DECKER, T., LEW, D.J., MIRKOVITCH, J., and DARNELL, J.E.. Jr. (1991). Cytoplasmic activation of GAF, an IFN-γ-regulated DNA-binding factor. EMBO J. 10, 927-932.
17. MIRKOVITCH, J., DECKER, T., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1992). Interferon induction of gene transcription analyzed by in vivo footprinting. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 1-9.
18. PEARSE, R.N., FEINMAN, R., SHUAI, K., DARNELL, J., and RAVETCH, J.V. (1993). Interferon γ-induced transcription of the high-affinity Fc receptor for IgG requires assembly of a complex that includes the 91-kDa a subunit of transcription factor ISGF3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4314-4318.
19. PEREZ, C., WIETZERBIN, J., and BENECH, P.D. (1993). Two cis-DNA elements involved in myeloid-cell-specific expression and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) activation of the human high affinity Fcγ receptor gene: a novel IFN regulatory mechanism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2182-2192.
20. DAD KHAN, K., SHUAI, K., LINDWALL, G., MAHER, S.E., J.E. DARNELL, and BOTHWELL, A.L.M. (1993). Induction of the Ly6A/E gene by interferon α/β and γ requires a DNA element to which a tyrosine-phosphorylated 91-kDa protein binds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 6806-6810.
21. PINE, R., CANOVA, A., and SCHINDLER, C. (1994). Tyrosine phosphorylated p91 binds to a single element in the ISGF2/IRF-1 promoter to mediate induction by IFNα and IFNγ, and is likely to autoregulate the p91 gene. EMBO J. 13, 158-167.
22. KANNO, Y., KOZAK, C.A., SCHINDLER, C., DRIGGERS, P.H., ENNIST, D.L., GLEASON, S.L., DARNELL, J.E., and OZATO, K. (1993). The genomic structure of the murine ICSBP gene reveals the presence of the gamme interferon-responsive element to which an ISGF3α subunit (or similar) protein binds. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 3951-3963.
23. STREHLOW, I., SEEGERT, D., FRICK, C., BANGE, F.-C., SCHINDLER, C., BOETTGER, E.C., and DECKER, T. (1993). The gene encoding IFP 53/tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is regulated by the gamma-interferon activation factor. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16590-16595.
24. DECKER, T., LEW, D.J., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1991). Two distinct IFN-α-dependent signal transduction pathways may contribute to activation of transcription of the GBP gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 5147-5153.
25. SEEGERT, D.S., STREHLOW, I., KLOSE, B., LEVY, D.E., SCHINDLER, C., and DECKER, T. (1994). A novel, IFN-α-regulated, DNA-binding protein participates in the regulation of the IFP53/tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8590-8595.
26. FU, X.-Y., KESSLER, D.S., VEALS, S.A., LEVY, D.E., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1990). ISGF-3, the transcriptional activator induced by interferon-α consists of multiple interacting polypeptide chains. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87, 8555-8559.
27. KESSLER, D.S., VEALS, S.A., FU, X.-Y., and LEVY, D.E. (1990). Interferon-α regulates nuclear translocation and DNA-binding affinity of ISGF-3, a multimeric transcriptional activator. Genes Dev. 4, 1753-1765.
28. FU, X.-Y., SCHINDLER, C., IMPROTA, T., AEBERSOLD, R.H., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1992). The proteins of ISGF-3, and IFN-α induced activator define a new gene family of signal transducers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7840-7843.
29. SCHINDLER, C., FU, X.-Y., IMPROTA, T., AEBERSOLD, R.H., and DARNELL, J.E. (1992). The proteins of ISGF-3: one gene encodes 91 and 84 kDa ISGF-Sa proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7836-7839.
30. VEALS, S.A., SCHINDLER, C., LEONARD, D., FU, X.-Y., AEBERSOLD, R., and LEVY, D.E. (1992). Subunit of an IFN-α-responsive transcription factor is related to IRF and Myb families of DNA-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 3315-3324.
31. VEALS, S.A., SANTA MARIA, T., and LEVY, D.E. (1993). Two domains of ISGF3γ that mediate protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions during transcription factor assembly contribute to DNA-binding specificity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 196-206.
32. QURESHI, S.A., SALDITT-GEORGIEFF, M., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1995). Tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1 and Stat2 plus a 48-kDa protein all contact DNA in forming interferon-stimulated gene factor 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3829-3833.
33. BLUYSSEN, H.A.R., DURBIN, J.E., and LEVY, D.E. (1996). ISGF3γp48, a specificity switch for interferon-activated transcription factors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 7, 11-17.
34. DARNELL, J.E. Jr., KERR, I.M., and STARK, G.R. (1994). Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264, 1415-1421.
35. SCHINDLER, C., and DARNELL, J.E. (1995). Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 621-651.
36. IHLE, J.E., and KERR, I.M. (1995). Jaks and Stats in signaling by the cytokine receptor superfamily. Trends Genet. 11, 69-74.
37. IHLE, J.N. (1996). STATs: signal transducers and activators of transcription. Cell 84, 331-334.
38. LEUNG, S., LI, X., and STARK, G.R. (1996). Stats find that hanging together can be stimulating. Science 273, 750-751.
39. MORRIGL, R., GOUILLEUX-GRUART, V., JÄHNE, R., BERCHTOLD, S., GARTMANN, C., LIU, X., HENNINGHAUSEN, L., SOTIROPOULOS, A., GRONER, B., and GOUILLEUX, F. (1996). Deletion of the carboxy-terminal transactivation domain of MGF-Stat5 results in sustained DNA binding and a dominant negative phenotype. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 5691-5700.
40. MIKITA, T., CAMPBELL, D., WU, P., WILLIAMSON, K., and SCHINDLER, U. (1996). Requirements for interleukin-4-induced gene expression and functional characterization of Stat6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 5811-5820.
41. GUPTA, S., YAN, H., WONG, L.H., RALPH, S., KROLEWSKI, J., and SCHINDLER, C. (1996). The SH2 domains of Stat1 and Stat2 mediate multiple interactions in the transduction of IFN-α signals. EMBO J. 15, 1075-1084.
42. SCHINDLER, C., SHUAI, K., PREZIOSO, V.R., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1992). Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor. Science 257, 809-813.
43. SHUAI, K., SCHINDLER, C., PREZIOSO, V., and DARNELL, J.E. (1992). Activation of transcription by IFN-γ.: tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA-binding protein. Science 258, 1808-1812.
44. IMPROTA, T., SCHINDLER, C., HORVATH, C.M., KERR, I.M., STARK, G.R., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1994). Transcription factor ISGF-3 formation requires phosphorylated Stat 91 protein, but Stat 113 protein is phosphorylated independently of Stat 91 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4776-4780.
45. SHUAI, K., ZIMIECKI, A., WILKS, A., HARPUR, A.G., SADOWSKI, H.B., GILMAN, M.Z., and DARNELL, J.E. (1993). Polypeptide signalling to the nucleus through tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak and Stat proteins. Nature 366, 580-583.
46. CHON, S.Y., HASSANAIN, H.H., and GUPTA, S.L. (1996). Cooperative role of interferon regulatory factor 1 and p91 (Stat1) response elements in interferon-γ-inducible expression of human indoleamin 2,3-dioxygenase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17247-17252.
47. GRÖTZINGER, T., JENSEN, K., and WILL, H. (1996). The interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene SP100 promoter contains a GAS and an imperfect ISRE which mediate type I IFN inducibility. J. Biol. Chem. 27, 25253-25260.
48. STADLER, M., CHELBI-ALIX, M.K., KOKEN, M.H., VENTURINI, L., LEE, C., SAIB, A., QUIGNON, F., PELICANO, L., GUILLEMIN, M.C., SCHINDLER, C., and DE THE, H. (1995). Transcriptional induction of the PML growth suppressor gene by interferons is mediated through an ISRE and a GAS element. Oncogene 11, 2565-2573.
49. KAMIJO, R., HARADA, H., MATSUYAMA, T., BOSLAND, M., GERECITANO, J., SHAPIRO, D., LE, J., KOH, I., KIMURA, T., GREEN, S.J., MAK, T.W., TANIGUCHI, T., and VILCEK, J. (1994). Requirement for transcription factor IRF-1 in NO synthetase induction in macrophages. Science 263, 1612-1615.
50. MERAZ, M.A., WHITE, J.M., SHEEHAN, K.C., BACH, E.A., RODIG, S.J., DIGHE, A.S., KAPLAN, D.H., RILEY, J.K., GREENLUND, A.C., CAMPBELL, D., CARVER-MOORE, K., DUBOIS, R.N., CLARK, R., AGUET, M., and SCHRIEBER, R.D. (1996). Targeted disruption of the Stat1 gene in mice reveals unexpected physiologic specificity in the Jak-Stat signaling pathway. Cell 84, 431-442.
51. BRIKEN V., RUFFNER, H., SCHULTZ, U., SCHWARZ, A., REIS, L.F.L., STREHLOW, I., DECKER, T., and STAEHELI, P. (1995). Transcription factor IRF-1 is required for mouse GBP gene activation by interferon-gamma. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 975-982.
52. STREHLOW, I., and DECKER, T. (1992). Transcriptional induction of IFN-γ-responsive genes is modulated by DNA surrounding the interferon stimulation response element. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 3865-3872.
53. BLUYSSEN, H.A.R., MUZAFFAR, R., VLIETSTRA, R.J., VAN DER MADE, A.C.J., LEUNG, S., STARK, G.R., KERR, I.M., TRAPMAN, J., and LEVY, D.E. (1995). Combinatorial association and abundance of components of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 dictate the selectivity of interferon responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5645-5649.
54. KIMURA, T., KADOKAWA, Y., HARADA, H., MATSUMOTO, M., SATO, M., KASHIWAZAKI, Y., TARUTANI, M., SOK-PIN TAN, R., TAKASUGI, T., MATSUYAMA, T., MAK, T.W., SHIGERU, N., and TANIGUCHI, T. (1996). Essential and non-redundant roles of p48 (ISGF3γ) and IRF-1 in both type I and type II interferon responses, as revealed by gene targeting studies. Genes to Cells 1, 115-124.
55. GHISLAIN, J., and FISH, E.N. (1996). Application of genomic DNA affinity chromatography identifies multiple IFN-α-regulated Stat2 complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12408-12413.
56. MEINKE, A., BARAHMAND-POUR, F., WÖHRL, S., STOIBER, D., and DECKER, T. (1996). Activation of different Stat5 isoforms contributes to cell type-restricted signaling in response to interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 6937-6944.
57. HARROCH, S., REVEL, M., and CHEBATH, J. (1994). Interleukin-6 signaling via transcription factors binding palindromic enhancers of different genes. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26191-26195.
58. RAZ, R., DURBIN, J.E., and LEVY, D.E. (1994). Acute-phase response factor and additional members of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 family integrate diverse signals from cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 24391-24395.
59. YANG, C.-H., SHI, W., BASU, L., MURTI, A., CONSTANTINESU, S.N., BLATT, L., CROZE, E., MULLESMAN, J.E., and PFEFFER, L.M. (1996). Direct association of Stat3 with the IFNAR-1 chain of the human type I interferon receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 271, 8057-8061.
60. DURBAN, J.E., HACKENMILLER, R., SIMON, M.C., and LEVY, D.E. (1996). Targeted disruption of the mouse STAT1 gene results in compromised innate immunity to viral disease. Cell 84, 443-450.
61. LARNER, A.C., DAVID, M., FELDMAN, G.M., IGARASHI, K.-I., HACKETT, R.H., WEBB, D.S.A., SWEITZER, S.M., PETRICOIN, E.F. III and FINBLOOM, D.S. (1993). Tyrosine phosphorylation of DNA-binding proteins by multiple cytokines. Science 261, 1730-1733.
62. 1 receptor. Nature 375, 247-250.
63. HOCKE, G.M., BARRY D., and FEY, G.H. (1992). Synergistic action of interleukin 6 and glucocorticoids is mediated by the interleukin 6 response element of the rat α-2 macroglobulin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 2282-2294.
64. WEGENKA, U.M., BUSCHMANN, J., LÜTTICKEN, C., HEINRICH, P.C., and HORN, F. (1993). Acute-phase response factor, a nuclear factor binding to acute-phase response elements, is rapidly activated by interleukin 6 at the posttranslational level. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 276-288.
65. YUAN, J., WEGENKA, U.M., LÜTTICKEN, C., BUSCHMANN, J., DECKER, T., SCHINDLER, C., HEINRICH, P.C., and HORN, F. (1994). The signalling pathways of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ converge by the activation of different transcription factors which bind to common responsive DNA elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1657-1668.
66. WEGENKA, U.M., LÜTTICKEN, C., BUSCHMANN, J., YUAN, J., ROEB, E., SCHINDLER, C., SENDTNER, M., HEINRICH, P.C., and HORN, F. (1994). The interleukin-6-regulated acute-phase response factor and interferon-γ activation factor are antigenically and functionally related transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3186-3196.
67. ZHONG, Z., WEN, Z., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1994). Stat 3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science 264, 95-98.
68. AKIRA, S., NISHIO, Y., INOUE, M., WANG, X.J., WEI, S., MATSUSAKA, T., YOSHIDA, K., SUDO, T., NARUTO, M., and KISHIMOTO, T. (1994). Molecular cloning of APRF, a novel IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 p91-related transcription factor involved in the gp130-mediated signaling pathway. Cell 77, 63-71.
69. TREISMAN, R. (1995). Journey to the surface of the cell: Fos regulation and the SRE. EMBO J. 14, 4905-4913.
70. WAGNER, B.J., HAYES, T.E., HOBAN, C.J., and COCHRAN, B.H. (1990). The SIF binding element confers sis/PDGF inducibility onto the c-fos promoter. EMBO J. 9, 4477-4484.
71. ROBERTSON, L.M., KERPPOLA, T.K., VENDRELL, M., LUK, D., SMEYNE, R.J., BOCCHIARO, C., MORGAN, J.I., and CURRAN, T. (1995). Regulation of c-fos expression in transgenic mice requires multiple interdependent transcription control elements. Neuron 14, 241-252.
72. HANNIGAN, G.E, and WILLIAMS, B.R.G. (1992). Interferon-α activates binding of nuclear factors to a sequence element in the c-fos proto-oncogene 5′-flanking region. J. Interferon Res. 12, 355-361.
73. SADOWSKI, H.B., and GILMAN, M.Z. (1993). Cell-free activation of a DNA-binding protein by epidermal growth factor. Nature 362, 79-83.
74. FU, X-Y., and ZHANG, J.-J. (1993). Transcription factor p91 interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor and mediates activation of the c-fos gene promoter. Cell 74, 1135-1145.
75. SADOWSKI, H.B., SHUAI, K., DARNELL, J., and GILMAN, M.Z. (1993). A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 261, 1739-1744.
76. SILVENNOINEN, O., SCHINDLER, C., SCHLESSINGER, J., and LEVY, D.E. (1993). Ras-independent growth factor signaling by transcription factor tyrosine phosphorylation. Science 261, 1736-1739.
77. ZHONG, Z., WEN, Z., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1994). Stat3 and Stat4: members of the family of signal transduces and activators of transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4806-4810.
78. YAMAMOTO, K., QUELLE, F.W., THIERFELDER, W.E., KREIDER, B.L., GILBERT, D.J., JENKINS, N.A., COPELAND, N.G., SILVENNOINEN, O., and IHLE, J.N. (1994). Stat4, a novel gamma interferon activation site-binding protein expressed in early myeloid differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4342-4349.
79. BACON, C.M., PETRICOIN, E.F. III, ORTALDO, J.R., REES, R.C., LARNER, A.C., JOHNSTON, J.A., and O'SHEA, J.J. (1995). Interleukin 12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat4 in human lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7307-7311.
80. KAPLAN, M.H., SUN, Y.-L., HOEY, T., and GRUSBY, M.J. (1996). Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature 382, 174-177.
81. THIERFELDER, W.E., VAN DEURSEN, J.M., YAMAMOTO, K., TRIPP, R.A., SARAWAR, S.R., CARSON, R.T., SANGSTER, M.Y., VIGNALI, D.A.A., DOHERTY, P.C., GROSVELD, G., and IHLE, J.N. (1996). Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer cells and T cells. Nature 382, 171-174.
82. XU, X., SUN, Y.-L., and HOEY, T. (1996). Cooperative DNA binding and sequence-selective recognition conferred by the Stat ammo-terminal domain. Science 273, 794-797.
83. GRONER, B., and GOUILLEUX, F. (1995). Prolactin-mediated gene activation in mammary epithelial cells. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 587-594.
84. DOPPLER, W. (1994). Regulation of gene expression by prolactin. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 124, 93-130.
85. WAKAO, H., GOUILLEUX, F., and GRONER, B. (1994). Mammary gland factor (MGF) is a novel member of the cytokine regulated transcription factor gene family and confers the prolactin response. EMBO J. 13, 2182-2191.
86. AZAM, M., ERDJUMENT-BROMAGE, H.E., KREIDER, B.L., XIA, M., QUELLE, F., BASU, R., SARIS, C., TEMPST, P., IHLE, J.N., and SCHINDLER, C. (1995). Interleukin-3 signals through multiple isoforms of Stat5. EMBO J. 14, 1402-1411.
87. MUI, A.L-F., WAKAO, H., O'FARRELL, A.-M., HARADA, N., and MIYAJIMA, A. (1995). Interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-5 transduce signals through two STAT5 homologs. EMBO J. 14, 166-1175.
88. BACON, C.M., TORTOLANI, P.J., SHIMOSAKA, A., REES, R.C., LONGO, D.L., and O'SHEA, J.J. (1995). Thrombopoietin (TPO) induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT5 and STAT3. FEBS Lett. 370, 63-68.
89. BARAHMAND-POUR, F., MEINKE, A., EILERS, A., GOUILLEUX, F., GRONER, B., and DECKER, T. (1995). Colony-stimulating factors and interferon-γ activate a protein related to MGF-Stat 5 to cause formation of the differentiation-induced factor in myeloid cells. FEBS Lett. 360, 29-33.
90. DAMEN, J.E., WAKAO, H., MIYAJIMA, A., KROSL, J., HUMPHRIES, R.K., CUTLER, R.L., and KRYSTAL, G. (1995). Tyrosine 343 in the erythropoietin receptor positively regulates erythropoietin-induced cell proliferation and Stat5 activation. EMBO J. 14, 5557-5568.
91. FUJII, H., NAKAGAWA, Y., SCHINDLER, U., KAWAHARA, A., MORI, H., GOUILLEUX, F., GRONER, B., IHLE, J.N., MINAMI, Y., MlYAZAKI, T., and TANIGUCHI, T. (1995). Activation of Stat5 by interleukin 2 requires a carboxy-terminal region of the interleukin 2 receptor β chain but is not essential for the proliferative signal transmission. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5482-5486.
92. GAFFEN, S.L., LAI, S.Y., XU, W., GOUILLEUX, F., GRONER, B., GOLDSMITH, M.A., and GREENE, W.C. (1995). Signaling through the interleukin 2 receptor β chain activates a STAT-5-like DNA-binding activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7192-7196.
93. GILMOUR, K.C., PINE, R., and REICH, N.C. (1995). Interleukin 2 activates STAT5 transcription factor (mammary gland factor) and specific gene expression in T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10772-10776.
94. GOILLEUX, F., PALLARD, C., DUSANTER-FOURT, I., WAKAO, H., HALDOSEN, L.-A., NORSTEDT, G., LEVY, D., and GRONER, B. (1995). Prolactin, growth hormone, erythropoietin and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor induce MGF-Stat5 DNA binding activity. EMBO J. 14, 2005-2013.
95. HOU, J., SCHINDLER, U., HENZEL, W.J., WONG, S.C., and McKNIGHT, S.L. (1995). Identification and purification of human Stat proteins activated in response to interleukin-2. Immunity 2, 321-329.
96. JOHNSTON, J.A., BACON, C.M., FINBLOOM, D.S., REES, R.C., KAPLAN, D., SHIBUYA, K., ORTALDO, J.R., GUPTA, S., CHEN, Y.Q., GIRI, J.D., and O'SHEA, J. (1995). Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT5, STAT3, and Janus kinases by interleukins 2 and 15. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8705-8709.
97. LIN, J.-X., MIGONE, T.-S., TSANG, M., FRIEDMANN, M., WEATHERBEE, J.A., ZHOU, L., YAMAUCHI, A., BLOOM, E.T., MIETZ, J., JOHN S., and LEONARD, W.J. (1995). The role of shared receptor motifs and common Stat proteins in the generation of cytokine pleiotropy and redundancy by IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-13 and IL-15. Immunity 2, 331-339.
98. HOU, X.S., MELNICK, M.B., and PERRIMON, N. (1996). Marelle acts downstream of the Drosophila Hop/Jak kinase and encodes a protein similar to the mammalian Stats. Cell 84, 411-419.
99. YAN, R., SMALL, S., DESPLAN, C., DEAROLF, C.R., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1996). Identification of a Stat gene that functions in Drosophila development. Cell 84, 421-430.
100. KAZANSKY, A.V., RAUGHT, B., LINDSEY, S.M., WANG, Y-F., and ROSEN, J.M. (1995). Regulation of mammary gland factor/Stat5a during mammary gland development. Mol. Endocrinol. 9, 1598-1609.
101. RIPPBERGER, J.A., FRITZ, S., RICHTER, K., HOCKE, G.M., LOTTSPEICH, F., and FEY, G.H. (1995). Transcription factors Stat3 and Stat5b are present in rat liver nuclei late in an acute phase response and bind interleukin-6 response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29998-30006.
102. KOTANIDES, H., and REICH, N.C. (1993). Requirement of tyrosine phosphorylation for rapid activation of a DNA binding factor by IL-4. Science 262, 1265-1267.
103. KOEHLER, I., and RIEBER, E.P. (1993). Allergy-associated Ie and Feε receptor II (CD23b) genes activated via binding of an interleukin-4-induced transcription factor to a novel response element. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 3066-3071.
104. SCHINDLER, C., KASHLEVA, H., PERNIS, A., PINE, R., and ROTHMAN, P. (1994). STF-IL-4: a novel II-4-induced signal transducing factor. EMBO J. 13, 1350-1356.
105. HOU, J., SCHINDLER, U., HENZEL, W.J., HO, T.C., BRASSEUR, M., and McKNIGHT, S.L. (1994). An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor. IL-4-Stat. Science 265, 1701-1706.
106. QUELLE, F.W., SHIMODA, K., THIERFELDER, W., FISHER, C., KIM, A., RUBEN, S.M., CLEVELAND, J.L., PIERCE, J.H., KEEGAN, A.D., NELMS, K., PAUL, W.E., and IHLE, J.N. (1995). Cloning of murine Stat6 and human Stat6, Stat proteins that are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to IL-3 and IL-4 but are not required for mitogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3336-3343.
107. SHIMODA, K., VAN DEURSEN, J., SANGSTER, M.Y., SARAWAR, S.R., CARSON, R.T., TRIPP, R.A., CHU, C., QUELLE, F.W., NOSAKA, T., VIGNALI, D.A.A., DOHERTY, P.C., GROSVELD, G., PAUL, W.E., and IHLE, J.N. (1996). Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. Nature 380, 630-633.
108. TAKEDA, K., TANAKA, T., SHI, W., MAKOTO, M., MINAMI, M., KASHIWAMURA, S.-I., NAKANISHI, K., NOBUAKI, Y., KISHIMOTO, T., and AKIRA, S. (1996). Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signaling. Nature 380, 27-630.
109. 0-like arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3934-3944.
110. WAF1/CIP1 mediated by Stat1. Science 272, 719-722.
111. BROMBERG, J.F., HORVATH, C.M., WEN, Z., SCHREIBER, R.D, and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1996). Transcriptionally active Stat 1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon α and interferon γ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7673-7678.
112. 2 terminal domains stabilizes binding of two dimers to tandem DNA sites. EMBO J. In press.
113. HORVATH, C.M., WEN, Z., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1995). A STAT protein domain that determines DNA sequence recognition suggests a novel DNA-binding domain. Genes Dev. 9, 984-994.
114. SEIDEL, H.M., MILOCCO, L.H., LAMB, P., DARNELL, J.E., STEIN, R.B., and ROSEN, J. (1995). Spacing of palindromic half sites as a determinant of selective Stat (signal transducers and activators of transcription) DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3041-3045.
115. SCHINDLER, U., WU, P., ROTHE, M., BRASSEUR, M., and McKNIGHT, S.L. (1995). Components of a STAT recognition code: evidence for two layers of selectivity. Immunity 2, 689-697.
116. LAMB, P. SEIDEL, H.M., HASLAM, J., MILOCCO, L., KESSLER, L.V., STEIN, R.B., and ROSEN, J. (1995). Stat protein complexes activated by interferon-γ and gp 130 signaling molecules differ in their sequence preferences and transcriptional induction properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 3283-3289.
117. KIMURA, T., NAKAYAMA, K., PENNINGER, J., KITAGAWA, M., HARADA, H., MATSUYAMA, T., TANAKA, N., KAMIJO, R., VILCEK, J., MAK, T.W., and TANIGUCHI, T. (1994). Involvement of the IRF-1 transcription factor in antiviral responses to interferon. Science 263, 1612-1615.
118. WONG, P., SEVERNS, C.W., GUYER, N.B., and WRIGHT, T.M. (1994). A unique palindromic element mediates gamma interferon induction of mig gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 914-922.
119. GUYER, N.B., SEVERNS, C.W., WONG, P., FEGHALI, C.A, and WRIGHT, T. (1995). IFN-γ induces a p91/Stat1-related transcription factor with distinct activation and binding properties. J. Immunol. 155, 3472-3480.
120. LOOK, D.C., PELLETIER, M.R., TIDWELL, R.M., ROSWIT, W.T., and HOLTZMAN, M. (1995). Stat1 depends on transcriptional synergy with SP1. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30264-30267.
121. SCHAEFER, T.S., SANDERS, L.K., and NATHANS, D. (1995). Cooperative transcriptional activity of Jun and Stat3β, a short form of Stat3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9097-9101.
122. KOJIMA, H., NAKAJIMA, K., and HIRANO, T. (1996). IL-6-inducible complexes on an IL-6 response element of the junB promoter contain Stat3 and 36kDa CRE-like site binding protein(s). Oncogene 12, 547-554.
123. PEREZ, C., COEFFIER, E., MOREAU-GACHELIN, F., WIETZERBIN, J., and BENECH, P.D. (1994). Involvement of the transcription factor PU.1/Spi-1 in myeloid cell-restricted expression of an interferon-inducible gene encoding the human high afinity Fcγ receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 5023-5031.
124. MEIER, V.S., and GRONER, B. (1994). The nuclear factor YY1 participates in repression of the β-casein gene promoter in mammary gland epithelial cells and is counteracted by mammary gland factor during lactogenic hormone induction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 128-137.
125. LI, S., and ROSEN, J.M. (1995). Nuclear factor I and mammary gland factor (Stat5) play a critical role in regulating rat whey acidic protein gene expression in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2063-2070.
126. STÖCKLIN, E., WISSLER, M., GOUILLEUX, F., and GRONER, B. (1996). Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature 383, 726-728.
127. BHATTACHARYA, S., ECKNER, R., GROSSMANN, S., OLDREAD, E., ARANY, Z., D'ANDREA, A., and LIVINGSTON, D.M. (1996). Cooperation of Stat2 ans p300/CBP in signalling induced by inteiferon-α. Nature 383, 344-347.
128. GOTOH, A., TAKAHIRA, H., MANTEL, C., LITZ-JACKSON, S., BOSWELL, H.S., and BROXMEYER, H.E. (1996). Steel factor induces serine phosphorylation of Stat3 in human growth factor-dependent myeloid cell lines. Blood 88, 138-145.
129. WEN, Z., ZHONG, ZA., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1995). Maximal activation of transcription of Stat1 and Stat3 requires both tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Cell 82, 241-250.
130. EILERS, A., GEORGELLIS, D., KLOSE B., SCHINDLER, C., ZIEMIECKI, A., HARPUR, A.G., WILKS, A.F., and DECKER, T. (1995). Differentiation-regulated serine phosphorylation of STAT1 promtoes GAF activation in macrophages. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 3579-3586.
131. DAVID, M., PETRICOIN, E.F. III, BENJAMIN, C., PINE, R., WEBER, M.J., and LARNER, A.C. (1995). Requirement for MAP Kinase (ERK2) activity in interferon-α and interferon-β-stimulated gene expression through STAT proteins. Science 269, 1721-1723.
132. LÜTTICKEN, C., COFFER, P., YUAN, J., SCHWARTZ, C., SCHINDLER, C., KRUIJER, W., HEINRICH, P.C., and HORN, F. (1995). Interleukin-6-induced serine phosphorylation of transcription factor APRF: evidence for a role in interleukin-6 target gene induction. FEBS Lett. 360, 137-143.
133. BOULTON, T.G., ZHONG, Z., WEN, Z., DARNELL, J.E. Jr., STAHL, N., and YANCOPOULOS, G.D. (1995). STAT3 activation by cytokines utilizing gp130 and related transducers involves a secondary modification requiring an H7-sensitive kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 6915-6919.
134. ZHANG, X., BLENIS, J., LI, H.-C., SCHINDLER, C., and CHEN-KIANG, S. (1995). Requirement of serine phosphorylation for differential formation of Stat-promoter complexes in gp130 signaling. Science 267, 1990-1994.
135. BEADLING, C., NG, J., BABBAGE, J.W., and CANTRELL, D.A. (1996). Interleukin-2 activation of STAT5 requires the convergent action of tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinase pathway distinct from the Raf1/ERK2 MAP kinase pathway. EMBO J. 15, 1902-1913.
136. CALDENHOVEN, E., VAN DIJK, T.B., SOLARI, R., ARMSTRONG, J., RAAIJMAKERS, J.A.M., LAMMERS, J.-W.J., KOENDERMAN, L., and DE GROOT, R.P. (1996). Stat3β, a splice variant of transcription factor Stat3, is a dominant negative regulator of transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 13221-13227.
137. ROTHMAN, P., KREIDER, B., AZAM, M., LEVY, D., WEGENKA, U., EILERS, A., DECKER, T., HORN, F., KASHLEVA, H., IHLE, J., and SCHINDLER, C. (1994). Cytokines signal through tyrosine phosphorylation of a family of related transcription factors. Immunity 1, 457-468.
138. SLIVA, D., WOOD, T.J.J., SCHINDLER, C., LOBIE, P.E., and NORSTEDT, G. (1994). Growth hormone specifically regulates serine protease inhibitor gene transcription via γ-activated sequence-like DNA elements. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26208-26214.
139. SYMES, A., LEWIS, S., CORPUS, L., RAJAN, P., HYMAN, S.E., and FINK, J.S. (1994). Stat proteins participate in the regulation of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene by the ciliary neurotrophic factor family of cytokines. Mol. Endocrinol. 8, 1750-1763.
140. VORARBERGER, G., SCHÄFER, R., and STRATOWA, C. (1991). Cloning of the human gene for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and analysis of its 5′ regulatory region. J. Immunol. 147, 2777-2786.
141. LOOK, D.C., PELLETIER, M.R., and HOLTZMAN, M. (1994). Selective interaction of a subset of interferon-γ response element binding proteins with the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene promoter controls the pattern of expression on endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8952-8958.
142. ZAHEDI, K., PRADA, A.E., and DAVIS, A.E. (1994). Transcriptional regulation of the C1 inhibitor gene by γ-interferon. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9669-9674.
143. SCHUMANN, R.R., KIRSCHNTNG, C.J., UNBEHAUN, A., ABERLE, H., KNOPF, H.B., LAMPING, N., ULEVITCH, R.J., and HERRMANN, F. (1996). The lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is a secretory class 1 acute phase protein whose gene is transcriptionally activated by APRF/Stat3 and other cytokine-inducible nuclear proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3490-3503.
144. ZHAO, Y., NICHOLS, J.E., BULUN, S.E., MENDELSON, C.R., and SIMPSON, E.R. (1995). Aromatase P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16449-16457.
145. HARROCH, S., GOTHELF, Y., REVEL, M., and CHEBATH, J. (1995). 5′ Upstream sequences of MyD88, an IL-6 primary response gene in M1 cells: Detection of functional IRF-1 and Stat factors binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 3539-3546.
146. HARROCH, S., REVEL, M., and CHEBATH, J. (1994). Induction by interleukin-6 of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) gene expression through the palindromic interferon response element pIRE and cell type-dependent control of IRF-1 binding to DNA. EMBO J. 13, 1942-1949.
147. COFFER, P., LÜTTICKEN, C., VAN PUIJENBROEK, A., KLOP-DE JONGE, M., HORN, F., and KRUIJER, W. (1995). Transcriptional regulation of the junB promoter: analysis of Stat-mediated signal transduction. Oncogene 10, 985-994.
148. ZHANG, D., SUN, M., SAMOLS, D., and KUSHNER, I. (1996). Stat3 participates in transcriptional activation of the C-reactive protein gene by interleukin-6. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9503-9509.
149. SCHMITT-NEY, M., HAPP, B., BALL, R.K., and GRONER, B. (1992).
150. STANDKE, G.J.R., MEIER, V.S., and GRONER, B. (1994). Mammary gland factor activated by prolactin in mammary epithelial cells and acute phase response factor activated by interleukin-6 liver cells share DNA binding and transactivation potential. Mol. Endocrinol. 8, 469-477.
151. WAKAO, H., SCHMITT-NEY, M., and GRONER, B. (1992). Mammary gland-specific nuclear factor is present in lactating rodent and bovine mammary tissue and composed of a single polypeptide of 89 kDa. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16365-16370.
152. WATSON, C.J., GORDON, K.E., ROBERTSON, M., and CLARK, A.J. (1991). Interactions of DNA-binding proteins with a milk protein gene in vitro: identification of a mammary gland-specific factor. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 6603-6610.
153. GALSGAARD, E.D., GOUILLEUX, F., GRONER, B., SERUP, P., NIELSEN, J.H., and BILLESTRUP, H. (1996). Identification of a growth hormone-responsive Stat5-binding element in the rat insulin 1 gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 652-660.
154. MEYER, D.J., CAMPBELL, G.S., COCHRAN, B.H., ARGETSINGER, L.S., LARNER, A.C., FINBLOOM, D.S., CARTER-SU, C., and SCHWARTZ, J. (1994). Growth hormone induces a DNA binding factor related to the interferon-stimulated 91-kDa transcription factor. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 4701-4704.
155. SUBRAMANIAN, A., TEIXEIRA, J., WANG, J., and GIL, G. (1995). A Stat factor mediates the sexually dimorphic regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A10/litocholic acid 6β-hydroxylase gene expression by growth hormone. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4672-4682.
156. YOSHIMURA, A., ICHICHARA, M., KINJYO, I., MORIYAMA, M., COPELAND, N.G., GILBERT, D.J., JENKINS, N.A., HARA, T., and MIYAJIMA, A. (1996). Mouse oncostatin M: an immediate-early gene induced by multiple cytokines through a common Jak-Stat pathway. EMBO J. 15, 1055-1063.
157. YIP-SCHNEIDER, M., HORIE, M., and BROXMEYER, H.E. (1995). Transcriptional induction of pim-1 protein kinase gene expression by interferon γ and posttranscriptional effects on co-stimulation with steel factor. Blood 85, 3493-3502.
158. MUI, A.L-F., WAKAO, H., KINOSHITA, T., KITAMURA, T., and MIYAJIMA, A. (1996) Suppression of interleukin-3-induced gene expression by a C-terminal truncated Stat5: role of Stat5 in proliferation. EMBO J. 15, 2425-2433.
159. LIN, J.-X., BHAT, N.K., JOHN, S., QUEALE, W.S., and LEONARD, W.J. (1993). Characterization of the human interleukin-2 receptor β-chain gene promoter: regulation of promoter activity by ets gene products. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 6201-6210.
160. DELPHIN, S., and STAVNEZER, J. (1995). Characterization of an interleukin 4 (IL-4) responsive region in the immunoglobulin heavy chain germ line e promoter: regulation by NF-IL4, a C/EBP family member and NFkB/p50. J. Exp. Med 181, 181-192.
161. XU, M., and STAVNEZER, J. (1990). Structure of germline immunoglobulin heavy-chain gamma 1 transcripts in interleukin 4 treated mouse spleen cells. Dev. Immunol. 1, 11-17.
162. SIDERAS, P., MIZUTA, T.-R., KANAMORI, H., SUZUKI, N., OKAMOTO, M., KUZE, K., OHNO, H., DOI, S., FUKUHARA, S., HASSAN, M.S., HAMMARSTROEM, L., SMITH, E., SHIMIZU, A., and HONJO, T. (1989). Production of sterile transcripts of C gamma genes in an IgM-producing human neoplastic B cell line that switches to IgG-producing cells. Int. Immunol. 1, 631-642.
163. HORVATH, C.M., STARK, G.R., KERR, I.M., and DARNELL, J.E. Jr. (1996). Interactions between STAT and Non-STAT proteins in the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 transcription complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 6957-6964.
164. SHUAI, K., LIAO, J., and SONG, M.M. (1996). Enhancement of antiproliferative activity of gamma interferon by the specific inhibition of tyrosine dephosphorylation of Stat1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 4932-4941.
165. CHO, S.S., BACON, C.M., SUDARSHAN, C., REES, R.C., FINBLOOM, D., PINE, R., and O'SHEA, J.J. (1996). Activation of STAT4 by IL-12 and IFN-α. Evidence for the involvement of ligand-induced tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. J. Immunol. 157, 4781-4789.
166. WEIHUA, X., VENKATADRI, K., and KALVAKOLANU, D.V. (1997). Interferon-γ-induced transcription of the murine ISGF3γ (p48) gene is mediated by novel factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 103-108.