Growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factor system in myogenesis

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 481-517

  Florini, James R ^a   Ewton, Daina Z ^a   Coolican, Sharon A ^a  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 15; MESSENGER RNA; MYOGENIN; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN B; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 3; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 5; SOMATOMEDIN C; THYROID HORMONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; GROWTH REGULATION; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RAT; RECEPTOR BINDING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEINS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MYOGENIC REGULATORY FACTORS; RATS; RECEPTORS, SOMATOMEDIN; RECEPTORS, SOMATOTROPIN; SOMATOMEDINS;

EID: 0029907306     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.17.5.481     Document Type: Review

References (468)

1. Li C 1982 Human growth hormone: 1974-1981. Mol Cell Biochem 46:31-41
2. Laron Z 1982 Somatomedin, insulin, growth hormone and growth: a review. Isr J Med Sci 18:823-829
3. Kostyo JL, Reagan CR 1976 The biology of growth hormone. Pharmacol Ther B 2:591-604
4. Carter-Su C, Argetsinger L, Campbell G, Wang X, Ihle J, Witthuhn B 1994 The identification of JAK2 tyrosine kinase as a signaling molecule for growth hormone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 206:210-215
5. Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Smit LS 1996 Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action. Annu Rev Physiol 58:187-207
6. Clemmons DR 1989 Structural and functional analysis of insulin-like growth factors. Br Med Bull 45:465-480
7. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P 1989 Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev 10:68-91
8. Cohick WS, Clemmons DR 1993 The insulin-like growth factors. Annu Rev Physiol 55:131-153
9. Rubin R, Baserga R 1995 Biology of disease. Insulin-like growth factor receptor. Lab Invest 73:311-331
10. Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1995 Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins -4, -5, and -6 may play specialized roles during L6 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Endocrinol 144:539-553
11. Daughaday WH 1989 A personal history of the origin of the somatomedin hypothesis and recent challenges to its validity. Perspect Biol Med 32:194-211
12. Salmon Jr WD, Daughaday WH 1957 A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. J Lab Clin Med 49:825-931
13. Florini JR 1985 Hormonal control of muscle cell growth. J Anim Sci 61:21-38
14. Florini JR 1987 Hormonal control of muscle growth. Muscle Nerve 7:577-598
15. Florini JR, Magri KA 1989 Effects of growth factors on myogenic differentiation. Am J Physiol (Cell Physiol 25) 256:C701-C711
16. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Magri KA 1991 Hormones, growth factors, and myogenic differentiation. Annu Rev Physiol 53:201-216
17. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Magri KA, Mangiacapra FJ 1994 IGFs, muscle differentiation. In: LeRoith D, Raizada MK (eds) Current Directions in Insulin-Like Growth Factor Research. Plenum Press, New York, pp 319-326
18. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, McWade FJ 1995 IGFs, muscle growth and myogenesis. Diabetes Rev 3:73-92
19. Florini JR, Breuer CB 1966 Amino acid incorporation into protein by cell-free systems from rat skeletal muscle. V. Effects of pituitary growth hormone on activity of ribosomes and ribonucleic acid and RNA polymerase in hypophysectomized rats. Biochemistry 5:1870-1876
20. Palmer RB, Loveridge N, Thomson BM, Mackie SC, Tonner E, Flint DJ 1994 Effects of a polyclonal antiserum to rat growth hormone on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-I binding protein concentrations and the growth of muscle and bone. J Endocrinol 142:85-91
21. Loughna PT, Bates PC 1994 Interactions between growth hormone and nutrition in hypophysectomised rats: skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain mRNA levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198: 97-102
22. Thiel LF, Beerman DH, Krick BJ, Boyd RD 1993 Dose-dependent effects of exogenous porcine somatotropin on the yield, distribution, and approximate composition of carcass tissues in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 71:827-835
23. Rehfelct C, Fiedler I, Weikard R, Kanitz E, Ender K 1993 It is possible to increase skeletal muscle fibre number in utero. Biosci Rep 13:213-220
24. Evock CM, Caperna TJ, Steele NC, McMurtry JP, Rosebrough RW 1991 Influence of time of injection of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) relative to time of feeding on growth performance, hormone and metabolite status, and muscle RNA, DNA, and protein in pigs. J Anim Sci 69:2443-2551
25. Ramsay T, Chung I, Czerwinski S, McMurtry J, Rosebrough R, Steele N 1995 Tissue IGF-I protein and mRNA responses to a single injection of somatotropin. Am J Physiol (Endocr & Metab) 269: E627-E635
26. Pell JM, Bates PC 1987 Collagen and non-collagen protein turnover in skeletal muscle of growth hormone-treated lambs. J Endocrinol 115:R1-R4
27. Eisenman HH, Hammond AC, Rumsey TS 1989 Tissue protein synthesis and nucleic acid concentrations in steers treated with somatotropin. Br J Nutr 62:657-671
28. Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Warren BJ, Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Kearney JT, Conroy BP, Maresh CM, Weseman CA, Gordon SE 1993 Acute hormonal responses in elite junior weightlifters. Int J Sports Med 13:103-109
29. Pyka G, Taafe DR, Marcus R 1994 Effect of a sustained program of resistance training on the acute growth hormone response to resistance exercise in older adults. Horm Metab Res 26:330-333
30. Yarasheski KE, Campbell JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Holloszy JO, Bier DM 1992 Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth in young men. Am J Physiol 262:E261-E267
31. Yarasheski K, Zachwieja J, Campbell J, Bier D 1995 Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am J Physiol 268:E268-E276
32. Nicklas B, Ryan A, Treuth M, Harman S, Blackman M, Hurley B, Rogers M 1995 Testosterone, growth hormone and IGF-I responses to acute and chronic resistive exercise in men aged 55-70 years. Int J Sports Med 16:445-450
33. Yarasheski KE 1994 Growth hormone effects on metabolism, body composition, muscle mass, and strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 22: 285-312
34. Grindeland RE, Roy RR, Edgerton VR, Grossman EJ, Mukku VR, Jiang B, Pierotti DJ, Rudolph I 1994 Interactive effects of growth hormone and exercise on muscle mass in suspended rats. Am J Physiol 267:316-322
35. Jiang B, Roy RR, Navarro C, Edgerton VR 1993 Absence of a growth hormone effect on rat soleus atrophy during a 4-day space-flight. J Appl Physiol 74:527-531
36. Linderman JK, Gosselink KL, Booth FW, Mukku VR, Grindeland RE 1994 Resistance exercise and growth hormone as countermeasures for skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb-suspended rats. Am J Physiol 267:R365-R371
37. Carmeli E, Hochberg Z, Livne E, Lichtenstein I, Kestelboim C, Silbermann M, Reznick AZ 1993 Effect of growth hormone on gastrocnemius muscle of aged rats after immobilization: biochemistry and morphology. J Appl Physiol 75:1529-1535
38. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Wiles CM, Sonksen PH 1990 Skeletal muscle performance in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 33:55-60
39. Sartorio A, Narici M, Conti A, Monzani M, Faglia G 1995 Quadriceps and hand-grip strength in adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 132:37-41
40. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Wiles CM, Hesp R, Sonksen PH 1991 Growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults. I. Effects on muscle mass and strength. J Appl Physiol 70:688-694
41. Christiansen J, Jorgensen J, Pedersen S, Muller J, Horgensen J, Moller H, Heickendorf L, Skakkebeck NE 1991 GH-replacement therapy in adults. Horm Res 36:66-72
42. Sonntag WE, Steger RW, Forman LJ, Meites J 1980 Decreased pulsatile release of growth hormone in old male rats. Endocrinology 107:1875-1879
43. Florini JR, Prinz PN, Vitiello MV, Hintz RL 1985 Somatomedin-C levels in healthy young and old men: Relationship to peak and 24-hour integrated levels of growth hormone. J Gerontol 40:2-7
44. Sonntag WE, Hykla VW, Meites J 1984 Growth hormone restores protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of old male rats. J Gerontol 40:689-694
45. DeLuca A, Pierno S, Cocchi D, Conte Camerino D 1994 Growth hormone administration to aged rats improves membrane electrical properties of skeletal muscle fibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269: 948-953
46. Ayling C, Moreland B, Zanelli J, Schulster D 1989 Human growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats increases the proportion of type-1 fibres in skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 123:429-435
47. Florini JR, Ewton DZ 1989 Skeletal muscle fiber types and myosin ATPase activity do not change with age or growth hormone administration. J Gerontol 44:B110-B117
48. Eddinger TJ, Moss RL, Cassens RL 1985 Fiber number and type composition in extensor digitorum longus, soleus, and diaphragm muscles with aging in Fisher 344 rats. J Histochem Cytochem 33: 1033-1041
49. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, Gergans GA, Lalitha PY, Goldberg AF, Schlenker RA, Cohn L, Rudman IW, Mattson DE 1990 Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med 323:1-6
50. Jorgensen JE, Pedersen SA, Thuesen L, Jorgensen J, Ingemann-Hansen T, Skakkebach NE, Christiansen JS 1989 Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults. Lancet 1:1221-1225
51. Marcus R, Butterfield G, Holloway L, Gilliland L, Baylink DJ, Hintz RL, Sherman BM 1990 Effects of short term administration of recombinant human growth hormone to elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:519-527
52. Clemmons DR, Underwood LE 1992 Role of insulin-like growth factors and growth hormone in reversing catabolic states. Horm Res 38S2:37-40
53. Lundeberg S, Belfrage M, Wernerman J, von der Decken A, Thunell S, Vinnars E 1991 Growth hormone improves muscle protein metabolism and whole body nitrogen economy in man during a hyponitrogenous diet. Metab Clin Exp 40:315-322
54. Hammarqvist G, Stromberg C, von der Decken A, Vinnars E, Wernerman J 1992 Biosynthetic human growth hormone preserves both muscle protein synthesis and the decrease in muscle-free glutamine, and improves whole-body nitrogen economy after operation. Ann Surg 216:184-191
55. Wernerman J 1993 Effect of growth hormone on muscle and protein in critically ill patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 128 [Suppl 2]:19-22
56. Sartorio A, Narici MV 1994 Growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults: effects on muscle size, strength, and neural activation. Clin Physiol 14:527-537
57. Rutherford O, Beshyah S, Schott J, Watkins Y, Johnston D 1995 Contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle in growth hormone-deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Sci 88:67-71
58. Beshyah S, Freemantle C, Shahi M, Anyaoku V, Merson S, Lynch S, Skinner E, Sharp P, Foale R, Johnston 1995 Replacement treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42: 73-84
59. Cameron C, Kostyo J, Adamafio N, Brostedt P, Roos P, Skottner A, Forsman A, Fryklund L, Skoog B 1988 The acute effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis are due to its insulin-like action. Endocrinology 122:471-474
60. Argetsinger LS, Hsu GW, Myers MG, Billestrup N, White MF, Carter-Su C 1995 Growth hormone, interferon-gamma, and leukemia inhibitory factor promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. J Biol Chem 270:14685-14692
61. Zhao X, Donovan SM 1995 Combined growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) treatment is more effective than GH or IGF-I alone at enhancing recovery from neonatal malnutrition in rats. J Nutr 125:2773-2786
62. Florini JR, Nicholson ML, Dulak NC 1977 Effects of peptide anabolic hormones on growth of myoblasts in culture. Endocrinology 101:32-41
63. Merrill GF, Florini JR, Dulak NC 1977 Effects of multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), on AIB transport into myoblast and myotube cultures. J Cell Physiol 93:173-179
64. Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1980 Relative effects of the somatomedins, multiplication-stimulating activity, and growth hormone on myoblasts and myotubes in culture. Endocrinology 106:577-583
65. Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1981 Effect of somatomedins and insulin on myoblast differentiation in vitro. Dev Biol 86:31-39
66. Harper JM, Soar JB, Buttery PJ 1987 Changes in protein metabolism of ovine primary muscle cultures on treatment with growth hormone, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I or epidermal growth factor. J Endocrinol 112:87-96
67. Allen RE, Masak KC, McAllister PG, Merkel RA 1983 Effect of growth hormone, testosterone, and serum concentration on actin synthesis in cultured satellite cells. J Anim Sci 56:833-846
68. Allen R, Dodson M, Boxhorn L, Davis S, Hossner K 1986 Satellite cell proliferation in response to pituitary hormones. J Anim Sci 62:1596-1601
69. Roe JA, Harper JM, Buttery PJ 1989 Protein metabolism in ovine primary muscle cultures derived from satellite cells: effects of selected peptide hormones and growth factors. J Endocrinol 122:565-571
70. Duclos MJ, Chevalier B, Goddard C, Simon J 1993 Regulation of amino acid transport and protein metabolism in myotubes derived from chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin-like growth factor-I. J Cell Physiol 157:650-657
71. Nixon BT, Green H 1984 Growth hormone promotes the differentiation of myoblasts and preadipocytes generated by azacytidine treatment of 10T1/2 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3429-3432
72. Adamafio N, Towns R, Kostyo J 1991 Growth hormone receptors and action in BC3H-1 myocytes. Growth Regul 1:17-22
73. Fryburg DA, Gelfand RA, Barrett EJ 1991 Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans. Am J Physiol 260:E499-E502
74. Fong Y, Rosenbaum M, Tracey K, Raman G, Hesse D, Matthews D, Leibel R, Gertner J, Fischman D, Lowry S 1989 Recombinant growth hormone enhances muscle myosin heavy-chain mRNA accumulation and amino acid accrual in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:3371-3374
75. Chow JC, Ling PR, Qu Z, Laviola L, Ciccarone A, Bistrian BR, Smith RJ 1996 Growth hormone stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5, but not IRS-1 or SHC proteins in liver and skeletal muscle of normal rats in vivo. Endocrinology 137: 2880-2886
76. Hill DJ, Crace CJ, Fowler L, Holder AT, Milner RDG 1984 Cultured fetal rat myoblasts release peptide growth factors which are immunologically and biologically similar to somatomedin. J Cell Physiol 119:349-358
77. Tanaka M, Hayashida Y, Sakaguchi K, Ohkubo T, Wakita M, Hoshino S, Nakashima K 1996 Growth hormone-independent expression of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in extrahepatic tissues of the chicken. Endocrinology 137:30-34
78. Pell J, Saunders J, Gilmour R 1993 Differential regulation of transcription initiation from insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) leader exons and of tissue IGF-I expression in response to changed growth hormone and nutrition. Endocrinology 132:1797-1807
79. Coleman M, Russell L, Etherton T 1994 Porcine somatotropin (pST) increases IGF-I mRNA abundance in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 72:918-924
80. Hannon K, Gronowski A, Trenkle A 1991 Relationship of liver and skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA to plasma GH profile, production of IGF-I by liver, plasma IGF-I concentrations, and growth rates of cattle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 196:155-163
81. Zanconato S, Moromisato D, Moromisato M, Woods J, BRasel J, LeRoith D, Roberts Jr CT, Copper D 1994 Effect of training and growth hormone suppression on insulin-like growth factor I mRNA in young rats. J Appl Physiol 76:2204-2209
82. Sommerland H, Ullman M, Jennische E, Skottner A, Oldfors A 1989 Muscle regeneration. The effect of hypophysectomy on cell proliferation and expression of insulin-like growth factor-I. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78:264-269
83. Turner JD, Rotwein P, Novakofski J, Bechtel PJ 1988 Induction of mRNA for IGF-I and -II during growth hormone-stimulated muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 255:E513-E517
84. Isgaard J, Carlsson L, Isaksson O, Jansson J 1988 Pulsatile intravenous growth hormone (GH) infusion to hypophysectomized rats increases insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in skeletal tissues more effectively than continuous infusion. Endocrinology 123:2605-2610
85. Pell JM, Bates PC 1992 Differential actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on tissue protein metabolism in dwarf mice. Endocrinology 130:1942-1950
86. Bates PC, Loughna PT, Pell JM, Schulster D, Millward DJ 1993 Interactions between growth hormone and nutrition in hypophysectomized rats: body composition and production of insulin-like growth factor-I. J Endocrinol 139:117-126
87. Loughna PT, Mason P, Bates PC 1992 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in skeletal muscle. Symp Soc Exp Biol 46:319-330
88. Clot JP, Benelli C, Fouque F, Desbuquois B, Durand D, Postel-Vinay MC 1992 Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is stimulated by GH in human mononuclear cells. A new tool to measure GH responsiveness in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:1258-1262
89. Kiess W, Butenandt O 1985 Specific growth hormone receptors on human peripheral mononuclear cells: reexpression, identification, and characterization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:740-746
90. Martini J, Villares S, Nagano M, Delehaye-Zervas M, Eymard B, Kelly P, Postel-Vinay M 1995 Quantitative analysis by polymerase chain reaction of growth hormone receptor gene expression in human liver and muscle. Endocrinology 136:1355-1360
91. Yao K, Niu P, Le Gac F, Le Bail P 1991 Presence of specific growth hormone binding sites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues: characterization of the hepatic receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 81:72-82
92. Pratt SL, Anthony RB 1995 The growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid present in ovine fetal liver is a variant form. Endocrinology 136:2150-2155
93. Ilondo MM, Damholdt A, Cunningham B, Wells JA, De Meyts P, Shymko RM 1994 Receptor dimerization determines the effects of growth hormone in primary rat adipocytes and cultured IM-9 lymphocytes. Endocrinology 134:2397-2403
94. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ, Wood W 1987 Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330:537-543
95. Sotiropoulos A, Goujon L, Simonin G, Kelly PA, Postel-Vinay MC, Finidori J 1993 Evidence for generation of the growth hormone-binding protein through proteolysis of the growth hormone membrane receptor. Endocrinology 132:1863-1865
96. Baumbach WR, Horner DL, Logan JS 1989 The growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum is an alternatively spliced form of the rat growth hormone receptor. Genes Dev 3:1199-1205
97. Smith WC, Kunikyoshi J, Talamantes F 1989 Mouse serum growth hormone (GH) binding protein has GH receptor extracellular and substituted transmembrane domains. Mol Endocrinol 3:984-990
98. Sadeghi H, Wang BS, Lumanglas AL, Logan JS, Baumbach WR 1990 Identification of the origin of the growth hormone-binding protein in rat serum. Mol Endocrinol 4:1799-1805
99. Mertani HC, Morel G 1995 In situ gene expression of growth hormone(GH) receptor and GH binding in adult male rat tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 109:47-61
100. Domene H, Cassorla F, Werner H, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1995 Rat growth hormone receptor/growth hormone-binding protein mRNAs with divergent 5′-untranslated regions are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. DNA Cell Biol 14:195-204
101. Adams T 1995 Differential expression of growth hormone receptor messenger RNA from a second promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 108:23-33
102. Mertani H, Delehaye-Zervas M, Martini J, Postel-Vinay M, Morel G 1995 Localization of growth hormone receptor messenger RNA in human tissues. Endocrine 3:135-142
103. Wickelgren R, Landin K, Ohlsson C, Carlsson L 1995 Expression of exon 3-retaining and exon 3-excluding isoforms of the human growth hormone-receptor is regulated in an interindividual, rather than a tissue-specific, manner. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2154-2157
104. Kaji H, Ohashi S, Abe H, Chihara K 1994 Regulation of the growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein mRNA. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 206:257-262
105. Dauncey M, Burton K, White P, Harrison A, Gilmour R, Duchamp C, Cattaneo D 1994 Nutritional regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. FASEB J 8:81-88
106. Jennische E, Andersson GL 1991 Expression of GH receptor mRNA in regenerating skeletal muscle of normal and hypophysectomized rats: an in situ hybridization study. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 125:595-602
107. Lobie P, Garcia-Aragon J, Wang B, Baumbach W, Waters M 1992 Cellular localization of the growth hormone binding protein in the rat. Endocrinology 130:3057-3065
108. Louveau I, Etherton T 1992 Characterization of somatotropin binding sites in pig skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 70:1801-1805
109. Fowden A 1995 Endocrine regulation of fetal growth. Reprod Fertil Dev 7:351-363
110. Edmondson S, Werther G, Russell A, LeRoith D, Roberts Jr CT, Beck F 1995 Localization of growth hormone receptor/binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) during rat fetal development: relationship to insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA. Endocrinology 136:4602-4609
111. Pratt S, Kappes S, Anthony R 1995 Ontogeny of a specific high-affinity binding site for ovine placental lactogen in fetal and postnatal liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 12:337-347
112. Spence S, Mattson B, Vetter C, Cukierski M, Prahalada S 1995 Effects of porcine growth hormone on pregnancy and fetal/neonatal development in the rat. Biol Neonate 68:62-74
113. Fholenhag K, Sandstrom I, Malmlof K, Skottner A, Nyberg F 1994 Human growth hormone does not cross the placenta of the pregnant rat. Growth Regul 4:181-187
114. Anthony R, Pratt S, Liang R, Holland M 1995 Placental-fetal hormonal interactions: impact on fetal growth. J Anim Sci 73:1861-1871
115. Cella S, Locatelli V, Broccia M, Menegola E, Giavini E, De Gennaro A, Colonna R, Torsello A, Wehren 1994 Long-term changes of somatotrophic function induced by deprivation of growth hormone-releasing hormone during the fetal life of the rat. J Endocrinol 140:111-117
116. Bichell DP, Kikuchi K, Rotwein P 1992 Growth hormone rapidly activates insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 6:1899-1908
117. Domene H, Krishnamurthi K, Eshet R, Gilad I, Laron Z, Koch I, Stannard B, Cassorla F, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1993 Growth hormone (GH) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-I-binding protein-3, but not GH receptor gene expression in livers of juvenile rats. Endocrinology 133:675-682
118. Thomas M, Kikuchi K, Bichell D, Rotwein P 1994 Rapid activation of rat insulin-like growth factor-I gene transcription by growth hormone reveals no alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid-protein interactions within the major promoter. Endocrinology 135:1584-1592
119. Gronowski A, Zhong Z, Wen Z, Thomas M, Darnell JEJ, Rotwein P 1995 In vivo growth hormone treatment rapidly stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat3. Mol Endocrinol 9:171-177
120. Wood TL 1995 Gene-targeting and transgenic approaches to IGF and IGF binding protein function. Am J Physiol 269:E613-E622
121. Liu J-L, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A 1993 Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-I) and type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1r). Cell 75: 59-72
122. Powell-Braxton L, Hollingshead P, Warburton C, Dowd M, Pitts-Meek S, Dalton D, Gillett N, Stewart TA 1993 IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice. Genes Dev 7:2609-2617
123. Hasty P, Bradley A, Morris JH, Edmondson DG, Venuti JM, Olson EN, Klein WH 1993 Muscle deficiency and neonatal death in mice with a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene. Nature 364:501-535
124. Nabeshima Y, Hanaoka K, Hayasaka M, Esumi E, Li S, Nonaka I, Nabeshima Y 1993 Myogenin gene disruption results in perinatal lethality because of severe muscle defect. Nature 364:532-535
125. Sell C, Dumenil G, Deveaud C, Miura M, Coppola D, DeAngelis T, Rubin R, Efstratiadis A, Baserga R 1994 Effect of a null mutation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene on growth and transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 14: 3604-3612
126. Chen C, Jack J, Garofalo RS 1996 The Drosophila insulin receptor is required for normal growth. Endocrinology 137:846-856
127. Chen X, Levkowitz G, Tzahart E, Karunagaran D, Lavi S, Ben- Baruch N, Leitner O, Ratzkin B, Bacus S, Yarden Y 1996 An immunological approach reveals biological differences between the two NDF/Heregulin receptors, erbB-3 and erbB-4. J Biol Chem 271:7620-7629
128. Mathews LS, Hammer RE, Behringer RR, D'Ercole AJ, Bell GI, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD 1988 Growth enhancement of transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology 123:2827-2833
129. Rogler CE, Yang D, Rossetti L, Donohoe J, Alt E, Chang CJ, Rosenfeld R, Neely K, Hintz R 1994 Altered body composition and increased frequency of diverse malignancies in insulin-like growth factor-II transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 269:13779-13784
130. Ewton DZ, Falen SL, Florini JR 1987 The type II IGF receptor has low affinity for IGF-I analogs: pleiotypic actions of IGFs on myoblasts are apparently mediated by the type I receptor. Endocrinology 120:115-124
131. Florini JR, Ewton DZ 1990 Highly specific inhibition of IGF-I-stimulated differentiation by an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide to myogenin MRNA; no effects on other actions of IGF-I. J Biol Chem 265:13435-13437
132. McWade FJ, Ewton DZ, Florini JR, Mitogenic competence factor, a serum component that is necessary for IGFs to stimulate myoblast proliferation and suppresses their ability to stimulate differentiation. Program of the 77th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1995, p 520 (Abstract)
133. Dodson MV, Allen RE, Hossner KL 1985 Ovine somatomedin, multiplication-stimulating activity, and insulin promote skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in vitro. Endocrinology 117:2357-2363
134. Allen RE, Boxhorn LK 1989 Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor-I, and fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Physiol 138:311-315
135. Dodson MV, Mathison BA 1988 Comparison of ovine and rat muscle-derived satellite cells: response to insulin. Tissue Cell 20: 909-918
136. Johnson SE, Allen RE 1990 The effects of bFGF, IGF-I, and TGF-beta on RMo skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 187:250-254
137. Duclos MJ, Wilkie RS, Goddard C 1991 Stimulation of DNA synthesis in chicken muscle satellite cells by insulin and IGFs: evidence for exclusive mediation by a type-I IGF receptor. J Endocrinol 128:35-42
138. Minshall RD, McFarland DC, Doumit ME 1990 Interaction of insulin-like growth factor I with turkey satellite cells and satellite cell-derived myotubes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 7:413-424
139. McFarland DC, Pesall JE, Gilkerson KK 1993 The influence of growth factors on turkey embryonic myoblasts and satellite cells in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 89:415-424
140. Hembree JR, Hathaway MR, Dayton WR 1991 Isolation and culture of fetal porcine myogenic cells and the effect of insulin, IGF-I, and sera on protein turnover in porcine myotube cultures. J Anim Sci 69:3241-3250
141. Vandenburgh HH, Karlisch P, Shansky J, Feldstein R 1991 Insulin and IGF-I induce pronounced hypertrophy of skeletal myofibers in tissue culture. Am J Physiol 260:C475-C484
142. McFarland DC, Pesall JE, Gilkerson KK, Ferrin NH, Ye WV, Swenning TA 1994 Comparison of protein metabolism and glucose uptake in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) satellite cells and embryonic myoblasts in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol 107A:301-306
143. Dodson MV, McFarland DC, Grant AL, Doumit ME, Velleman SG 1996 Invited review: extrinsic regulation of domestic animalderived satellite cells. Domestic Anim Endocrinol 13:107-126
144. Florini J, Magri K, Ewton D, James P, Grindstaff K, Rotwein P 1991 "Spontaneous" differentiation of skeletal myoblasts is controlled by autocrine secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II. J Biol Chem 266:15917-15923
145. Ewton DZ, Erwin BG, Pegg AE, Florini JR 1984 The role of polyamines in somatomedin-stimulated differentiation of L6 myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 120:263-270
146. Ballard FJ, Francis GL 1983 Effects of anabolic agents on protein breakdown in L6 myoblasts. Biochem J 210:243-249
147. Hong D-H, Forsberg NE 1994 Effects of serum and insulin-like growth factor I on protein degradation and protease gene expression in rat L8 myotubes. J Anim Sci 72:2279-2288
148. Giorgino F, Smith RJ 1995 Dexamethasone enhances insulin-like growth factor-I effects on skeletal muscle cell proliferation, role of specific intracellular signaling pathways. J Clin Invest 96:1473-1483
149. Guerriero Jr VJ, Florini JR 1980 Dexamethasone effects on myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Endocrinology 106:1198-1204
150. de la Haba G, Cooper GW, Elting V 1966 Hormonal requirements for myogenesis in vitro: insulin and somatotropin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 56:1719-1723
151. Florini JR, Ewton DZ 1981 Insulin acts as a somatomedin analog in stimulating myoblast growth in serum-free medium. In Vitro 17:763-768
152. Schmid C, Steiner T, Froesch ER 1983 Preferential enhancement of myoblast differentiation by insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in primary cultures of chicken embryonic cells. FEBS Lett 161:117-121
153. Pinset C, MontarRas D, Chenevert J, Minty A, Barton P, Lauerent C, Gros F 1988 Control of myogenesis in the mouse myogenic C2 cell line by medium composition and by insulin: characterization of permissive and inducible C2 myoblasts. Differentiation 38:28-34
154. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Falen SL, Van Wyk JJ 1986 Biphasic concentration dependency of the stimulation of myoblast differentiation by somatomedins. Am J Physiol (Cell Physiol) 250:771-778
155. Quinn LS, Ehsan M, Steinmetz B, Kaleko M 1993 Ligand-dependent inhibition of myoblast differentiation by overexpression of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. J Cell Physiol 156:453-461
156. Olson E 1993 Signal transduction pathways that regulate skeletal muscle gene expression. MolI Endocrinol 7:1369-1378
157. Konigsberg IR 1971 Diffusion-mediated control of myoblast fusion. Dev Biol 26:133-152
158. Ewton DZ, Roof SL, Magri KA, McWade FJ, Florini JR 1994 IGF-II is more active than IGF-I in stimulating L6A1 myogenesis: greater mitogenic actions of IGF-I delay differentiation. J Cell Physiol 161: 277-284
159. Davis RL, Weintraub H, Lassar AB 1987 Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 51:987-1000
160. Weintraub H 1993 The myoD family and myogenesis: redundancy, networks, and thresholds. Cell 75:1241-1244
161. Olson EN, Klein WH 1994 BHLH factors in muscle development: dead lines and commitments, what to leave in and what to leave out. Genes Dev 8:1-8
162. Ontell M, Ontell G, Buckingham M 1995 Muscle-specific gene expression during myogenesis in the mouse. Micro Res Tech 30: 354-365
163. Muscat GE, Downes M, Dowhan D 1995 Regulation of vertebrate muscle differentiation by thyroid hormone: the role of the myoD gene family. Bioessays 17:211-218
164. Ludolph DC, Konieczny SF 1995 Transcription factor families: muscling in on the myogenic program. FASEB J 9:1595-1604
165. Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Roof SL 1991 IGF-I stimulates terminal myogenic differentiation by induction of myogenin gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 5:718-724
166. Olson EN, Arnold H-H, Rigby PWJ, Wold BJ 1996 Know your neighbors: three phenotypes in null mutants of the myogenic bHLH gene MRF4. Cell 85:1-4
167. Mangiacapra FJ, Roof SL, Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1992 Paradoxical decrease in myf-5 MRNA levels during induction of myogenic differentiation by IGFs. Mol Endocrinol 6:2038-2044
168. Rawls A, Morris JH, Rudnicki M, Braun T, Arnold HH, Klein WH, Olson EN 1995 Myogenin's functions do not overlap with those of myoD or myf-5 during mouse embryogenesis. Dev Biol 172:37-50
169. Quinn LS, Steinmetz B, Maas A, Ong L, Kaleko M 1994 Type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor overexpression produces dual effects on myoblast proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Physiol 159:387-398
170. Turo KA, Florini JR 1982 Hormonal stimulation of myoblast differentiation in the absence of DNA synthesis. Am J Physiol (Cell Physiol 12) 243:C278-C284
171. Rosenthal SM, Cheng Z-Q 1995 Opposing early and late effects of insulin-like growth factor I on differentiation and the cell cycle regulatory retinoblastoma protein in skeletal myoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10307-10311
172. LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Honson D, Roberts Jr CT 1995 Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocr Rev 16:143-163
173. Jones JI, Clemmons DR 1995 Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 16:3-34
174. Shimizu M, Webster C, Morgan DO, Blau HM, Roth RA 1986 Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors and responses in cultured human muscle cells. Am J Physiol 251:E611-E615
175. De Vroede MA, Romanus JA, Standaert ML, Pollett RJ, Nissley SP, Rechler MM 1984 Interaction of insulin-like growth factors with a nonfusing mouse muscle cell line: binding, action, and receptor down-regulation. Endocrinol 114:1917-1929
176. Yu K-T, Czech MP 1984 The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor mediates the rapid effects of multiplication-stimulating activity on membrane transport systems in rat soleus muscles. J Biol Chem 259:3090-3095
177. Beguinot F, Kahn CR, Moses AC, Smith RJ 1985 Distinct biologically active
178. Ballard FJ, Read LC, Francis GL, Barley CJ, Wallace JC 1986 Binding properties and biological potencies of insulin-like growth factors in L6 myoblasts. Biochem J 233:223-230
179. Bassas L, Lesniak MA, Serrano J, Roth J, de Pablo F 1988 Developmental regulation of insulin and type I insulin-like growth factor receptors and absence of type II receptors in chicken embryo tissues. Diabetes 37:637-644
180. McFarland DC, Ferrin NH, Gilkerson KK, Pesall JE 1992 Tissue distribution of insulin-like growth factors in the turkey. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 103:601-607
181. Morgan DO, Edman JC, Standring DN, Fried VA, Smith MC, Roth RA, Rutter WJ 1987 Insulin-like growth factor-II receptor as a multifunctional binding protein. Nature 329:301-307
182. Moxham CP, Duronio V, Jacobs S 1989 Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor β-subunit heterogeneity, evidence for hybrid tetramers composed of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin receptor heterodimers. J Biol Chem 264:13238-13244
183. Alexandrides T, Moses AC, Smith RJ 1989 Developmental expression of receptors for insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and IGF-II in rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 124:1064-1076
184. Alexandrides TK, Smith RJ 1989 A novel fetal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor in multiple human tissues during fetal life and early infancy. J Biol Chem 1292:12930
185. Funk B, Kessler U, Eisenmenger W, Hansmann A, Kolb HJ, Kiess W 1992 Expression of the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in multiple human tissues during fetal life and early infancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:424-431
186. Barenton B, Domeyne A, Garandel V, Garofalo RS 1993 A developmentally regulated form of insulin-like growth factor receptor beta-subunit in C2 myoblasts exhibiting altered requirements of differentiation. Endocrinology 133:651-660
187. Domeyne A, Pinset C, Montarras D, Garandel V, Rosenfeld RG, Barenton B 1992 Preferential binding of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) to a putative α2β2 IGF-II receptor type in C2 myoblasts. Eur J Biochem 208:273-279
188. Ewton DZ, Spizz G, Olson EN, Florini JR 1988 Decrease in transforming growth factor-β binding and action during differentiation in muscle cells. J Biol Chem 263:4029-4032
189. Tollefsen SE, Lajara R, McCusker RH, Clemmons DR, Rotwein P 1989 Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) in muscle development. Expression of IGF-I, the IGF-I receptor, and an IGF binding protein during myoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 264:13810-13817
190. Tollefsen SE, Sadow JL, Rotwein P 1989 Coordinate expression of insulin-like growth factor II and its receptor during muscle differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1543-1547
191. Rosenthal SM, Brunetti A, Brown EJ, Mamula PW, Goldfine ID 1991 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor expression during muscle cell differentiation: Potential autocrine role of IGF-II. J Clin Invest 87:1212-1219
192. Rosenthal SM, Brown EJ 1994 Mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II-induced IGF-I receptor down-regulation in BC3H-1 muscle cells. J Endocrinol 141:69-74
193. Rosenthal SM, Brown EJ, Brunetti A, Goldfine ID 1991 Fibroblast-growth factor inhibits insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene expression and increases IGF-I receptor abundance in BC3H1 muscle cells. Mol Endocrinol 5:678-684
194. Yang H, Newy DM, Luo HC, Adamo ML, Elevated kidney and muscle IGF-I receptor mRNA levels in rats treated with dexamethasone and maintained with total parenteral nutrition. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, 1994, p 587 (Abstract)
195. Nishimoto I, Murayama Y, Katada T, Ui M, Ogata E 1989 Possible direct linkage of insulin-like growth factor-II receptor with guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 264:14029-14038
196. Rogers SA, Hammerman MR 1989 Mannose 6-phosphate potentiates insulin-like growth factor II-stimulated inositol triphosphate production in proximal tubular basolateral membranes. J Biol Chem 264:4273-4276
197. Kiess W, Hasskell JF, Lee L, Greenstein LA, Miller BE, Aarons AL, Rechler MM, Nissley SP 1987 An antibody that blocks insulin-like growth factor binding to the type II IGF receptor is neither an agonist nor an inhibitor of IGF-stimulated biologic responses in L6 myoblasts. J Biol Chem 262:12745-22751
198. Sakano K, Enjoh T, Numata F, Fujiwara H, Marumoto Y, Higashihash N, Sato Y, Perdue JF, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y 1991 The design, expression, characterization of human IGF-II mutants specific for either the IGF-II/Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor or IGF-I receptor. J Biol Chem 266:20626-20635
199. Beukers MW, Oh Y, Zang H, Ling N, Rosenfeld RG 1991 [Leu27] insulin-like growth factor II is highly selective for the type-II IGF receptor in binding, cross-linking, and thymidine incorporation experiments. Endocrinology 128:1201-1203
200. Burgisser DM, Roth BV, Giger R, Luthi C, Weigl S, Zarn J, Humbel RE 1991 Mutants of human insulin-like growth factor II with altered affinities for the type 1 and type 2 insulin-like growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 266:1029-1033
201. Ewton DZ, Magri KA, Florini JR 1994 The roles of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBPs in myogenesis. In: Baxter RC, Gluckman PD, Rosenfeld RG (eds) The Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Their Regulatory Proteins. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 283-290
202. Burguera B, Wlton CW, Caro JF, Tapscott EB, Pories WJ, Dimarchi R, Sakano K, Dohm GL 1994 Stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin-like growth factor II in human muscle is not mediated by the insulin-like growth factor II/Mannose-6-phosphate receptor. Biochem J 300:781-785
203. Magri KA, Benedict MR, Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1994 Negative feedback regulation of IGF-II gene expression in differentiating myoblasts in vitro. Endocrinology 135:53-62
204. Rosenthal S, Hsiao D, Silverman L 1994 An insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) analog with highly selective affinity for IGF-II receptors stimulates differentiation, but not IGF-I receptor down-regulation in muscle cells. Endocrinology 135:38-44
205. Bach LA, Salemi R, Leeding KS 1995 Roles of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors and IGF-binding protein in IGF-II-induced proliferation and differentiation of L6A1 rat myoblasts. Endocrinology 136:5061-5069
206. Minniti CP, Helman LJ 1994 IGF-II in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma: a prototype of IGFs involvement in human tumorigenesis. In: LeRoith D, Raisada MK (eds) Current Directions in Growth Factor Research, Plenum Press, New York, pp 327-343
207. Minniti CP, Maggi M, Helman LJ 1992 Suramin inhibits the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma cells by interrupting the insulin-like growth factor II autocrine growth loop. Cancer Res 52:1830-1835
208. El-Badry OM, Minniti CP, Kohn EC, Houghton PJ, Daughaday WJ, Helman LJ 1990 Insulin-like growth factor II acts as an autocrine growth and motility factor in human rhabdomyosarcoma tumors. Cell Growth Differ 1:325-331
209. Kalebic T, Tsokos M, Helman L 1994 In vivo treatment with antibody against IGF-1 receptor suppresses growth of human rhabdomyosarcoma and down-regulates p34cdc2. Cancer Res 54:5531-5534
210. Liu J-L, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A 1993 Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-I) and type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1r). Cell 75: 59-72
211. Lau MMH, Stewart CEH, Liu Z, Bhatt H, Rotwein P, Stewart CL 1994 Loss of the imprinted IGF2/Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor results in fetal overgrowth and perinatal lethality. Genes Dev 8:1953-1963
212. Wang ZQ, Fung MR, Barlow DP, Wagner EF 1994 Regulation of embryonic growth and lysosomal targeting by the imprinted IGF2/Mpr gene. Nature 372:464-467
213. Czech MP 1989 Signal transmission by the insulin-like growth factors. Cell 59:235-238
214. Filson AJ, Louvi A, Efstratiadis A, Robertson EJ 1993 Rescue of the T-associated maternal effect in mice carrying null mutations of IGF-2 and IGF2R, two reciprocally imprinted genes. Development 118:731-736
215. Baker J, Liu J-P, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A 1993 Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell 75: 73-82
216. Quinn LS, Roh JS 1993 Overexpression of the human type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor in rat L6 myoblasts induces ligand-dependent cell proliferation and inhibition of differentiation. Exp Cell Res 208:504-508
217. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1993 Role of tyrosine kinase activity in signal transduction by the IGF receptor. Characterization of kinase-deficient IGF-I receptors and the action of an IGF-I-mimimetic antibody (α-IR-3). J Biol Chem 268: 2655-2661
218. Gronborg M, Wulff BS, Rasmussen JS, Kjeldsen T, Gammeltoft S 1993 Structure-function relationship of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 258:23435-23440
219. Kato H, Faria TN, Stannard B, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1994 Essential role of tyrosine residues 1131, 1135, and 1136 of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor in IGF-I action. Mol Endocrinol 8:40-50
220. Li W, Nishimura R, Kashishian A, Batzer AG, Kim WJH, Cooper JA, Schlessinger J 1994 A new function for a phosphotyrosine phosphatase: linking GRB2-sos to a receptor tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 14509-517
221. Rosenthal SM, Cheng ZQ, Hsiao D, Woo EJ, Filvaroff EH, Gustafson TA, Use of a kinase-inactive insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor to study the relationship between proliferation and differentiation during myogenesis. Program of the 77th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington DC, 1995, p 82 (Abstract)
222. Blakesley VA, Kalebic T, Helman LJ, Stannart B, Faria TN, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1996 Tumorigenic and mitogenic capacities are reduced in transfected fibroblasts expressing mutant IGF-1 receptors. The role of tyrosine residues 1250, 1251, and 1316 in the carboxy terminus of the IGF receptor. Endocrinology 137: 410-417
223. Cheatham B, Kahn CR 1995 Insulin action and the insulin signaling network. Endocr Rev 16:117-142
224. Sun XJ, Miralpeix M, Myers Jr MG, Glasheen EM, Backer JB, Kahn CR, White MF 1992 Expression and function of IRS-1 in insulin signal transmission. J Biol Chem 267:22662-22672
225. Myers Jr JG, White MF 1993 The new elements of insulin signaling: insulin receptor substrate-1 and proteins with SH2 domains. Diabetes 42:643-650
226. Myers Jr MG, Sun XJ, Cheatham B, Jachna BR, Glasheen EM, Backer JM, White MF 1993 IRS-1 is a common element in insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I signaling to the phosphatidyl 3′-kinase. Endocrinology 132:1421-1430
227. White MF, Kahn CR 1994 The insulin signaling system. J Biol Chem 266:1-4
228. Skolnik E, Lee C, Batzer A, Vicentini L, Zhou M, Daly R, Myers M, Backer H, Ullrich A, White M, Schlessinger J 1993 The SH2/SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS1 and Shc: implications for insulin control of Ras signaling. EMBO J 12:1929-1936
229. 227a. Skolnik E, Batzer A, Li N, Lee C, Lowenstein E, Mohammadi M, Margolis B, Schlessinger J 1993 The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways. Science 260:1953-1955
230. Lee CH, Nishimura R, Zhou M, Batzer AB, Myers MG, White MF, Schlessinger J, Skolnik EY 1993 Nek associates with the SH2 domain-docking protein IRS-1 in insulin-stimulated cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11713-11717
231. Beitner-Johnson D, Blakesley VA, Shen-Orr Z, Jimenez M, Stannard B, Wang L-M, Pierce J, LeRoith D 1996 The protooncogene product c-Crk associates with insulin receptor substrate-1 and 4Ps. Modulation by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF) and enhanced IGF-I signaling. J Biol Chem 271:9287-9290
232. Kuhne MR, Pawson T, Lienhard GE, Feng G-S 1993 The insulin receptor substrate 1 associates with the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase Syp. J Biol Chem 268:11479-11481
233. Myers Jr MG, Backer JM, Sun X-J, Showelson SE, Hu P, Schlessinger J, Yoakim M, Sschaffhausen B, White MF 1992 IRS-1 activates the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase pathway by associating with the src homology 2 domains of p85. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10350-10354
234. Antonetti DA, Algenstaedt P, Kahn CR 1996 Insulin receptor substrate 1 binds two novel splice variants of the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in muscle and brain. Mol Cell Biol 16:2195-2203
235. Beguinot F, Kahn CR, Moses AC, White MF, Smith RJ 1989 Differentiation-dependent phosphorylation of a 175, 000 molecular weight protein in response to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 125:1599-1605
236. Lamphere L, Lienhard GE 1992 Components of signaling pathways for insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I in muscle myoblasts and myotubes. Endocrinology 131:2186-2202
237. Ewton DZ, Coolican SA, Florini JR, Signal transduction pathways in IGF stimulated L6A1 myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Abstract of the 10th International Congress of Endocrinology, San Francisco, CA, 1996, P2-225 (Abstract)
238. Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Balzer AG, Li W, Margolis B, Lammers R, Ullrich A, Skolnik EY, Bar-Sagi D, Schlessinger J 1992 The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing proteins GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras signaling. Cell 70:431-442
239. McCormick F 1993 Signal transduction: how receptors turn Ras on. Nature 363:15-16
240. Olivier JP, Raabe T, Henkemeyer M, Dickson B, Mbamalu G, Margolis B, Schlessinger J, Hafen E, Pawson T 1993 A Drosophila SH2-SH3 adapter protein implicated in coupling the sevenless tyrosine kinase to an activator of Ras guanine exchange, Sos. Cell 73:179-191
241. Egan SE, Giddings BW, Brooks MW, Buday L, Sizeland AM, Weinberg RA 1993 Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 363:45-51
242. Marshall M 1995 Interactions between Ras and Raf: key regulatory proteins in cellular transformation. Mol Reprod Dev 42:493-499
243. Crews CM, Erikson RL 1993 Extracellular signals and reversible protein phosphorylation: what to MEK of it all. Cell 74:215-217
244. Boguski MS, McCormick F 1993 Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 366:643-653
245. Derijard B, Hibi M, Wu I, Barrett T, Su B, Deng T, Karin M, Davis R 1994 JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the C-Jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025-1037
246. Han J, Lee J-D, Bibbs L, Ulevitch RJ 1994 A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science 265:808-811
247. Rouse J, Cohen P, Trigon S, Morange M, Alonso-Liamazares A, Zamanillo D, Hunt T, Nebreda AR 1994 A novel kinase cascade triggered by stress and heat shock that stimulates MAP kinase-2 and phosphorylation of the small heat shock proteins. Cell 78: 1027-1037
248. Yuan W, Condorelli G, Caruso M, Felsani A, Giordano A 1996 Human p300 protein is a coactivator for the transcription factor MyoD. J Biol Chem 271:9009-9013
249. Derijard B, Raingeaud J, Barrett T, Wu I-H, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ 1995 Independent human MAP kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms. Science 267: 682-685
250. Davis RJ 1993 The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 268:14553-14556
251. Vogel W, Lammers R, Huang J, Ullrich A 1993 Activation of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase by tyrosine phosphorylation. Science 259:1611-1614
252. Lechleider RJ, Sugimoto S, Bennett AM, Kashishian AS, Cooper AM, Shoelson SE, Walsh CT, Neel BG 1993 Activation of the SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP2 by its binding site, phosphotyrosine 1009, on the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. J Biol Chem 268:21478-21481
253. Sugimoto S, Wandless TJ, Shoelson SE, Neel BG, Walsh CT 1994 Activation of the SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, SH-PTP2, by phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from insulin receptor substrate-1. J Biol Chem 269:13614-13622
254. Xiao S, Rose DW, Sasaoka T, Meaegawa H, Burke Jr TR, Roller PP, Shoelson SE, Olefsky JM 1994 Syp (SH-PTP2) is a positive mediator of growth factor-stimulated mitogenic signal transduction. J Biol Chem 269:21244-21248
255. Milarski KL, Saltiel AR 1994 Expression of catalytically inactive Syp phosphatase in 3T3 cells blocks stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by insulin. J Biol Chem 269:21239-21243
256. Kenner KA, Hill DE, Olefsky JM, Kusari J 1993 Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I. J Biol Chem 268:25455-25462
257. Begum N, Robinson LJ, Draznin B, Heidenreich KA 1993 Protein phosphatase-1 and -2a activities in cultured fetal chick neurons: differential regulation by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrine 133:2085-2090
258. Otsu M, Hiles I, Gout I, Fry MJ, Ruislarrea F, Panayuotou G, Thompson A, Dhand R, Hsuan J, Totty N, Smith AD, Morgan S, Courtneidge SA, Parker PJ, Waterfield MD 1991 Characterization of two 85 kD proteins that associate with receptor tyrosine kinases, middle-T/pp60C-src complexes and PI3 kinase. Cell 65:91-94
259. Backer J, Myers M, Shoelson S, Chin D, Sun X-J, Miralpeix M, Hu P, Margolis B, Skolnik E, Schlessinger J, White M 1992 The phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase is activated by association with IRS-1 during insulin stimulation. EMBO J 11:3469-3479
260. Sun X-D, Crimmins DL, Myers Jr MG, Miralpeix M, White MF 1993 Pleiotropic insulin signals are engaged by multisite phosphorylation of IRS-1. Mol Cell Biol 13:7418-7424
261. Cantley LC, Auger KR, Carpenter C, Duckworth B, Graziani A, Kapeller R, Soltoff S 1991 Oncogenes and signal transduction. Cell 64:281-302
262. Giorgino F, Pedrini M, Smith RJ, Differential regulation of distinct components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex by dexamethasone. Program of the 75 Annual Meetingg of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, 1994, p 979 (Abstract)
263. Proud CG 1996 p70 S6 kinase: an enigma with variations. Trends Biochem Sci 21:181-185
264. Azpiazu I, Saltiel AR, DePaoli-Roach AA, Lawrence Jr JC 1996 Regulation of both glycogen synthase and PHAS-I by insulin in rat skeletal muscle involves mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent and rapamycin-sensitive pathways. J Biol Chem 271:5033-5039
265. Taha C, Mitsumoto Y, Liu Z, Skolnik EY, Klip A 1995 The insulin-dependent biosynthesis of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in L6 muscle cells is mediated by distinct pathways - roles of p21Ras and pp70 S6 kinase. J Biol Chem 270:24678-24681
266. Patti M, Sun X, Bruening J, Araki E, Lipes M, White M, Kahn C 1995 4PS/insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 is the alternative substrate of the insulin receptor in IRS-1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 270:24670-24673
267. Wang P, Nakagawa Y, Humphreys-Beher M 1993 Epidermal growth factor and isoproterenol stimulation of the Ras-guanine nucleotide exchange factor in proliferating rat parotid gland acinar cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192:860-866
268. Sun XJ, Wang L-M, Zhang Y, Yenush L, Myers Jr MG, Glasheen E, Lane WS, Pierce JH, White MF 1995 Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signaling. Nature 377:173-177
269. Tobe K, Tamemoto H, Yamauchi T, Aizawa S, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T 1995 Identification of a 190-kDa protein as a novel substrate for the insulin receptor kinase functionally similar to insulin receptor substrate-1. J Biol Chem 270:5698-5701
270. Krook A, Moller DE, Dib K, O'Rahilly S 1996 Two naturally occurring mutant insulin receptors phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) but fail to mediate the biological effects of insulin. Evidence that IRS-1 phosphorylation is not sufficient for normal insulin action. J Biol Chem 271:7134-7140
271. Sawke-Verhelle D, Tartare-Deckert S, White MF, Van Obberghen E 1996 Insulin receptor substrate-2 binds to the insulin receptor through its phosphotyrosine-binding domain and through a newly identified domain comprising amino acids 591-786. J Biol Chem 271:5980-5983
272. Pelicci G, Lanfrancone L, Grignani F, McGlade J, Cavallo F, Forni G, Pawson T, Pelicci PG 1992 A novel transforming protein (Shc) with an SH2 domain is implicated in mitogenic signal transduction. Cell 70:93-104
273. Yokote K, Mori S, Hansen K, McGlade J, Pawson T, Heldin C-H, Claesson-Welsh L 1994 Direct interaction between Shc and the platelet-derived growth factor β-receptor. J Biol Chem 269:15337-15343
274. Gustafson TA, He W, Craparo A, Schaub CD, O'Neill TJ 1995 Phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction of SHC and insulin receptor substrate 1 with the NPEY motif of the insulin receptor via a novel non-SH2 domain. Mol Cell Biol 15:2500-2508
275. Craparo A, O'Neill TJ, Gustafson TA 1995 Non-SH3 domains within insulin receptor substrate-1 and SHC mediate their phosphotyrosine-dependent interaction with the NPEY motif of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Biol Chem 270:15639-15643
276. Yonezawa K, Ando A, Kaburagi Y, Yamamoto-Honda R, Kiamura T, Hara K, Nakafuku M, Okabayashi Y, Kasowaki T, Kaziro Y, Kasuga M 1994 Signal transduction pathways from insulin receptor to Ras. J Biol Chem 269:4634-4640
277. Kuhne MR, Zhao Z, Rowles J, Lavan BE, Shen S-H Fischer EH, Lienhard GE 1994 Dephosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by the tyrosine phosphatase PTP2C. J Biol Chem 269:12220-12228
278. Yamauchi K, Pessin JE 1994 Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and She compete for a limited pool of Grb2 in mediating insulin downstream signaling. J Biol Chem 269:31107-31114
279. Sasaoka T, Rose DW, Jhun BH, Saltiel AR, Draznin B, Olefsky JM 1994 Evidence for a functional role of Shc proteins in mitogenic signaling induced by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 269:13689-13694
280. Beitner-Johnson D, LeRoith D 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous c-Crk. J Biol Chem 270:5187-5190
281. + exchanger activation with epidermal growth factor in hepatocytes. Hepatology 20:966-974
282. Matsuda M, Hashimoto Y, Muroya K, Hasegawa H, Kurata T, Tanaka S 1994 CRK protein binds to two guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins for the Ras family and modulates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Ras in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biol 14: 5495-5500
283. Laviola L, Giorgino F, Hansen H, Chow JC, Baqero JA, Riedel H, Smith RJ 1995 Cloning of a novel IGF-I and insulin receptor interacting protein with the yeast two-hybrid system. Program of the 77th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1995, p 67 (Abstract)
284. Mastick CC, Kato H, Roberts CT, LeRoith D, Saltiel AR 1994 Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors similarly stimulate deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis despite differences in cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Endocrinology 135:214-222
285. Tartare-Deckert S, Murdaca J, Sawka-Verhelle D, Holt KH, Pessin JE, Van Obberghen E 1996 Interaction of the molecular weight 85K regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with the insulin receptor and the IGF-I receptor: comparative study using the yeast two-hybrid system. Endocrinology 137:1019-1024
286. Okada S, Yamauchi K, Pessin JE 1995 She isoform-specific tyrosine phosphorylation by the insulin and epidermal growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 270:20737-20741
287. Alessi DR, Cuenda A, Cohen P, Dudley DT, Saltiel AR 1995 PD 098059 is a specific inhibitor of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 270:27489-27494
288. Kuo WL, Abe M, Rhee J, Eves EM, McCarthy SA, Yan M, Templeton DJ, McMahon M, Rosner MR 1996 Raf, but not MEK or ERK, is sufficient for differentiation of hippocampal neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biol 16:1458-1470
289. Lin T-A, Kong X, Saltiel AR, Blackshear PJ, Lawrence Jr JC 1995 Control of PHAS-I by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. synthesis degradation, and phosphorylation by a rapamycin-sensitive and mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 270:18531-18538
290. De Meyts P, Christoffersen CT, Urso B, Wallach B, Gronskov K, Yakushiji F, Shymko RM 1995 Role of the time factor in signaling specificity: application to mitogenic and metabolic signaling by the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinases. Metabolism 44:2-11
291. Ong J, Yamashita S, Melmed S 1987 Insulin-like growth factor I induces c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 120:353-357
292. Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Kahn CR 1991 Insulin-like growth factor-mediated phosphorylation and protooncogene induction in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Endocrinol 5:51-60
293. Chiou ST, Chang WC 1992 Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates transcription of the c-jun proto-oncogene in Balb/c 3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 183:524-531
294. Angel P, Imagawa M, Chiu R, Stein B, Imbra JR, Rahmsdorf HJ, Jonat C, Herrlich P, Karin M 1987 Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 49:729-739
295. Rahm M, Jin P, Sumegi J, Sejersen T 1989 Elevated c-fos expression inhibits differentiation of L6 rat myoblasts. J Cell Physiol 139:237-244
296. Lassar AB, Thayer MJ, Overell RW, Weintraub H 1989 Transformation by activated Ras or Fos prevents myogenesis by inhibiting expression of MyoD1. Cell 58:659-667
297. Li L, Zhou J, James B, Heller-Harrison R, Czech MP, Olson EN 1992 FGF inactivates myogenic helix-loop-helix proteins through phosphorylation of a conserved protein kinase C site in their DNA-binding domains. Cell 71:1181-1194
298. Sarbassov D, Stefanova R, Grigoriev V, Peterson C 1995 Role of insulin-like growth factors and myogenin in the altered program of proliferation and differentiation in the NFB4 mutant muscle cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10874-10878
299. Monnier D, Boutillier AL, Giraud P, Chiu R, Aunis D, Feltz P, Zwiller J, Loeffer JP 1994 Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates C-fos and C-jun transcription in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 104:139-145
300. McCusker RH, Clemmons DR 1988 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein secretion by muscle cells: effects of cellular differentiation and proliferation. J Cell Physiol 137:505-512
301. McCusker RH, Camacho-Hubner C, Clemmons DR 1989 Identification of the types of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins that are secreted by muscle cells in vitro. J Biol Chem 264:7795-7800
302. McCusker RH, Clemmons DR 1994 Effects of cytokines on insulin-like growth factor-binding protein secretion by muscle cells in vitro. Endocrinology 134:2095-2102
303. James PL, Jones SB, Busby Jr WH, Clemmons DR, Rotwein P 1993 A highly conserved insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP-5) is expressed during myoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 268:22305-22312
304. Ernst CW, McCusker RH, White ME 1992 Gene expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins during myoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 130:607-615
305. Ernst CW, McFarland DC, White ME 1990 Gene expression of IGF-I and the low molecular weight IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-2) in turkey satellite cells during proliferation and differentiation. J Anim Sci [Suppl 1] 68:285 (Abstract)
306. Nielsen FC, Haselbacher G, Christiansen J, Lake M, Gronborg M, Gammeltoft S 1993 Biosynthesis of 10 kDa and 7.5 kDa insulin-like growth factor II in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 93:87-95
307. Green BN, Jones SB, Streck RD, Wood TL, Rotwein P, Pintar JE 1994 Distinct expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 5 during fetal and postnatal development. Endocrinology 134:954-962
308. Gosteli-Peter M, Winterhalter K, Schmid C, Froesch E, Zapf J 1994 Expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid levels in tissues of hypophysectomized rats infused with IGF-I and GH. Endocrinology 135:2558-2567
309. Chen Y, Arnqvist HJ 1994 Differential regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and -4 mRNA in muscle tissues and liver by diabetes or fasting. J Endocrinol 143:235-242
310. Schoen TJ, Mazuruk K, Waldbillig RJ, Potts J, Beebe DC, Chader GJ, Rodriguez IR 1995 Cloning and characterization of a chick embryo cDNA and gene for IGF-binding protein-2. J Mol Endocrinol 15:49-59
311. Conover CA 1991 A unique receptor-independent mechanism by which insulin-like growth factor-I regulates the availability of insulin-like growth factor binding in normal and transformed human fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 88:1354-1361
312. Neely EK, Rosenfeld RG 1992 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) reduce IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) concentration and stimulate IGFBP-3 independently of IGF receptors in human fibroblasts and epidermal cells. Endocrinology 130:985-993
313. Silverman L, Cheng Z-, Hsiao D, Rosenthal S 1995 Skeletal muscle cell-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins inhibit IGF-I-induced myogenesis in rat L6E9 cells. Endocrinology 136:720-726
314. Rotwein P, James P, Kou K 1995 Rapid activation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 gene transcription during myoblast differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 9:913-923
315. Olson EN, Sternberg E, Hu JS, Spizz G, Wilcox C 1986 Regulation of myogenic differentiation by type beta transforming growth factor. J Cell Biol 103:1799-1806
316. Massague J, Cheifetz S, Endo T, Nadal-Ginard B 1986 Type beta transforming growth factor is an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8206-8210
317. Olwin BB, Hannon K, Kudla AJ 1994 Are fibroblast growth factors regulators of myogenesis in vivo? Prog Growth Fact Res 5:145-158
318. Olwin BB, Hauschka SD 1989 Cell type and tissue distribution of the fibroblast growth factor receptor. J Cell Biochem 39:443-454
319. Ron D, Reich R, Chedid M, Lengel C, Cohen OE, Chan AM-L, Neufeld G, Miki T, Tronick SR 1993 Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 is a high affinity receptor for both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor but not for keratinocyte growth factor. J Biol Chem 268:5388-5394
320. McCusker RH 1994 Role of cyclic AMP in modulating insulin-like growth factor secretion from muscle cells. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, p 235 (Abstract)
321. Cascieri MA, Saperstein R, Hayes NS, Green BG, Chicchi GG, Applebaum J, Bayne ML 1988 Serum half-life and biological activity of mutants of human insulin-like growth factor I which do not bind to serum binding proteins. Endocrinology 123:373-381
322. Francis GL, Ross M, Ballard FJ, Milner SJ, Senn C, McNeil KA, Wallace JC, King R, Wells JR 1992 Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency. J Mol Endocrinol 8:213-223
323. Tomas FM, Knowles SE, Owens PC, Chandler CS, Francis GL, Read LC, Ballard FJ 1992 Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and especially IGF-I variants are anabolic in dexamethasone-treated rats. Biochem J 282:91-97
324. Bach LA, Hsieh S, Brown AL, Rechler MM 1994 Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-6 inhibits IGF-II-induced differentiation of L6A1 myoblasts. Endocrinology 135:2168-2176
325. Bach L, A, Tseng LY-H, Swartz JE, Rechler MM 1993 Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells synthesize insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6. Endocrinology 133:990-995
326. James PL, Stewart CEH, Rotwein P 1996 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 modulates muscle differentiation through an insulin-like growth factor-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biol 133: 683-693
327. Caroni P, Schneider C 1994 Signaling by IGFs in paralyzed skeletal muscle: rapid induction of IGFI expression in muscle fibers and prevention of interstitial cell proliferation by IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-4. J Neurosci 14:3378-3388
328. Caroni P, Schneider C, Kiefer MC, Zapf J 1994 Role of muscle insulin-like growth factors in nerve sprouting: suppression of terminal sprouting in paralyzed muscle by IGF-binding protein 4. J Cell Biol 125:893-902
329. Brown EJ, Hsiao D, Rosenthal SM 1992 Induction and peak gene expression of insulin-like growth factor II follows that of myogenin during differentiation of BC3H-1 muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 183:1084-1089
330. Benezra R, Davis RL, Lockshon D, Turner DL, Weintraub H 1990 The protein Id: a negative regulator of helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins. Cell 61:49-59
331. Rosen KM, Wentworth BM, Rosenthal N, Villa-Komaroff L 1993 Specific, temporally regulated expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene during muscle cell differentiation. Endocrinology 133:474-481
332. Coleman ME, DeMayo F, Yin KC, Lee HM, Geske R, Montgomery C, Schwartz RJ 1995 Myogenic vector expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates muscle cell differentiation and myofiber hypertrophy in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 270:12109-12116
333. Stewart CEH, James PL, Fant ME, Rotwein PS 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-II prevents myoblasts apoptosis and promotes muscle differentiation. Program of the 77th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Washington, DC, 1995, OR28-1, p 82 (Abstract)
334. Minniti C, Luan D, O'Grady C, Rosenfeld R, Oh Y, Helman L 1995 Insulin-like growth factor II overexpression in myoblasts induces phenotypic changes typical of the malignant phenotype. Cell Growth Differ 6:263-269
335. Stewart CEH, Rotwein P 1996 Insulin-like growth factor-II is an autocrine survival factor for differentiating myoblasts. J Biol Chem 271:11330-11338
336. Zumkeller W, Mahmood A, Dellow R, Schofield F 1995 IGF-II dependent autocrine growth in cell lines derived from renal tumours of childhood. J Clin Pathol 48M:M333-M341
337. Qing R, Schmitt S, Ruelicke T, Stallmach T, Schoenle E 1996 Autocrine regulation of growth by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is mediated by type I IGF-receptor in Wilms tumor cells. Pediatr Res 39:160-165
338. El-Badry OM, Romanus JA, Helman LJ, Cooper MJ, Rechler MM Israel MA 1989 Autonomous growth of a human neuroblastoma cell line is mediated by insulin-like growth factor II. J Clin Invest 84:829-839
339. Minniti C, Tsokos M, Newton WAJ, Helman L 1994 Specific expression of insulin-like growth factor-II in rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells. Am J Clin Pathol 101:198-203
340. Yun K 1992 A new marker for rhabdomyosarcoma. Insulin-like growth factor II. Lab Invest 67:653-664
341. Shapiro D, Jones B, Shapiro L, Dias P, Houghton P 1994 Antisense-mediated reduction in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression suppresses the malignant phenotype of a human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. J Clin Invest 94:1235-1242
342. Han VK, Hill DJ, Strain AJ, Towle AC, Lauder JM, Underwood LE, D'Ercole AJ 1987 Identification of somatomedin/Insulin-like growth factor immunoreactive cells in the human fetus. Pediatr Res 22:245-249
343. Hannon K, Smith CK2, Bales K, Santerre R 1992 Temporal and quantitative analysis of myogenic regulatory and growth factor gene expression in the developing mouse embryo. Dev Biol 151: 137-144
344. Rappolee DA, Werb Z 1991 Endogenous IGF-II mediates growth in pre-implantation mouse embryos. In: Spencer EM (ed) Modern Concepts of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 3-8
345. Gourmelen M, LeBouc Y, Girard F, Binous M 1984 Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein in constitutionally tall children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:1197-1203
346. Merimee TJ, Zapf J, Froesch ER 1981 Dwarfism in the pygmy: an isolated deficiency of insulin-like growth factor I. N Engl J Med 305:965-968
347. Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, Galgani JP, Helmiss R, Keret R 1989 Characterization of human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with laron-type dwarfism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8083-8087
348. Jennische E, Matejka GL 1992 IGF-I binding and IGF-I expression in regenerating muscle of normal and hypophysectomized rats. Acta Physiol Scand 146:79-86
349. Levinovitz A, Jennische E, Oldfors A, Edwall D, Norstedt G 1992 Activation of insulin-like growth factor II expression during skeletal muscle regeneration in the rat: correlation with myotube formation. Mol Endocrinol 6:1227-1234
350. Lefaucheur JP, Sebille A 1995 Muscle regeneration following injury can be modified in vivo by immune neutralization of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, or insulin-like growth factor I. J Neuroimmunol 57:85-91
351. Czerwinski S, Novakofski J, Bechtel P 1993 Is insulin-like growth factor gene expression modulated during cardiac hypertrophy? Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:495-500
352. Fath K, Alexander R, Delafontaine P 1993 Abdominal coarctation increases insulin-like growth factor I mRNA levels in rat aorta. Circ Res 72:271-277
353. Reiss K, Kajstura J, Zhang X, Li P, Szoke E, Olivetti G, Anversa P 1994 Acute myocardial infarction leads to upregulation of the IGF-1 autocrine system, DNA replication, and nuclear mitotic division in the remaining viable cardiac myocytes. Exp Cell Res 213:463-472
354. Ationu A, Hassall C, Moules E, Mascaro G, Carter N, Burnstock G, Singer D 1993 Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 by human ventricular explants in culture. J Hum Hypertens 7:407-409
355. Du J, Delafontaine P 1995 Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell growth through antisense transcription of a rat insulin-like growth factor I receptor cDNA. Circ Res 76:963-972
356. Taylor WR, Alexander RW 1993 Autocrine control of wound repair by insulin-like growth factor I in cultured endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 265:C801-C805
357. Baylink D, Finkelman R, Mohan S 1993 Growth factors to stimulate bone formation. J Bone Miner Res S565-S572
358. Mohan S 1993 Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone cell regulation. Growth Regul 3:67-70
359. Middleton J, Arnott N, Walsh S, Beresford J 1995 Osteoblasts and osteoclasts in adult human osteophyte tissue express the mRNAs for insulin-like growth factors I and II and the type 1 IGF receptor. Bone 16:287-293
360. Delany AM, Canalis E 1995 Transcriptional repression of insulin-like growth factor I by glucocorticoids in rat bone cells. Endocrinology 136:4776-4781
361. Bab IA, Einhorn TA 1993 Regulatory role of osteogenic growth polypeptides in bone formation and hemopoiesis. Crit Rev Eukary Gene Exp 3:31-46
362. Delany A, Pash J, Canalis E 1994 Cellular and clinical perspectives on skeletal insulin-like growth factor I. J Cell Biochem 55:328-333
363. Westley BR, May FE 1994 Role of insulin-like growth factors in steroid modulated proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 51:1-9
364. Yeh L-C, Adamo ML, Kitten AM, Olson MS, Lee JC 1996 Osteogenic protein-1-mediated insulin-like growth factor gene expression in primary cultures of rat osteoblastic cells. Endocrinology 137:1921-1931
365. Strom P, Ljunghall S, Melhus H 1994 Adult human osteoblast-like cells do not express insulin-like growth factor-I. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 199:78-82
366. Hammond JM, SamaRas SE, Grimes R, Leighton J, Barber J, Canning SF, Guthrie HD 1993 The role of insulin-like growth factors and epidermal growth factor-related peptides in intraovar-ian regulation in the pig ovary. J Reprod Fertil 48:117-125
367. Liu XJ, Malkowski M, Guo Y, Erickson GF, Shimasaki S, Ling N 1993 Development of specific antibodies to rat insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP-2 to -6): analysis of IGFBP production by rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 132:1176-1183
368. Besnard N, Pisselet C, Zapf J, Homebeck W, Monniaux D, Monget P 1996 Proteolytic activity is involved in changes in intrafollicular insulin-like growth factor binding protein levels during growth and atresia of ovine ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 137:1599-1607
369. Moley KH, Schreiber JR 1995 Ovarian follicular growth, ovulation, and atresia. Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation. Adv Exp Med Biol 377:103-119
370. Pfeifer TL, Chegini N 1994 Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), IGF-I receptor, and IGF binding proteins 1-4 in human fallopian tube at various reproductive stages. Biol Reprod 50:281-289
371. Hana V, Murphy LJ 1994 Interdependence of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in the mouse uterus. Endocrinology 135:107-112
372. Green M, Simmen RC, Simmen F 1995 Developmental regulation of steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the periimplantation porcine conceptus: a paracrine role for insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrinology 136:3961-3970
373. Moore A, Morris ID 1993 The involvement of insulin-like growth factor-I in local control of steroidogenesis and DNA synthesis of Leydig and non-Leydig cells in the rat testicular interstitium. J Endocrinol 138:107-114
374. Spiteri-Grech J, Weinbauer G, Bolze P, Chandolia R, Bartlett J, Nieschlag E 1993 Effects of FSH and testosterone on intratesticular insulin-like growth factor-I and specific germ cell populations in rats treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist. J Endocrinol 137:81-89
375. Itoh N, Nanbu A, Tachiki H, Akagashi K, Nitta T, Mikuma N, Tsukamoto T, Kumamoto Y 1994 Restoration of testicular transferrin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and spermatogenesis by exogenously administered purified FSH and testosterone in medically hypophysectomized patients. Arch Androl 33:169-177
376. Horton R, Pasupuletti V, Antonipillai I 1993 Androgen induction of steroid 5-alpha-reductase may be mediated via insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrinology 133:447-451
377. Gartner R 1992 Thyroid growth in vitro. Exp Clin Endocrinol 100: 32-35
378. Dai Z, Takahashi S, Van Wyk J, D'Ercole A 1992 Creation of an autocrine model of insulin-like growth factor-I action in transfected FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology 130:3175-3183
379. Eggo MC, Sheppard MC 1994 Autocrine growth factors produced in the thyroid. Mol Cell Endocrinol 100:97-102
380. Hofbauer L, Rafferzeder M, Janssen O, Gaertner R 1995 Insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid expression in porcine thyroid follicles is regulated by thyrotropin and iodine. Eur J Endocrinol 132:605-610
381. Olson BR, Scott DC, Wetsel WC, Elliot SJ, Tomic M, Stojilkovic S, Nieman LK, Wray S 1995 Effects of insulin-like growth factors I and II and insulin on the immortalized hypothalamic GTI-7 cell line. Neuroendocrinology 62:155-165
382. Lue F, Yang K, Han VK, Challis JR 1995 Expression, distribution, regulation and function of IGFs in the ovine fetal pituitary. J Mol Endocrinol 14:323-336
383. Funston R, Moss G, Roberts A 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins in bovine sera and pituitaries at different stages of the estrous cycle. Endocrinology 136:62-68
384. Soldani R, Cagnacci A, Paoletti A, Yen S, Melis G 1995 Modulation of anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone by insulin-like growth factor I in vitro. Fertil Steril 64:634-637
385. Lara J, Lorenzo M, Cacicedo L, Tolon R, Balsa J, Lopez-Fernandez J, Sanchez-Franco F 1994 Induction of vasoactive intestinal peptide gene expression and prolactin secretion by insulin-like growth factor I in rat pituitary cells: evidence for an autoparacrine regulatory system. Endocrinology 135:2526-2532
386. 125I]insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding and IGF binding protein-2 and IGF-I gene expression by estrogen. Endocrinology 132:23-29
387. Ho MM, Vinson GP 1995 Endocrine control of the distribution of bFGF, IGF-I and TGF-β1 mRNAs in adult rat adrenals using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. J Endocrinol 144:379-387
388. Bondy C, Lee WH 1993 Correlation between insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein 5 and IGF-I gene expression during brain development. J Neurosci 13:5092-5104
389. Bradshaw SL, Han VK 1993 Hormonal regulation of astroglial insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein gene expression by IGFs and insulin. Endocrinology 133:1767-1777
390. Schumacher M, Jung-Testas I, Robel P, Baulieu E 1993 Insulin-like growth factor I: a mitogen for rat Schwann cells in the presence of elevated levels of cyclic AMP. GLIA 8:232-240
391. Batchelor D, Hutchins A, Klempt M, Skinner SJ 1995 Developmental changes in the expression patterns of IGFs, type 1 IGF receptor and IGF-binding proteins-2 and -4 in perinatal rat lung. J Mol Endocrinol 15:105-115
392. Hirschberg R 1996 Insulin-like growth factor I in the kidney. Miner Electrolyte Metab 22:128-132
393. Hernandez-Sanchez C, Blakesley V, Kalebic T, Helman L, LeRoith D 1995 The role of the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in intracellular signaling, cellular proliferation, and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 49:29176-29181
394. 391a. Hernandez-Sanchez C, Lopez-Carranza A, Alarcon C, De la Rosa E, De Pablo H 1995 Autocrine paracrine role of insulin-related growth factors in neurogenesis: local expression and effects on cell proliferation and differentiation in retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9834-9838
395. Van Buul-Offers SC, De Haan K, Reijnen-Gresnigt MG, Meinsma D, Jansen M, Oei SL, Bonte EJ, Sussenbach JS 1995 Overexpression of human insulin-like growth factor II in transgenic mice causes increased growth of the thymus. J Endocrinol 144: 491-502
396. Yakar S, Domene H, Meidan R, Cassorla F, Gilad I, Koch I, Laron Z, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D, Eshet R 1994 Growth hormone (GH) stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 gene expression in spleens of juvenile rats. Horm Metab Res 26:363-366
397. Hogg J, Hill D, Han V 1994 The ontogeny of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein gene expression in the rat pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol 13:49-58
398. Aron D 1992 Insulin-like growth factor I and erythropoiesis. Biofactors 3:211-216
399. Moats-Staats BM, Retsch-Bogart GZ, Price WA, Jarvis HW, D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD 1993 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) antisense oligonucleotide mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis by WI-38 cells: evidence for autocrine actions of IGF-I. Mol Endocrinol 7:171-180
400. Mulroney S, Haramati A, Werner H, Bondy C, Roberts CTJ, LeRoith D 1992 Altered expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF receptor genes after unilateral nephrectomy in immature rats. Endocrinology 130:249-256
401. Quinn KA, Treston AM, Unsworth EJ, Miller M-J, Vos M, Grimley C, Battey J, Mulshine JL, Cuttitta F 1996 Insulin-like growth factor expression in human cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 271:11477-11483
402. Figueroa J, Lee A, Jackson J, Yee D 1995 Proliferation of cultured human prostate cancer cells is inhibited by insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1: evidence for an IGF-II autocrine growth loop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3476-3482
403. Angelloz-Nicoud P, Binoux M 1995 Autocrine regulation of cell proliferation by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF binding protein-3 protease system in a human prostate carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Endocrinology 136:5485-5492
404. Martin DM, Feldman EL 1993 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II expression and its role in autocrine growth of human neuroblastoma cells. J Cell Physiol 155:290-300
405. Leventhal P, Randolph A, Vesbit T, Schenone A, Windebank A, Feldman E 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-II as a paracrine growth factor in human neuroblastoma cells. Exp Cell Res 221:179-186
406. Sullivan K, Castle V, Hanash S, Feldman E 1995 Insulin-like growth factor II in the pathogenesis of human neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 147:1790-1798
407. Lichtor T, Kurpakus M, Gurney M 1993 Expression of insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in human meningiomas. J Neurooncol 17:183-190
408. Glick RP, Unterman TG 1995 Radioimmunoassay of insulin-like growth factors I and II in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with pituitary and other central nervous system tumors. Neurosurgery 36:556-564
409. Rogler CE, Chisari FV 1992 Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis. Semin Liver Dis 12:1218-1237
410. Singh P, Rubin N 1993 Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 105:1218-1237
411. Guo Y-, Jin G-, Townsend CM, J, Zhang T, Sheng H-, Beauchamp R, Thompson J 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-II expression in carcinoma in colon cell lines: implications for autocrine actions. J Am Coll Surg 181:145-154
412. Cullen K, Allison A, Martire I, Ellis M, Singer C 1992 Insulin-like growth factor expression in breast cancer epithelium and stroma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 22:21-29
413. Rutten AAJJL, Bermudez E, Stewart W, Everitt JI, Walker CL 1995 Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in spontaneously immortalized rat mesothelial and spontaneous mesothelioma cells: a potential autocrine role of insulin-like growth factor II. Cancer Res 55:3634-3639
414. Onoda N, Ohmura E, Tsushima T, Ohba Y, Emoto N, Isozaki O, Sato Y, Shizume K, Demura H 1992 Autocrine role for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in a human thyroid cancer cell line. Eur J Cancer 28A:1904-1909
415. Bergmann U, Funatomi H, Yokoyama M, Beger H, Korc M 1995 Insulin-like growth factor I overexpression in human pancreatic cancer: evidence for autocrine and paracrine roles. Cancer Res 55:2007-2011
416. Freeman J, Mattingly C, Strodel W 1995 Increased rumorigenicity in the human pancreatic cell line MIA paCa-2 is associated with an aberrant regulation of an IGF-1 autocrine loop and lack of expression of the TGF-beta type RI. J Cell Physiol 165:155-163
417. Hwang C-, Fang K, Li L, Shih S 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-I is an autocrine regulator for the brain metastatic variant of a human non-small cell lung cell line. Cancer Lett 94:157-163
418. Sandberg-Nordqvist A, Stahlbom P, Reinecke M, Collins V, von Holst Sara V 1993 Characterization of insulin-like growth factor 1 in human primary brain tumors. Cancer Res 53:2475-2478
419. Long L, Nip J, Brodt P 1994 Paracrine growth stimulation by hepatocyte-derived insulin-like growth factor-1: a regulatory mechanism for carcinoma cells metastatic to the liver. Cancer Res 54:3732-3737
420. Sekyi-Otu S, Bell R, Ohashi C, Pollak M, Andrulis I 1995 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors, IGF-1, and IGF-2 are expressed in primary human sarcomas. Cancer Res 55:129-134
421. Sell C, Ptasznik A, Chang C, Swantek J, Cristofalo V, Baserga R 1993 IGF-1 receptor levels and the proliferation of young and senescent human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 194: 259-265
422. Morrione A, DeAngeles T, Baserga R 1995 Failure of the bovine papillomavirus to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene. J Virol 69:5300-5303
423. Pietrzkowski Z, Mulholland G, Gomella L, Jameson B, Wernicke D, Baserga R 1993 Inhibition of growth of prostatic cancer cell lines by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1. Cancer Res 53:1102-1106
424. Long L, Rubin R, Baserga R, Brodt P 1995 Loss of the metastatic phenotype in murine carcinoma cells expressing an antisense RNA to the insulin-like growth factor receptor. Cancer Res 55:1006-1009
425. Resnicoff M, Li W, Basak S, Herlyn D, Baserga R, Rubin R 1996 Inhibition of rat C6 glioblastoma tumor growth by expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor antisense mRNA. Cancer Immunol Immunother 42:64-68
426. Lahm H, Amstad P, Wyniger J, Yilmaz A, Fischer J, Schreyer M, Givel J 1994 Blockade of the insulin-like growth-factor-I receptor inhibits growth of human colorectal cancer cells: evidence of a functional IGF-II-mediated autocrine loop. Int J Cancer 58:452-459
427. Lamonerie T, Lavialle C, Haddada H, Brison O 1995 IGF-2 autocrine stimulation in tumorigenic clones of a human colon-carcinoma cell line. Int J Cancer 61:587-592
428. Hershkovitz E, Marbach M, Bosin E, Levy J, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D, Schally A, Sharoni Y 1993 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists interfere with autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation of MCF-7 mammary cancer cells by insulin-like growth factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:963-968
429. Lonning P, Hall K, Aakvaag A, Lien E 1992 Influence of tamoxifen on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein I in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 52:4719-4723
430. Florini JR, Ewton DZ 1988 Actions of transforming growth factor-β on muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 135:301-308
431. Zentella A, Massague J 1992 Transforming growth factor β induces myoblast differentiation in the presence of mitogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5176-5180
432. Filvaroff EH, Ebner R, Dernyck R 1994 Inhibition of myogenic differentiation in myoblasts expressing a truncated type II TGF-β receptor. Development 120:1085-1095
433. Brennan T, Edmondson DG, Li L, Olson EN 1991 TGF-β represses the actions of myogenin through a mechanisms independent of DNA binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:382-3826
434. Lafyatis R, Lechleider R, Roberts AB, Sporn MB 1991 Secretion and transcriptional regulation of the transforming growth factor-β3 gene during myogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 11:3795-3803
435. Bosche WJ, Ewton DZ, Florini JR 1995 Transforming growth factor-beta isoform expression in insulin-like growth factor stimulated myogenesis. J Cell Physiol 164:324-333
436. Bonham M, Bosche WJ, Kim S-J, Danielpour D, Coolican SA, Ewton DZ, Roberts AB, Florini JR, Expression of TGF-β isoforms during IGF-I induced differentiation of muscle cells. Program of the 77th Annual Meeting , of The Endocrine Society, Washington DC, 1995, p 520 (Abstract)
437. Moore JW, Dionne C, Jaye M, Swain JL 1991 The expression of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and their cognate receptor are downregulated during myogenic differentiation. Development 111:741-748
438. Fox JC, Swain JL 1993 Auto and transactivation of FGF expression: potential mechanism for regulation of myogenic differentiation. In vitro Cell Dev Biol 29A:228-230
439. Gustafson TA, Markham BE, Morkin E 1986 Effects of thyroid hormone on A-actin and myosin heavy chain gene expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles of the rat: measurement of mRNA content using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Circ Res 59:194-201
440. Izumo S, Nadal-Ginard B, Mahdavi V 1986 All members of the MHC multigene family respond to thyroid hormone in a highly tissue-specific manner. Science 231:597-600
441. Carnac G, Albagli-Curiel O, Vandromme M, Pinset C, MontarRas D, Laudet V, Bonnieu A 1992 3, 5, 3′-Triiodothyronine positively regulates both MyoD1 gene transcription and terminal differentiation in C2 myoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 6:1185-1194
442. Collie ES, Muscat GE 1992 The human skeletal alpha-actin promoter is regulated by thyroid hormone: identification of a thyroid hormone response element. Cell Growth Diff 3:31-42
443. Albagli-Curiel O, Carnac G, Vandromme M, Vincent S, Crepieux Pand Bonnieu A 1993 Serum-induced inhibition of myogenesis is differentially relieved by retinoic acid and triiodothyronine in C2 murine muscle cells. Differentiation 52:201-210
444. Marchall S, Cassar-Malek I, Magaud JP, Rouault JP, Wrutniak C, Cabello G 1995 Stimulation of avian myoblast differentiation by triiodothyronine: possible involvement of the cAMP pathway. Exp Cell Res 220:1-10
445. Downes M, Griggs R, Atkins A, Olson E 1993 Identification of a thyroid hormone response element in the mouse myogenin gene: characterization of the thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptor heterodimer site. Cell Growth Differ 4:901-909
446. Downes M, Carozzi A, Muscat GE 1995 Constitutive expression of the orphan receptor, rev-ErbAa, inhibits muscle differentiation and abrogates the expression of the myoD gene family. Mol Endocrinol 9:1666-1678
447. Halevy O, Lerman O 1993 Retinoic acid induces adult muscle cell differentiation mediated by the retinoic acid receptor-alpha. J Cell Physiol 154:566-575
448. Froeschle A, Carnac G, Alric S, MontarRas D, Pinset C, Rochette-Egly C, Bonnieu A 1996 RXRalpha is essential for mediating the all-trans retinoic acid-induced growth arrest of C2 myogenic cells. Oncogene 12:411-421
449. Downes M, Mynett-Johnson L, Muscat GEO 1994 The retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors are differentially expressed during myoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 134:2658-2661
450. Dowhan DH, Muscat GEO 1996 Characterization of the AB (AF-1) region in the muscle-specific retinoid X receptor-gamma. Evidence that the AF-1 region functions in a cell-specific manner. Nucleic Acids Res 24:264-271
451. Xiao Y, Grieshammer U, Rosenthal N 1995 Regulation of a muscle-specific transgene by retinoic acid. J Cell Biol 129:1345-1354
452. Quinn L, Haugk K, Grabstein K 1995 Interleukin-15: a novel anabolic cytokine for skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 136:3669-3672
453. Florini JR, Samuel DS, Ewton DZ, Kirk C, Sklar RM 1996 Stimulation of myogenic differentiation by a neuregulin, glial growth factor2. Are neuregulins the long-sought muscle trophic factors secreted by nerves? J Biol Chem 271:12699-12702
454. Florini JR, Samuel DS, Ewton DZ 1996 Additivity of effects of IGF-I and GGF-II in stimulating myogenesis in L6A1 cells. Program of the 10th International Congress of Endocrinology, San Francisco, CA, 1996, OR45-2, p 131 (Abstract)
455. erbB2. Science 256:1205-1210
456. Peles E, Bacus S, Koski R, Lu H, Wen D, Ogden S, Levy R, Yarden Y 1992 Isolation of the neu/HER-2 stimulatory ligand: a 44 kd glycoprotein that induces differentiation of mammary tumor cells. Cell 69:205-216
457. Wen D, Suggs S, Karunagaran D, Liu N, Cupples R, Luo Y, Hanssen A, Ben-Baruch N, Trollinger D, Jacobsen V, Meng S, Lu H, Hu S, Chang D, Yang W, Yanigaara D, Koski R, Yarden Y 1992 Structural and functional aspects of the multiplicity of neu differentiation factors. Mol Cell Biol 14:1909-1919
458. Marchionni MA, Goodearl ADJ, Chen MS, Bermingham-McDonogh O, Kirk C, Hendricks M, Danehy F, Misumi D, Sudhalter J, Kobayashi K, Wroblewski D, Lynch C, Baldassare M, Hiles I, Davis JB, Hsuan JJ, Totty NF, Otsu M, McBurney RN, Waterfield MD, Stroobant P, Gwynee D 1993 Glial growth factors are alternatively spliced Erb-B2 ligands expressed in the nervous system. Nature 362:312-318
459. Ho W-H, Armanini M, Nuijens A, Phillips H, Osheroff P 1995 Sensory and motor neuron-derived factor. A novel heregulin variant highly expressed in sensory and motor neurons. J Biol Chem 270:14523-14532
460. Marte B, Jeschke M, Graus-Porta D, Taverna D, Hofer P, Groner B, Yarden Y, Hynes N 1995 Neu differentiation factor/heregulin modulates growth and differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells. Mol Endocrinol 9:14-23
461. Meyer D, Birchmeier C 1995 Multiple essential functions of neuregulin in development. Nature 378:386-390
462. Barbacci E, Guarino B, Stroh J, Singleton D, Rosnack KJ, Moyer J, Andrews G 1995 The structural basis for the specificity of epidermal growth factor and heregulin binding. J Biol Chem 270: 9585-9589
463. Gutman E 1976 Neurotrophic relations. Annu Rev Physiol 38:177-216
464. Colmenares C, Stavnezer E 1989 The ski oncogene induces muscle differentiation in quail embryo cells. Cell 59:293-303
465. Colmenares C, Teumer JK, Stavnezer E 1991 Transformation-defective v-ski induces MyoD and myogenin expression but not myotube formation. Mol Cell Biol 11:1167-1170
466. Engert JC, Servaes S, Sutrave P, Hugnes SH, Rosenthal N 1995 Activation of a muscle-specific enhancer by the ski proto-Oncogene. Nucleic Acids Res 23:2988-2994
467. Carnac G, Albagli-Curiel O, Desclozeaux M, Vandromme M, Glineur C, Begue A, Laudet V, Bonnieu A 1993 Overexpression of C-ErbA proto-oncogene enhances myogenic differentiation. Oncogene 8:3103-3110
468. Cassar-Malek I, Marchai S, Rochard P, Casas F, Wrutniak C, Samarut J, Cabello G 1996 Induction of c-Erb-A-AP-1 interactions and c-Erb A transcriptional activity in myoblasts by RXR. Consequences for muscle differentiation. J Biol Chem 271:11392-11399