Evolving views of the major histocompatibility complex

Blood

Volumn 90, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 4252-4265

  Gruen, Jeffrey R ^a   Weissman, Sherman M ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENE PRODUCT;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CODON; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HAPLOTYPE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REVIEW;

EID: 0030691154     PISSN: 00064971     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.11.4252     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Parham P, Ohta T: Population biology of antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules. Science 272:67, 1996
2. Parimoo S, Patanjali SR, Shukla H, Chaplin DD, Weissman SM: cDNA selection: Efficient PCR approach for the selection of cDNAs encoded in large chromosomal DNA fragments. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 88:9623, 1991
3. Goei VL, Parimoo S, Capossela A, Chu TW, Gruen JR: Isolation of novel non-HLA gene fragments from the hemochromatosis region (6p21.3) by cDNA hybridization selection. Am J Hum Genet 54:244, 1994
4. Pichon L, Giffon T, Chauvel B, Carn G, Bouric P, El Kahloun A, Legall JY, David V: Physical map of the HLA-A/HLA-F subregion and identification of two new coding sequences. Immunogenetics 43:175, 1996
5. Campbell RD, Trowsdale J: A map of the human major histocompatibility complex. Immunol Today 18:43, 1997
6. Gruen JR, Nalabolu SR, Chu TW, Bowlus C, Fan WF, Goei VL, Wei H, Sivakamasundari R, Liu YC, Xu HX, Parimoo S, Nallur G, Ajioka R, Shukla H, Bray-Ward P, Pan J, Weissman SM: A transcription map of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region. Genomics 36:70, 1996
7. Fan W, Cai W, Parimoo S, Lennon GG, Weissman SM: Identification of seven new human MHC class I region genes around the HLA-F locus. Immunogenetics 44:97, 1996
8. Lepourcelet M, Andrieux N, Giffon J, Pichon L, Hampe A, Galibert F, Mosser J: Systematic sequencing of the human HLA-A/ HLA-F region - Establishment of a cosmid contig and identification of a new gene cluster within 37 kb of sequence. Genomics 37:316, 1996
9. Aguado B, Milner CM, Campbell RD: Genes of the MHC class III region and the functions of the proteins they encode, in Browning M, McMichael A (eds): HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules, and Function. Oxford, UK, BIOS Scientific Publishers, 1996, p 39
10. Klein J: The Natural History of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. New York, NY, Wiley, 1986
11. Trowsdale J: Molecular genetics of HLA class I and class II regions, in Browning M, McMichael A (eds): HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules, and Function. Oxford, UK, BIOS Scientific Publishers, 1996, p 22
12. Cresswell P, Androlewicz MJ, Ortmann B: Assembly and transport of class I MHC-peptide complexes. Ciba Found Symp 187:150, 1994
13. Cresswell P: Antigen presentation. Getting peptides into MHC class II molecules. Curr Biol 4:541, 1994
14. Ceman S, Rudersdorf RA, Petersen JM, DeMars R: DMA and DMB are the only genes in the class II region of the human MHC needed for class II-associated antigen processing. J Immunol 154:2545, 1995
15. Nedospasov SA, Hirt B, Shakhov AN, Dobrynin VN, Kawashima E, Accolla RS, Jongeneel CV: The genes for tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and lymphotoxin (TNF-beta) are tandemly arranged on chromosome 17 of the mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 14:7713, 1986
16. Muller U, Jongeneel CV, Nedospasov SA, Lindahl KF, Steinmetz M: Tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin genes map close to H-2D in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Nature 325:265, 1987
17. Gardner SM, Mock BA, Hilgers J, Huppi KE, Roeder WD: Mouse lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor: Structural analysis. of the cloned genes, physical linkage, and Chromosomal position. J Immunol 139:476, 1987
18. Browning JL, Ngam-ek A, Lawton P, DeMarinis J, Tizard R, Chow EP, Hession C, O'Brine-Greco B, Foley SF, Ware CF: Lymphotoxin beta, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin on the cell surface. Cell 72:847, 1993
19. Campbell RD, Milner CM: MHC genes in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 5:887, 1993.
20. Corzo D, Salazar M, Granja CB, Yunis EJ: Advances in HLA genetics. Exp Clin Immunogenet 12:156, 1995
21. Tomlinson IP, Bodmer WF: The HLA system and the analysis of multifactorial genetic disease. Trends Genet 11:493, 1995
22. Tisch R, McDevitt H: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cell 85:291, 1996
23. Thomson G: HLA disease associations: Models for the study of complex human genetic disorders. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 32:183, 1995
24. Cardon LR, Smith SD, Fulker DW, Kimberling WJ, Pennington BF, DeFries JC: Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6. Science 266:276, 1994
25. Grigorenko EL, Wood FB, Meyer MS, Hart LA, Speed WC, Shuster A, Pauls DL: Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15. Am J Hum Genet 60:27, 1997
26. Bodmer WF: Evolution and function of the HLA region. Cancer Surv 22:5, 1995
27. Campbell RD, Trowsdale J: Map of the human MHC. Immunol Today 14:349, 1993
28. Cresswell P: Assembly, transport, and function of MHC class II molecules. Ann Rev Immunol 12:259, 1994
29. Flaherty L, Elliott E, Tine JA, Walsh AC, Waters JB: Immunogenetics of the Q and TL regions of the mouse. Crit Rev Immunol 10:131. 1990
30. Girdlestone J: Transcriptional regulation of MHC class I genes. Eur J Immunogenet 23:395, 1996
31. Gunther E: Current status of the molecular genetic analysis of the rat major histocompatibility complex. Folia Biologica 42:129, 1996
32. Hughes AL: Origin and evolution of HLA class I pseudogenes. Mol Biol Evol 12:247, 1995
33. Kasahara M, Kandil E, Saltercid L, Flajnik MF: Origin and evolution of the class I gene family - Why are some of the mammalian class I genes encoded outside the major histocompatibility complex? Res Immunol 147:278, 1996
34. Kaufman J, Volk H, Wallny HJ: A "minimal essential MHC" and an "unrecognized MHC": Two extremes in selection for polymorphism. Immunol Rev 143:63, 1995
35. Kronenberg M, Brines R, Kaufman J: MHC evolution: A long term investment in defense. Immunol Today 15:4, 1994
36. Le Bouteiller P: HLA class I chromosomal region, genes, and products: Facts and questions. Crit Rev Immunol 14:89, 1994
37. Lienert K, Parham P: Evolution of MHC class I genes in higher primates. Immunol Cell Biol 74:349, 1996
38. Lunney JK: Current status of the swine leukocyte antigen complex. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 43:19, 1994
39. Browning M, McMichael A: HLA and MHC: Genes, Molecules, and Function. Oxford, UK, BIOS Scientific Publishers, 1996
40. McDevitt H: Evolution of MHC class II allelic diversity. Immunol Rev 143:113, 1995
41. Parham P: The rise and fall of great class I genes. Semin Immunol 6:373, 1994
42. Peelman LJ, Chardon P, Vaiman M, Mattheeuws M, Van Zeveren A, Van de Weghe A, Bouquet Y, Campbell RD: A detailed physical map of the porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region: Comparison with human and mouse MHC class III regions. Mammalian Genome 7:363, 1996
43. Potts WK, Wakeland EK: Evolution of MHC genetic diversity: A tale of incest, pestilence and sexual preference. Trends Genet 9:408, 1993
44. Teitell M, Cheroutre H, Panwala C, Holcombe H, Eghtesady P, Kronenberg M: Structure and function of H-2 T (Tla) region class I MHC molecules. Crit Rev Immunol 14:1-27, 1994.
45. Thomson G: HLA population genetics. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 5:247, 1991
46. Trowsdale J: "Both man & bird & beast" : Comparative organization of MHC genes. Immunogenetics 41:1, 1995
47. Van Ostade X, Tavernier J, Fiers W: Structure-activity studies of human tumour necrosis factors. Protein Eng 7:5, 1994
48. Watkins DI: MHC of nonhuman primates. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 188:145, 1994
49. Watkins DI: The evolution of major histocompatibility class I genes in primates. Crit Rev Immunol 15:1, 1995
50. Parham P, Adams EJ, Arnett KL: The origins of HLA-A,B,C polymorphism. Immunol Rev 143:141, 1995
51. Acton RD, Dahlberg PS, Uknis ME, Klaerner HG, Fink GS, Norman JG, Dunn DL: Differential sensitivity to escherichia coli infection in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor p55 or interieukin-1 p80 receptors. Arch Surg 131:1216, 1996
52. Czarniecki CW: The role of tumor necrosis factor in viral disease. Antiviral Res 22:223, 1993
53. Jacob CO, Lewis GD, McDevitt HO: MHC class II-associated variation in the production of tumor necrosis factor in mice and humans: Relevance to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Res 10:156, 1991
54. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D: Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 371:508, 1994
55. Louis E, Satsangi J, Roussomoustakaki M, Parkes M, Fanning G, Welsh K, Jewell D: Cytokine gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 39:705, 1996
56. Daser A, Mitchison H, Mitchison A, Muller B: Non-classical-MHC genetics of immunological disease in man and mouse - The key role of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Cytokine 8:593, 1996
57. Elliott MJ, Feldmann M, Maini RN: TNF alpha blockade in rheumatoid arthritis: Rationale, clinical outcomes and mechanisms of action. Int J Immunopharmacol 17:141, 1995
58. Mulcahy B, Waldron-Lynch F, McDermott MF, Adams C, Amos CI, Zhu DK, Ward RH, Clegg DO, Shanahan F, Molloy MG, O'Gara F: Genetic variability in the tumor necrosis factor-lymphotoxin region influences susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 59:676, 1996
59. Verjans GM, Messer G, Weiss EH, van der Linden SM, Kijlstra A: Polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor region in relation to disease: An overview. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 18:177, 1992
60. Matsumoto M, Mariathasan S, Nahm MH, Baranyay F, Peschon JJ, Chaplin DD: Role of lymphotoxin and the type I TNF receptor in the formation of germinal centers. Science 271:1289, 1996
61. Matsumoto M. Lo SF, Carruthers CJ, Min J, Mariathasan S, Huang G, Plas DR, Martin SM, Geha RS, Nahm MH, Chaplin DD: Affinity maturation without germinal centres in lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice. Nature 382:462, 1996
62. Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Episkopou V, Kollias G: Immune and inflammatory responses in TNF-alpha-deficient mice - A critical requirement for TNF-alpha in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J Exp Med 184:184, 1996
63. Neumann B, Luz A, Pfeffer K, Holzmann B: Defective peyers patch organogenesis in mice lacking the 55-kd receptor for tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 184:259, 1996
64. Armitage RJ: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members and their ligands. Curr Opin Immunol 6:407, 1994
65. Mackay F, Majeau GR, Hochman PS, Browning JL: Lymphotoxin beta receptor triggering induces activation of the nuclear factor beta-b transcription factor in some cell types. J Biol Chem 271:24934, 1996
66. Holzinger I, de Baey A, Messer G, Kick G, Zwierzina H, Weiss EH: Cloning and genomic characterization of LST1: A new gene in the human TNF region. Immunogenetics 42:315, 1995
67. Tsuge I, Shen FW, Steinmetz M, Boyse EA: A gene in the H-2S:H-2D interval of the major histocompatibility complex which is transcribed in B cells and macrophages. Immunogenetics 26:378, 1987
68. Nalabolu SR, Shukla H, Nallur G, Parimoo S, Weissman SM: Genes in a 220-kb region spanning the TNF cluster in human MHC. Genomics 31:215, 1996
69. Russell ME, Wallace AF, Hancock WW, Sayegh MH, Adams DH, Sibinga NE, Wyner LR, Karnovsky MJ: Upregulation of cytokines associated with macrophage activation in the Lewis-to-F344 rat transplantation model of chronic cardiac rejection. Transplantation 59:572, 1995
70. Utans U, Quist WC, McManus BM, Wilson JE, Arceci RJ, Wallace AF, Russell ME: Allograft inflammatory factory-1. A cytokine-responsive macrophage molecule expressed in transplanted human hearts. Transplantation 61:1387, 1996
71. Utans U, Arceci RJ, Yamashita Y, Russell ME: Cloning and characterization of allograft inflammatory factor-1: A novel macrophage factor identified in rat cardiac allografts with chronic rejection. J Clin Invest 95:2954, 1995
72. Utans U, Liang P, Wyner LR, Karnovsky MJ, Russell ME: Chronic cardiac rejection: Identification of five upregulated genes in transplanted hearts by differential mRNA display. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91:6463, 1994
73. Olavsen MG, Thomson W, Cheng J, Campbell RD: Characterization of a novel gene (G1) in the class III region of the human MHA, in Tsuji K, Aziawa M, Sasazuki T (eds): Proceedings of the 11th International Histocompatibility Workshop (vol 2). Oxford, UK, Oxford Press, 1993, p 190
74. Hessian PA, Edgeworth J, Hogg N: MRP-8 and MRP-14, two abundant Ca(2+)-binding proteins of neutrophils and monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 53:197, 1993
75. Devery JM, King NJ, Geczy CL: Acute inflammatory activity of the S100 protein CP-10. Activation of neutrophils in vivo and in vitro. J Immunol 152:1888, 1994
76. Albertella MR, Campbell RD: Characterization of a novel gene in the human major histocompatibility complex that encodes a potential new member of the I kappa B family of proteins. Hum Molec Genet 3:793, 1994
77. Dangel AW, Shen L, Mendoza AR, Wu LC, Yu CY: Human helicase gene SKI2W in the HLA class III region exhibits striking structural similarities to the yeast antiviral gene SKI2 and to the human gene KIAA0052: Emergence of a new gene family. Nucleic Acids Res 23:2120, 1995
78. Albertella MR, Jones H, Thomson W, Olavesen MG, Campbell RD: Localization of eight additional genes in the human major histocompatibility complex, including the gene encoding the casein kinase II beta subunit (CSNK2B). Genomics 36:240, 1996
79. Lee SG, Lee I, Park SH, Kang C, Song K: Identification and characterization of a human cDNA homologous to yeast SK12. Genomics 25:660, 1995
80. Liang S, Hitomi M, Hu YH, Liu Y, Tartakoff AM: A DEAD-box-family protein is required for nucleocytoplasmic transport of yeast mRNA, Mol Cell Biol 16:5139, 1996
81. Masison DC, Blanc A, Ribas JC, Carroll K, Sonenberg N, Wickner RB: Decoying the cap-mRNA degradation system by a double-stranded RNA virus and poly(A)-mRNA surveillance by a yeast antiviral system. Mol Cell Biol 15:2763, 1995
82. Widner WR, Wickner RB: Evidence that the SKI antiviral system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts by blocking expression of viral mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 13:4331, 1993
83. Johnson AW, Kolodner RD: Synthetic lethality of sep 1 (xrn1) ski2 and sep1 (xrn1) ski3 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is independent of killer virus and suggests a general role for these genes in translation control. Mol Cell Biol 15:2719, 1995
84. Bahram S, Spies T: The MIC gene family. Res Immunol 147:328, 1996
85. Bahram S, Bresnahan M, Geraghty DE, Spies T: A second lineage of mammalian major histocompatibility complex class I genes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91:6259, 1994
86. Groh V, Bahram S, Bauer S, Herman A, Beauchamp M, Spies T: Cell stress-regulated human major histocompatibility complex class I gene expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:12445, 1996
87. Peelman LJ, Chardon P, Nunes M, Renard C, Geffrotin C, Vaiman M, Van Zeveren A, Coppieters W, van de Weghe A, Bouquet Y, Choy WW, Strominger JL, Spies T: The BAT1 gene in the MHC encodes an evolutionarily conserved putative nuclear RNA helicase of the DEAD family. Genomics 26:210, 1995
88. Snoek M, Jansen M, Olavesen MG, Campbell RD, Teuscher C, van Vugt H: Three Hsp70 genes are located in the C4-H-2D region: Possible candidates for the Orch-1 locus. Genomics 15:350, 1993
89. Santoro MG: Heat shock proteins and virus replication: hsp70s as mediators of the antiviral effects of prostaglandins. Experientia 50:1039, 1994
90. Hochstrasser M: Protein degradation or regulation: Ub the judge. Cell 84:813, 1996
91. Haas AL, Ahrens P, Bright PM, Ankel H: Interferon induces a 15-kilodalton protein exhibiting marked homology to ubiquitin. J Biol Chem 262:11315, 1987
92. Feltham N, Fahey D, Knight E Jr: A growth inhibitory protein secreted by human diploid fibroblasts. Partial purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 262:2176, 1987
93. Farrell PJ, Broeze RJ, Lengyel P: Accumulation of an mRNA and protein in interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Nature 279:523, 1979
94. Korant BD, Blomstrom DC, Jonak GJ, Knight E Jr: Interferon-induced proteins. Purification and characterization of a 15,000-dalton protein from human and bovine cells induced by interferon. J Biol Chem 259:14835, 1984
95. D'Cunha J, Ramanujam S, Wagner RJ, Witt PL, Knight E, Borden EC: In vitro and in vivo secretion of human ISG15, an IFN-induced immunomodulatory cytokine. J Immunol 157:4100, 1996
96. Knight E Jr, Fahey D, Cordova B, Hillman M, Kutny R, Reich N, Blomstrom D: A 15-kDa interferon-induced protein is derived by COOH-terminal processing of a 17-kDa precursor. J Bioi Chem 263:4520, 1988
97. Recht M, Borden EC, Knight E Jr: A human 15-kDa IFN-induced protein induces the secretion of IFN-gamma. J Immunol 147:2617, 1991
98. D'Cunha J, Knight E Jr, Haas AL, Truitt RL, Borden EC: Immunoregulatory properties of ISG15, an interferon-induced cytokine. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:211, 1996
99. Nakamura M, Ogawa H, Tsunematsu T: Characterization of monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor (MNSF) with the use of a monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 138:1799, 1987
100. Nakamura M, Xavier RM, Tanigawa Y: Ubiquitin-like moiety of the monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor beta is responsible for its activity. J Immunol 156:532, 1996
101. Vernet C, Boretto J, Mattei MG, Takahashi M, Jack LJ, Mather IH, Rouquier S, Pontarotti P: Evolutionary study of multigenic families mapping close to the human MHC class I region. J Mol Evol 37:600, 1993
102. Chu TW, Capossela A, Coleman R, Goei VL, Nallur G, Gruen JR: Cloning of a new "finger" protein gene (ZNF173) within the class I region of the human MHC. Genomics 29:229, 1995
103. Pham-Dinh D, Mattei MG, Nussbaum JL, Roussel G, Pontarotti P, Roeckel N, Mather IH, Artzt K, Lindahl KF, Dautigny A: Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a member of a subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily encoded within the major histocompatibility complex. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 90:7990, 1993
104. Fan W, Liu YC, Parimoo S, Weissman SM: Olfactory receptor-like genes are located in the human major histocompatibility complex. Genomics 27:119, 1995
105. Janatipour M, Naumov Y, Ando A, Sugimura K, Okamoto N, Tsuji K, Abe K, Inoko H: Search for MHC-associated genes in human: Five new genes centromeric to HLA-DP with yet unknown functions. Immunogenetics 35:272, 1992
106. Aguado B, Campbell RD: The novel gene G17, located in the human major histocompatibility complex, encodes PBX2, a homeodomain-containing protein. Genomics 25:650, 1995
107. Kamps M, Look T, Baltimore D: The human t(1; 19) translocation in pre-B ALL produces multiple nuclear E2A-Pbx1 fusion proteins with differing transforming potentials. Genes Dev 5:358, 1991
108. Lawrence H, Sauvageau G, Humphries R, Largman C: The role of HOX homeobox genes in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 14:281, 1996
109. Porter RR: The complement components coded in the major histocompatibility complexes and their biological activities. Immunol Rev 87:7, 1985
110. Huang MM, Erlich HA, Goodman MF, Arnheim N: Analysis of mutational changes at the HLA locus in single human sperm. Human Mut 6:303, 1995
111. Devlin JJ, Weiss EH, Paulson M, Flavell RA: Duplicated gene pairs and alleles of class I genes in the Qa2 region of the murine major histocompatibility complex: A comparison. EMBO J 4:3203, 1985
112. Slightom JL, Blechl AE, Smithies O: Human fetal G gamma- and A gamma-globin genes: Complete nucleotide sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged between these duplicated genes. Cell 21:627, 1980
113. Hughes AL, Hughes MK: Adaptive evolution in the rat olfactory receptor gene family. J Mol Evol 36:249, 1993
114. Singer MS, Weisingerlewin Y, Lancet D, Shepherd GM: Positive selection moments identify potential functional residues in human olfactory receptors. Recep Channels 4:141, 1996
115. Hughes AL: Rapid evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily c2 domains expressed in immune system cells. Mol Biol Evol 14:1, 1997
116. Richman AD, Uyenoyama MK, Kohn JR: Allelic diversity and gene genealogy at the self-incompatibility locus in the Solanaceae. Science 273:1212, 1996
117. Clark AG, Kao TH: Excess nonsynonymous substitution of shared polymorphic sites among self-incompatibility alleles of Solanaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:9823, 1991
118. Yamazaki K, Beauchamp GK, Shen FW, Bard J, Boyse EA: A distinctive change in odortype determined by H-2D/L mutation. Immunogenetics 34:129, 1991
119. Gilbert AN, Yamazaki K, Beauchamp GK, Thomas L: Olfactory discrimination of mouse strains (Mus musculus) and major histocompatibility types of humans (Homo sapiens). J Comp Psychol 100:262, 1986
120. Yamazaki K, Beauchamp GK, Kupniewski D, Bard J, Thomas L, Boyse EA: Familial imprinting determines H-2 selective mating preferences. Science 240:1331, 1988
121. Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Beltens F, Paepke AJ: MHC-de-pendent mate preferences in humans. Proc R Soc London B Biol Sci 260:245, 1995
122. Jin K, Speed TP, Thomson G: Tests of random mating for a highly polymorphic locus: application to HLA data. Biometrics 51:1064, 1995
123. Hughes AL, Hughes MK: Natural selection on the peptidebinding regions of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Immunogenetics 42:233, 1995
124. Vanderhaeghen P, Schurmans S, Vassart G, Parmentier M: Specific repertoire of olfactory receptor genes in the male germ cells of several mammalian species. Genomics. 39:239, 1997
125. Jin K, Ho HN, Speed TP, Gill TR: Reproductive failure and the major histocompatibility complex. Am J Hum Genet 56:1456, 1995
126. Hoshiai H, Ishikawa M, Noda K, Takahama K, Fukaya T, Yajima A: Influence of HLA antigens on reproduction among Japanese population: Study of haplotypes in 247 families. Berliner Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 172:139, 1994
127. Kostyu DD: HLA: Fertile territory for developmental genes? Crit Rev Immunol 14:29, 1994
128. Ober C: Current topic: HLA and reproduction: Lessons from studies in the Hutterites. Placenta 16:569, 1995
129. Degos L, Colombani J, Chaventre A, Bengtson B, Jacquard A: Selective pressure on HL-A polymorphism. Nature 249:62, 1974
130. Klitz W, Thomson G, Borot N, Chambon-Thomsen A: Evolutionary and population perspectives of the human HLA complex. Evol Biol 26:35, 1992
131. Hedrick PW, Thomson G: Maternal-fetal interactions and the maintenance of HLA polymorphism. Genetics 119:205, 1988
132. Dawson DV, Ober C, Kostyu DD: Extended HLA profile of an inbred isolate: The Schmiedeleut Hutterites of South Dakota. Genet Epidemiol 12:47, 1995
133. Black FL: Mother-child HLA compatibility ratios in children of Amerinidian parents who share common haplotypes. Am J Hum Genet 37:133, 1985
134. Hedrick PW: Evolution at HLA: Possible explanations for the deficiency of homozygotes in two populations. Hum Hered 40:213, 1990
135. Chu TW, Bowlus CL, Gruen JR: Disorders of iron metabolism and related disorders, in Rimoin DL, Connor JM, Pyeritz RE, Emery AEH (eds): Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics (ed 3). Edinburgh, UK, Churchill Livingston, 1997,p 2047
136. Feder JN, Gnirke A, Thomas W, Tsuchihashi Z, Ruddy DA, Basava A, Dormishian F, Domingo R, Jr., Ellis MC, Fullan A, Hinton LM, Jones NL, Kimmel BE, Kronmal GS, Lauer P, Lee VK, Loeb DB, Mapa FA, McClelland E, Meyer NC, Mintier GA, Moeller N, Moore T, Morikang E, Wolff RR, Prass CE, Quintana L, Starnes SM, Schatzman RE, Brunke KJ, Drayna DT, Risch NJ, Bacon BR, Wolff RK: A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 13:399, 1996
137. Rothenberg BE, Voland JR: Beta2 knockout mice develop parenchymal iron overload: A putative role for class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex in iron metabolism. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:1529, 1996
138. Simon M, Alexandre JL, Fauchet R, Genetet B, Bourel M: The genetics of hemochromatosis. Prog Med Genet 4:135, 1980
139. Kravitz K, Skolnick M, Cannings C, Carmelli D, Baty B, Amos DB, Johnsson A, Mendell N, Edwards C, Cartwright G: Genetic linkage between hereditary hemochromatosis and HLA. Am J Hum Genet 31:601, 1979
140. Jazwinska EC, Lee SC, Webb SI, Halliday JW, Powell LW: Localization of the hemochromatosis gene close to D6S105. Am J Hum Genet 53:347, 1993
141. Raha-Chowdhury R, Bowen DJ, Stone C, Pointon JJ, Terwilliger JD, Shearman JD, Robson KJH, Bomford A, Worwood M: New polymorphic microsatellite markers place the haemochromatosis gene telomeric to D6S105. Hum Mol Genet 4:1869, 1995
142. Gandon G, Jouanolle AM, Chauvel B, Mauvieux V, le Treut A, Feingold J, Le Gall JY, David V, Yaouanq J: Linkage disequilibrium and extended haplotypes in the HLA-A to D6S105 region: Implications for mapping the hemochromatosis gene (HFE). Hum Genet 97:103, 1996
143. Yaouanq J, Perichon M, Chorney M, Pontarotti P, Le Treut A, El Kahloun A, Mauvieux V, Blayau M, Jouanolle AM, Chauvel B, Moirand R, Nouel O, Le Gall JY, Feingold J, David V: Anonymous marker loci within 400 kb of HLA-A generate haplotypes in linkage disequilibrium with the hemochromatosis gene (HFE). Am J Hum Genet 54:252, 1994
144. Raha-Chowdhury R, Bowen DJ, Burnett AK, Worwood M: Allelic associations and homozygosity at loci from HLA-B to D6S299 in genetic haemochromatosis. J Med Genet 32:446, 1995
145. Hastbacka J, de la Chapelle A, Kaitila I, Sistonen P, Weaver A, Lander E: Linkage disequilibrium mapping in isolated founder populations: Diastrophic dysplasia in Finland. Nat Genet 2:204, 1992
146. Jazwinska EC, Cullen LM, Busfield F, Pyper WR, Webb SI, Powell LW, Morris CP, Walsh TP: Haemochromatosis and HLA-H. Nat Genet 14:249, 1996
147. Pippard MJ: Detection of iron overload. Lancet 349:73, 1997
148. Moirand R, Mortaji AM, Loreal O, Paillard F, Brissot P, Deugnier Y: A new syndrome of liver iron overload with normal transferrin saturation. Lancet 349:95, 1997
149. Thomsen M, Neubegauer M, Arnaud J, Borot N, Sevooon A, Baur M, Cambon-Thomsen M: Recombination fractions in the HLA system based on the data set "Provinces Francasises": Indications of haplotype specific recombination rates. Eur J Immunogenet 21:33, 1994
150. Shiroishi T, Koide T, Yoshino M, Sagai T, Moriwaki K: Hotspots of homologous recombination in mouse meiosis. Adv Biophys 31:119, 1995
151. Dib C, Faure S, Fizames C, Samson D, Drouot N, Vignal A, Millasseau P, Marc S, Hazan J, Seboun E, Lathrop M, Gyapay G, Morissette J, Weissenbach J: A comprehensive genetic map of the human genome based on 5,264 microsatellites. Nature 380:152, 1996
152. Cullen M, Erlich H, Klitz W, Carrington M: Molecular mapping of a recombination hotspot located in the second intron of the human TAP2 locus. Am J Hum Genet 56:1350, 1995
153. Yoshino M, Sagai T, Lindahl KF, Toyoda Y, Shirayoshi Y, Matsumoto K, Sugaya K, Ikemura T, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T: Recombination in the class III region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Immunogenetics 40:280, 1994
154. Yoshino M, Sagai T, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T: Meiotic recombination at the Lmp2 hotspot tolerates minor sequence divergence between homologous chromosomes. Immunogenetics 43:80, 1996
155. Yoshino M, Sagai T, Lindahl KF, Toyoda Y, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T: Allele-dependent recombination frequency: Homology requirement in meiotic recombination at the hot spot in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Genomics 27:298, 1995
156. Wu XH, Haber JE: A 700 bp cis-acting region controls mating-type dependent recombination along the entire left arm of yeast chromosome III. Cell 87:277, 1996
157. Katsanis N, Fitzgibbon J, Fisher E: Paralogy mapping: Identification of a region in the human MHC triplicated onto human chromosomes 1 and 9 allows the prediction and isolation of novel PBX and NOTCH loci. Genomics 35:101, 1996
158. Hashimoto K, Hirai M, Kurosawa Y: A gene outside the human MHC related to classical HLA class I genes. Science 269:693, 1995
159. Venditti CP, Chorney MJ: Class I gene contraction within the HLA-A subregion of the human MHC. Genomics 14:1003, 1992
160. Schmidt CM, Orr HT: HLA-G transgenic mice: A model for studying expression and function at the maternal/fetal interface. Immunol Rev 147:53, 1995
161. Geraghty DE, Koller BH, Hansen JA, Orr HT: The HLA class I gene family includes at least six genes and twelve pseudogenes and gene fragments. J Immunol 149:1934, 1992
162. Abdulla S, Alderton RP, Glynne RJ, Gut IG, Hosking LK, Jackson A, Kelly A, Newell WR, Radley E, Sanseau P, Thorpe KL, Trowsdale J, Beck S: DNA sequencing of the MHC class II region and the chromosome 6 sequencing effort at the Sanger Centre. DNA Sequence 7:5, 1996
163. Fischer Lindahl K, Hermel E, Loveland BE, Wang CR: Maternally transmitted antigen of mice: A model transplantation antigen. Annu Rev Immunol 9:351, 1991
164. Heinrichs H, Orr HT: HLA non-A, B, C class I genes: Their structure and expression. Immunol Res 9:265, 1990
165. Kovats S, Main EK, Librach C, Stubblebine M, Fisher SJ, DeMars R: A class I antigen, HLA-G, expressed in human trophoblasts. Science 248:220, 1990
166. Pazmany L, Mandelboim O, Valesgomez M, Davis DM, Reyburn HT, Strominger JL: Protection from natural killer cell-mediated lysis by HLA-G expression on target cells. Science 274:792, 1996
167. Jurisicova A, Casper RF, MacLusky NJ, Mills GB, Librach CL: HLA-G expression during preimplantation human embryo development. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 93:161, 1996
168. Pichon L, Hampe A, Giffon T, Carn G, Legall JY, David V: A new non-HLA multigene family associated with the PERB11 family within the MHC class I region. Immunogenetics 44:259, 1996
169. Jones EP, Xiao H, Schultz RA, Flaherty L, Trachtulec Z, Vincek V, Larin Z, Lehrach H, Lindahl KF: MHC class I gene organization in >1.5-Mb YAC contigs from the H2-M region. Genomics 27:40, 1995
170. Amadou C, Ribouchon MT, Mattei MG, Jenkins NA, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Avoustin P, Pontarotti P: Localization of new genes and markers to the distal part of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and comparison with the mouse: New insights into the evolution of mammalian genomes. Genomics 26:9, 1995
171. Franklin I, Lewontin RC: Is the gene the unit of selection? Genetics 65:707, 1970
172. Von Recklinghausen FD: Uber Haemochromatose. Berl Klin Wschr 26:925, 1899
173. Ortmann B, Copeman J, Lehner PJ, Sadasivan B, Herberg JA, Grandea AG, Riddell SR, Tampe R, Spies T, Trowsdale T, Cresswell P: A critical role for tapasin in the assembly and function of multimeric MHC class 1-TAP complexes. Science 277:1306, 1997