The link between low-LET dose-response relations and the underlying kinetics of damage production/repair/misrepair

International Journal of Radiation Biology

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 351-374

  Sachs, R K ^a   Hahnfeld, P ^b   Brenner, D J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; CELL DAMAGE; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE; DOSE RESPONSE; IONIZING RADIATION; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; STOCHASTIC MODEL;

NON-PROGRAMMATIC;

ANIMALS; DNA; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; HUMANS; KINETICS; LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER;

EID: 0030796648     PISSN: 09553002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/095530097143149     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. ALBRIGHT, N., 1989, A Markov formulation of the repair-misrepair model of cell survival. Radiation Research, 118, 1-20
2. ALBRIGHT, N. W. and TOBIAS, C. A., 1985, Extension of the time- independent repair-misrepair model of cell survival to high-LET and multicomponent radiation. In Proceedings of the Berkeley Conference in Honor of Jerzy Neyman and Jack Kiefer, Vol. 1, edited by L. M. Le Cam and R. A. Olshen (New York: Wadsworth Inc.), pp. 397-424.
3. BAUCHINGER, M., 1985, Quantification of low-level radiation exposure by conventional chromosome aberration analysis. Mutation Research, 339, 177-189.
4. BEDFORD, J. S. and CORNFORTH, M. N., 1987, Relationship between recovery from sublethal X-ray damage and the rejoining of chromosome breaks in normal human fibroblasts. Radiation Research, 111, 406-423.
5. BOYCE, W. E. and DIPRIMA, R. C., 1997, Elementary Differential Equations, 6th ed. (New York: Wiley).
6. BREIMAN, L., 1969, Probability and Stochastic Processes (New York: Houghton Mifflin).
7. BRENNER, D. J., 1990, Track structure, lesion development, and cell survival. Radiation Research, 124, S29-37.
8. BRENNER, D. J., HAHNFELDT, P., AMUNDSON, S. A. and SACHS, R. K., 1996, Interpretation of inverse dose-rate effects for mutagenesis by sparsely ionizing radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 70, 447-458.
9. BRENNER, D. J., HLATKY, L. R., HAHNFELDT, P. J., HALL, E. J. and SACHS, R. K., 1995, A convenient extension of the linear-quadratic model to include redistribution and reoxygenation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, 32, 379-390.
10. BRENNER, D. J., HLATKY, L. R., HAHNFELDT, P. J., HUANG, Y. and SACHS, R. K., 1997, Dose-response and fractionation/protraction relations: common radiobiological models make similar predictions. Radiation Research, submitted for publication.
11. BRENNER, D. J., HUANG, Y. and HALL, E. J., 1991, Fractionated high dose-rate versus low dose-rate regimens for intra-cavitary brachytherapy of the cervix: equivalent regimens for combined brachytherapy and external irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, 21, 1415-1423.
12. BRENNER, D. J. and SACHS, R. K., 1994, Generalized microdosimetric calculations of cell-to-cell variance. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 52, 21-24.
13. BRENNER, D. J. and WARD, J. F., 1992, Constraints on energy deposition and target size of multiply damaged sites associated with DNA double-strand breaks. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 61, 737-748.
14. BRENNER, D. J., WARD, J. and SACHS, R. K., 1994, Track structure, chromosome geometry and chromosome aberrations. In: Basic Life Sciences, 63, Computational Approaches in Molecular Radiation Biology. Edited by M. N. Varma and A. Chatterjee (New York: Plenum) pp. 93-113.
15. BRYANT, P. E., 1995, Rejoining and expression of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks in mammalian cells. In Radiation Research 1895-1995, Vol. 2, edited by U. Hagen, D. Harder, H. Jung and C. Streffer (Wurtzburg: H. Sturtz AG), pp. 368-371.
16. CHADWICK, K. H. and LEENHOUTS, H. P., 1981, The Molecular Theory of Radiation Biology. (Berlin: Springer).
17. CHADWICK, K. H., MOSCHINI, G. and VARMA, M. N., 1992, Biophysical Modelling of Radiation Effects (A. Hilger: Bristol).
18. CHATTERJEE, A. and HOLLEY, W. R., 1991, Energy deposition mechanisms and biochemical aspects of DNA strand breaks by ionizing radiation, International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 39, 709-727.
19. CHEN, A. M., LUCAS, J. N., BRENNER, D. J., HILL, F. S. and SACHS, R. K., 1996, Proximity effects for chromosome aberrations measured by 3-color FISH. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 69, 411-420.
20. CHEN, A. M., LUCAS, J. N., SIMPSON, P. J., GRIFFIN, C. S., SAVAGE, J. R. K., BRENNER, D. J., HLATKY, L. R. and SACHS, R. K., 1997, Computer simulation of FISH data on chromosome aberrations produced by x-rays or alpha particles. Radiation Research, in press.
21. CORNFORTH, M. N. and BEDFORD, J., 1993, Ionizing radiation damage and its early development in chromosomes. Advances in Radiation Biology, Vol. 17, DNA and Chromatin Damage Caused by Radiation, edited by J. T. Lett and W. K. Sinclair (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 423-496.
22. CURTIS, S. B., 1986, Lethal and potentially lethal lesions induced by radiation - a unified repair model [published erratum appears in Radiation Research, 119, 584, 1989]. Radiation Research, 106, 252-270.
23. CURTIS, S. B., 1988, The lethal and potentially lethal model - a review and recent development. In Quantitative Mathematical Models in Radiation Biology, edited by J. Kiefer (New York: Springer), pp. 146-152.
24. DALE, R. G., 1985, The application of the linear-quadratic dose-effect equation to fractionated and protracted radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology, 58, 515-528.
25. DESCHAVANNE, P. J., FERTIL, B., CHAVAUDRA, N. and MALAISE, E. P., 1990, The relationship between radiosensitivity and repair of potentially lethal damage in human tumor cell lines with implications for radiorcsponsiveness. Radiation Research, 122, 29-37.
26. DEWEY, W. C., LING, C. C. and MEYN, R. E., 1995, Radiation-induced apoptosis: relevance to radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, 33, 781-796.
27. DURANTE, M., GEORGE, K., WU, H. and YANG, T. C., 1996, Rejoining and misrejoining of radiation-induced chromatin breaks. I. Experiments with human lymphocytes. Radiation Research, 145, 274-280.
28. DURANTE, M., GROSSI, G. F., GIALANELLA, G., PUGLIESE, M., NAPPO, M. and YANG, T. C., 1995, Effects of alpha-particles on survival and chromosomal aberrations in human mammary epithelial cells. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 34, 195-204.
29. DUTRILLAUX, B., VIEGAS-PEQUIGNOT, E., PROD'HOMME, M. and SPORTES, M., 1985, Distribution of the various radiation-induced chromosomal rearrangements in relation to the dose and sampling time. Mutation Research, 152, 197-203.
30. EDWARDS, A. A., MOISEENKO, V. V. and NIKJOO, H., 1996, On the mechanism of the formation of chromosomal aberrations by ionizing radiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 35, 25-30.
31. EDWARDS, A. A., VIRSIK-PEUCKERT, P. and BRYANT, P., 1996, Mechanisms of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. Mutation Research, 366, 117-128.
32. ERDI, P. and TOTH, J., 1989, Mathematical Models of Chemical Reactions: Theory and Applications of Deterministic and Stochastic Models. (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
33. EVANS, J. W., LIU, X. F., KIRCHGESSNER, C. U. and BROWN, J. M., 1996, Induction and repair of chromosome aberrations in seid cells measured by premature chromosome condensation. Radiation Research, 145, 39-46.
34. FERTIL, B., REYDELLET, I. and DESCHAVANNE, P. J., 1994, A benchmark of cell survival models using survival curves for human cells after completion of repair of potentially lethal damage. Radiation Research, 138, 61-69.
35. FORAY, N., BADIE, C., ALSBEIH, G., FERTIL, B. and MALAISE, E. P., 1996, A new model describing the curves for repair of both DNA double-strand breaks and chromosome damage. Radiation Research, 146, 53-60.
36. FOWLER, J. F., 1989, The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology, 62, 679-694.
37. FRANKENBERG-SCHWAGER, M., 1989, Review of repair kinetics for DNA damage induced in eukaryotic cells in vitro by ionizing radiation. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 14, 307-320.
38. FRIEDL, A. A., KRAXENBERGER, A. and ECKARDT-SCHUPP, F., 1995, An electrophoretic approach to the assessment of the spatial distribution of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Electrophoresis, 16, 1865-1874.
39. GOODHEAD, D. T., 1985, Saturable repair models of radiation action in mammalian cells. Radiation Research, 8, S58-S67.
40. GOODHEAD, D. T., 1987, Relationship of microdosimetric techniques to applications in biological systems. In The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II, edited by K. Kase, B. Bjarngard and F. Attix (Orlando: Academic Press), pp. 1-89.
41. GOODHEAD, D. T., THACKER, J. and COX, R., 1993, Weiss Lecture. Effects of radiations of different qualities on cells: molecular mechanisms of damage and repair. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 63, 543-556.
42. GOODWIN, E. H. and CORNFORTH, M. N., 1991, A cytogenetic model of radiation effects. In Radiation Research, A Twentieth Century Perspective, Vol. I, edited by J. D. Chapman, W. C. Dewey and G. F. Whitmore (New York: Academic Press), p. 414.
43. GREINERT, R., DETZLER, E., VOLKMER, B. and HARDER, D., 1995, Kinetics of the formation of chromosome aberrations in X-irradiated human lymphocytes: analyses by premature chromosome condensation with delayed fusion. Radiation Research, 144, 190-197.
44. GREINERT, R., VOLKMER, B., VIRSIK-PECCKERT, R. P. and HARDER, D., 1996, Comparative study of the repair kinetics of chromosomal aberrations and DNA strand breaks in proliferating and quiescent CHO cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 70, 33-43.
45. HAGEN, U., 1989, Biochemical aspects of radiation biology, Experientia, 45, 7-12.
46. HAHNFELDT, P. and HLATKY, L., 1996, Resensitization due to redistribution of cells in phases of the cell cycle during arbitrary radiation protocols. Radiation Research, 145, 134-143.
47. HAHNFELDT, P., SACHS, R. K. and HLATKY, L. R., 1992, Evolution of DNA damage in irradiated cells. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 30, 493-511.
48. HALL, E. J., 1994, Radiobiology for the Radiologist (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott).
49. HANIN, L. G., PAVLOVA, L. V. and YAKOVLEV, A. Y., 1994, Biomathematical Problems in Optimization of Cancer Radiotherapy (Boca Raton: CRC Press).
50. HARDER, D., 1988, The pairwise lesion interaction model. In Quantitative Mathematical Models in Radiation Biology, edited by Jurgen Kiefer (Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag), pp. 159-170.
51. HAWKINS, R. B., 1996, A microdosimetric-kinetic model of cell death from exposure to ionizing radiation of any LET, with experimental and clinical applications. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 69, 739-755.
52. HAYNES, R. H., 1964, Molecular localization of radiation damage relevant to bacterial inactivation. In Physical Processes in Radiation Biology, edited by L. Augenstein, R. Mason and B. Rosenberg (New York: Academic Press), pp. 51-72.
53. HENDRY, J. H. and WEST, C. M., 1995, Implications of delayed reproductive cell death (lethal mutations/genomic instability) for the interpretation of tissue responses. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 68, 363-367.
54. HLATKY, L., HAHNFELDT, P. and SACHS, R. K., 1994, The influence of time-dependent, stochastic heterogeneity on the radiation response of a cell population. Mathematical Biosciences, 122, 201-220.
55. HLATKY, L., SACHS, R. and HAHNFELDT, P., 1991, Reaction kinetics for the development of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 59, 1147-1172.
56. HUG, O. and KELLERER, M., 1966, Stochastik der Strahlemeirkung (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
57. HUTCHINSON, F., 1995, Analysis of deletions induced in the genome of mammalian cells by ionizing radiation. Journal of Molecular Biology, 254, 372-380.
58. ILIAKIS, G., 1991, The role of DNA double strand breaks in ionizing radiation-induced killing of eukaryottc cells. Bioessays, 13, 641-648.
59. KAPPOS, A. and POHLIT, W., 1972, A cybernetic model for radiation reactions in living cells. I. Sparsely-ionizing radiations; stationary cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 22, 51-65.
60. KELLERER, A. M., 1985, Fundamentals of microdosimetry. In The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. I, edited by K. Kase, H. Bjarngard and F. Attix (Orlando: Academic Press), pp. 77-162.
61. KELLERER, A. M. and ROSSI, H. H., 1972, The theory of dual radiation action. Current Topics in Radiation Research Quarterly, 8, 85-158.
62. KELLERER, A. M. and ROSSI, H. H., 1978, A generalized formulation of dual radiation action. Radiation Research, 75, 471-488.
63. KIEFER, J., 1988a, Quantitative Mathematical Models in Radiation Biology (Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag).
64. KIEFER, J., 1988b, A repair fixation model. In Quantitative Mathematical Models in Radiation Biology, edited by J. Kiefer (Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag), pp. 171-180.
65. KIEFER, J., 1993, Problems, pitfalls, perspective and potentials of quantitative theoretical models for cellular radiation action. Mutation Research, 289, 27-37.
66. KIEFER, J. and LOBRICH, M., 1992, The repair fixation model: general aspects and the influence of radiation quality. In Biophysical Modeling of Radiation Effects, edited by K. H. Chadwick, G. Moschini and M. N. Varma (New York: Adam Hilger Co.), pp. 211-218.
67. LEA, D. E., 1946, Actions of Radiations on Living Cells (London: Cambridge University Press).
68. LE BEAU, M. M. and ROWLEY, J. D., 1986, Chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia and lymphoma: Clinical and biological significance. In Advances in Human Genetics, edited by H. Harris and K. Hirschhorn (New York: Plenum Press), pp. 1-54.
69. LLOYD, D. C. and EDWARDS, A. A., 1983, Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes: effect of radiation quality, dose and dose rate. In Radiation-induced Chromosome Damage in Man, edited by T. Ishihara and M. S. Sasaki (New York: Alan R. Liss), pp. 23-49.
70. LLOYD, D. C., EDWARDS, A. A., LEONARD, A., DEKNUDT, G. L., VERSCHAEVE, L. et al., 1992, Chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes induced in vitro by very low doses of X-rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 61, 335-343
71. LLOYD, D. C., EDWARDS, A. A., PROSSER, J. S., BARJAKTAROVIC, N., BROWN, J. K. et al., 1987, A collaborative exercise on cytogenetic dosimetry for simulated whole and partial body accidental irradiation. Mutation Research, 179, 197-208.
72. LOBRICH, M., RYDBERG, B. and COOPER, P. K., 1995, Repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in specific Not I restriction fragments in human fibroblasts: joining of correct and incorrect ends. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 92, 12 050-12 054.
73. MEYN, R. E., STEPHENS, L. C. and MILAS, L., 1996, Programmed cell death and radioresistance. Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 15, 119-131.
74. MICHALIK, V. and FRANKENBERG, D., 1996, Two types of double strand breaks in electron and photon tracks and their relation to exchange-type chromosome aberrations. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 35, 163-169.
75. MOISEENKO, V. V., EDWARDS, A. A. and NIKJOO, H., 1996, Modelling the kinetics of chromosome exchange formation in human cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 35, 31-35.
76. MORGAN, W. F. and MURNANE, J. P., 1995, A role for genomic instability in cellular radioresistance? Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 14, 49-58.
77. NELSON, J. M., BRABY, L. A., METTING, N. F. and ROESCH, W. C., 1989, Analyzing the role of biochemical processes in determining response to ionizing radiations. Health Physics, 57, Suppl 1, 369-376.
78. NEWMAN, H. C., PRISE, K. M., FOLKARD, M. and MICHAEL, B. D., 1997, DNA double-strand break distributions in X-ray and alpha-particle irradiated V79 cells: evidence for non-random breakage. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 71, 347-363.
79. NORMAN, A. and SASAKI, M. S., 1966, Chromosome-exchange aberrations in human lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 11, 321-328.
80. NOWELL, P. C., 1997, Genetic alterations in leukemias and lymphomas: impressive progress and continuing complexity. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, 94, 13-19.
81. OBATUROV, G. M., MOISEENKO, V. V. and FILIMONOV, A. S., 1993, Model of mammalian cell reproductive death. I. Basic assumptions and general equations. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 32, 285-294.
82. OSTASHEVSKY, J. Y., 1993, Cell recovery kinetics for split-dose, multifractionated and continuous irradiation in the DSB model. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 63, 47-58.
83. PANDITA, T. K. and GEARD, C. R., 1996, Chromosome aberrations in human fibroblasts induced by mono-energetic neutrons. I. Relative biological effectiveness. Radiation Research, 145, 730-739.
84. PEACOCK, J. H., DE ALMODOVAR, M. R., MCMILLAN, T. J. and STEEL, G. G., 1992, The nature of the initial slope of radiation cell survival curves. British Journal of Radiology, 24, (Suppl), 57-60.
85. PFEIFFER, P., GOTTLICH, B., REICHENBERGER, S., FELDMANN, E., DAZA, P., DAZA, P., WARD, J. F., MILLIGAN, J. R., MULLENDERS, L. H. and NATARJAN, A. T., 1996, DNA lesions and repair. Mutation Research, 366, 69-80.
86. PIERCE, D. A., SHIMIZU, Y., PRESTON, D. L., VAETH, M. and MABUCHI, K., 1996, Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990, Radiation Research, 146, 1-27.
87. PRESTON, R. J., 1990, Mechanisms of induction of specific chromosomal alterations. Basic Life Sciences, 53, 329-336.
88. RABBITTS, T. H., 1994, Chromosomal translocations in human cancer. Nature, 372, 143-149.
89. RADIVOYEVITCH, T., 1997, Mathematical models of misrejoining DNA double-strand breaks and DNA fragment size distributions. Ph.D. Thesis, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA, pp. 15-34.
90. RADIVOYEVITCH, T., HOEL, D. G., HAHNFELDT, P. J., RYDBERG, B., CHEN, A. M. and SACHS, R. K., 1997, Double-strand break misrejoining after x-irradiation: relating moderate to very high doses by a Markov model, Radiation Research, submitted for publication.
91. REDDY, N. M. S., MAYER, P. J. and LANGE, C. S., 1990, The saturated repair kinetics of Chinese hamster V79 cells suggests a damage accumulation-interaction model of cell killing. Radiation Research, 121, 304-311.
92. RIPLEY, B. D., 1987, Stochastic Simulation (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
93. ROSSI, H. H. and ZAIDER, M., 1988, Saturation in dual radiation action. In Quantitative Mathematical Models in Radiation Biology, edited by J. Kiefer (New York: Springer), pp. 111-118.
94. ROSSI, H. H. and ZAIDER, M., 1996, Microdosimetry and its Applications (New York: Springer).
95. SACHS, R. K. and BRENNER, D. J., 1993, Effect of LET on chromosomal aberration yields. I. Do long-lived, exchange-prone double strand breaks play a role? International Journal of Radiation Biology, 64, 677-688.
96. SACHS, R. K., CHEN, A. M. and BRENNER, D. J., 1997, Review: proximity effects in the production of chromosome aberrations by ionizing radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 71, 1-19.
97. SACHS, R. K., CHEN, P.-L., HAHNFELDT, P. J. and HLATKY, L. R., 1992, DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. Mathematical Biosciences, 112, 271-303.
98. SANCHEZ-REYES, A., 1992, A simple model of radiation action in cells based on a repair saturation mechanism. Radiation Research, 130, 139-147.
99. SAVAGE, J. R., 1995, The transmission of FISH-painted patterns derived from complex chromosome exchanges. Mutation Research, 347, 87-95.
100. SAVAGE, J. R. K., 1996, Insight into sites. Mutation Research, 366, 81-95.
101. SHNEIDER, D. O. and WHITMORE, G. F., 1963, Comparative effects of neutrons and X-rays on mammalian cells. Radiation Research, 18, 286-306.
102. SCHWARTZ, J. L., 1992, The radiosensitivity of the chromosomes of the cells of human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Radiation Research, 129, 96-101.
103. SHADLEY, J. D., AFZAL, V. and WOLFF, S., 1987, Characterization of the adaptive response to ionizing radiation induced by low doses of X rays to human lymphocytes. Radiation Research, 111, 511-517.
104. SHELLABARGER, C. J., STONE, J. P. and HOLTZMAN, S., 1986, Experimental carcinogenesis in the breast. In Radiation Carcinogenesis, edited by A. C. Upton, R. E. Albert, F. B. Burns and R. E. Shore (New York: Elsevier), pp. 169-180.
105. SIMPSON, P. J. and SAVAGE, J. R. K., 1996, Dose-response curves for simple and complex chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays and detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 69, 429-436.
106. SONTAG, W., 1990, Comparison of six different models describing survival of mammalian cells after irradiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 29, 185-201.
107. STEEL, G. G., 1991, The ESTRO Breur lecture. Cellular sensitivity to low dose-rate irradiation focuses the problem of tumour radioresistance. Radiotherapy and Oncoloy, 20, 71-83.
108. STEEL, G. G., 1996, From targets to genes: a brief history of radiosensitivity. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 41, 205-222.
109. THAMES, H. D., 1985, An 'incomplete-repair' model for survival after fractionated and continuous irradiations. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 47, 319-339.
110. THAMES, H. D. and HENDRY, J. H., 1987, Fractionation in Radiotherapy (London and New York: Taylor & Francis).
111. TOBIAS, C. A., 1985, The repair-misrepair model in radiobiology: comparison to other models. Radition Research, 8, S77-S95.
112. TOBIAS, C. A., BLAKELY, E. A., NGO, F. Q. H. and YANG, T. C. Y., 1980, The repair-misrepair model of cell survival. In Radiation Biology in Cancer Research, edited by R. E. Meyn and H. R. Withers (New York: Raven Press), pp. 195-229.
113. TUCKER, S. L. and TRAVIS, E. L., 1990, Comments on a time-dependent version of the linear-quadratic model [see comments]. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 18, 155-163.
114. UPTON, A. C., RANDOLPH, M. L., CONKLIN, J. W., KASTENBAUM, M. A., SLATER, M. et al., 1970, Late effects of fast neutrons and gamma-rays in mice as influenced by the dose rate of irradiation: induction of neoplasia. Radiation Research, 41, 467-491.
115. VAN RONGEN, E., TRAVIS, E. L. and THAMES, H. D. JR., 1995, Repair rate in mouse lung alter clinically relevant radiation doses per fraction. Radiation Research, 141, 74-78.
116. VARMA, M. N. and CHATTERJEE, A., 1994, Computational Approaches in Molecular Radiation Biology: Monte Carlo Methods (New York: Plenum Press).
117. VIRSIK, R. P. and HARDER, D., 1981, Statistical interpretation of the overdispersed distribution of radiation-induced dicentric chromosome aberrations at high LET. Radiation Research, 85, 13-23.
118. WARD, J. F., 1990, The yield of DNA double strand breaks produced intracellulary by ionizing radiation: a review. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 57, 1141-1150.
119. WARD, J. F., 1994, Interplay of damage complexity and damage repair determine RBE. In Proceedings of the NIRS International Seminar on the Apllication of Heavy Ion Accelerators to the Radiation Therapy of Cancer, edited by T. Kanai and E. Takada, NIRS-M-103 (National Institute of Radiological Sciences: Chiba-shi 263, Japan) pp. 181-184.
120. WEST, C. M., 1995, Invited review: intrinsic radiosensitivity as a predictor of patient response to radiotherapy. British Journal of Radiology, 68, 827-837.
121. WU, H., DURANTE, M., GEORGE, K., GOODWIN, K. and YANG, T., 1996, Rejoining and misrejoining of radiation-induced chromatin breaks. II. Biophysical model. Radiation Research, 145, 274-280.
122. WITHERS, H. R., 1992, Biologic basis for radiation therapy. In Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, edited by C. A. Perez and L. W. Brady (Philadelphia: Lippincott), pp. 64-96.
123. YAKOVLEV, A. Y. and ZORIN, V., 1988, Computer Simulation in Cell Radiobiology (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
124. ZACKRISSON, B., 1992, Radiobiological cell survival models. A methodological overview. Acta Oncologica, 31, 433-441.
125. ZAIDER, M., WUU, C. S. and MINERBO, G. N., 1996, The combined effects of sublethal damage repair, cellular repopulation and redistribution in the mitotic cycle. I. Survival probabilities after exposure to radiation. Radiation Research, 145, 457-466.