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0003947869
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U.S. Army CRREL Special Report No. 94-22 U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, and also Ref. 2
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For a review, see V. F. Petrenko, The Surface of Ice, U.S. Army CRREL Special Report No. 94-22 (U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 1994), and also Ref. 2.
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10
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0043039452
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13
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85034155340
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Melcor Corporation, Trenton, New Jersey
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Model CP0.8-127-06L, Melcor Corporation, Trenton, New Jersey.
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Model CP0.8-127-06L
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15
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85034146093
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-
note
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The error in the calculation of the relative humidity is caused by the error in the temperature measurement.
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-
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16
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85034153766
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RHK Technology, Rochester Hills, Michigan
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STM 100, RHK Technology, Rochester Hills, Michigan.
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STM 100
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17
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33744624021
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Park Scientific Instruments, Sunnyvale, California
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Ultralevers, Park Scientific Instruments, Sunnyvale, California.
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Ultralevers
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18
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85034151998
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-
note
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The drift was calculated from the lateral shift of characteristic features of the sample surface in consecutive images.
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-
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19
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0026898551
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20
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84973339075
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edited by D. R. Lide, 78th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by D. R. Lide, 78th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997).
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
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21
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85034120315
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-
note
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The error in the calculated value for the lever bending due to temperature changes was computed assuming a ±10% uncertainty in the length of the cantilever, its total thickness, and the thickness of the gold coating. The error in the experimental determination of the cantilever deflection caused by temperature changes is due to the error in the temperature measurement (±0.25°C) and the uncertainty in the piezo calibration (±0.1 nm).
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26
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0001243961
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D. C. B. Evans, J. F. Nye, and K. J. Cheeseman, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 347, 493 (1976).
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28
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85034136784
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note
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It is favorable to cleave the mica in the presence of water vapor to avoid charging of the mica sample, and to protect the mica surface from contaminants.
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-
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29
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0000120855
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32
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Lipson, S.G.1
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34
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85034138143
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note
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Since there are no experimental results for heterogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled water at -36°C, we have extrapolated curve no. 1 in Fig. 1 of Ref. 31 to obtain the value for the critical droplet diameter.
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-
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36
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0031167218
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N. Materer, U. Starke, A. Barbieri, M. A. Van Hove, G. A. Somorjai, G.-J. Kroes, and C. Minot, Surf. Sci. 381, 190 (1997).
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Kroes, G.-J.6
Minot, C.7
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41
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85034124854
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note
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The thickness of the ice layer found at -17°C is independent of the deposition time for deposition times between a few seconds and half a minute. The influence of deposition times longer than half a minute is currently under investigation.
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-
-
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42
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85034140136
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note
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These experiments were performed in the same way as the experiments described in this paper, except that the process was repeated by twice cycling the temperature between -36 and -17°C. In these experiments, we found the same droplet heights (or film heights, respectively) at the respective temperatures as in the experiments presented here.
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44
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0030270275
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Petrenko, V.F.1
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51
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85034146790
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note
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The transition layer is situated between the bulk (ordered) ice crystal and the liquid-like layer on the ice surface. The x-ray diffraction studies cited in Ref. 42 could clearly distinguish between the transition layer and a liquid layer at the ice surface that was observed at temperatures higher than -12.8°C.
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52
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0031647309
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L. Xu, A. Lio, J. Hu, D. F. Ogletree, and M. Salmeron, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 540 (1998).
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Ogletree, D.F.4
Salmeron, M.5
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