Assembly and self-organization of silver nanocrystal superlattices: Ordered "soft spheres"

Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Volumn 102, Issue 43, 1998, Pages 8379-8388

  Korgel, Brian A ^a   Fullam, Stephen ^a   Connolly, Stephen ^a   Fitzmaurice, Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000678732     PISSN: 15206106     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp981598o     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. (a) Berry, C. R. Phys. Rev. 1967, 161, 848.
2. (b) Kubo, R.; Kawabata, A.; Kobayashi, S. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1984, 14, 49.
3. (c) Brus, L. E. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 2555.
4. For recent reviews, see (a) Alivisatos, A. P. Science 1996, 271, 933. (b) Schmid, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1709. (c) Schi, J.; Gider, S.; Awschalom, D. D. Science 1996, 271, 937.
5. For recent reviews, see (a) Alivisatos, A. P. Science 1996, 271, 933. (b) Schmid, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1709. (c) Schi, J.; Gider, S.; Awschalom, D. D. Science 1996, 271, 937.
6. For recent reviews, see (a) Alivisatos, A. P. Science 1996, 271, 933. (b) Schmid, G. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1709. (c) Schi, J.; Gider, S.; Awschalom, D. D. Science 1996, 271, 937.
7. Murray, C. B.; Norris, D. J.; Bawendi, M. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8706-8715.
8. Herron, N.; Calbrese, J. C.; Farneth, W. E.; Wang, Y. Science 1993, 259, 1426.
9. Vossmeyer, T.; Katsikas, L.; Giersig, M.; Popovic, I. G.; Diesner, K.; Chemsiddine, A.; Eychmüller, A.; Weller, H. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 4109.
10. Andres, R. P.; Bein, T.; Dorogi, M.; Feng, S.; Henderson, J. I.; Kubiak, C. P.; Mahoney, W.; Osifchin, R. G.; Reifenberger, R. Science 1996, 272, 1323.
11. Feldheim, D. L.; Grabar, K. C.; Natan, M. J.; Mallouk, T. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7640.
12. Korgel, B. A.; Monbouquette, H. G. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 346.
13. Korgel, B. A.; Monbouquette, H. G. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 5010.
14. Ingram, R. S.; Hostetler, M. J.; Murray, R. W.; Schaaff, T. G.; Khoury, J. T.; Whetten, R. L.; Bigioni, T. P.; Guthrie, D. K.; First, P. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9279.
15. Schaaff, T. G.; Shafigullin, M. N.; Khoury, J. T.; Vezmar, I.; Whetten, R. L.; Cullen, W. G.; First, P. N.; Gutiérrez-Wing, C.; Ascensio, J.; Jose-Yacamán, M. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 7885.
16. Steigerwald, M. L.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Gibson, J. M.; Harris, T. D.; Kortan, R.; Muller, A. J.; Thayer, A. M.; Duncan, T. M.; Douglass, D. C.; Brus, L. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 3046.
17. See for example, Reed, M. Sci. Am. 1993, 268, 118.
18. Roychowdhury, V. P.; Janes, D. B.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Wang, X. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1996, 43, 1688.
19. Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49-68.
20. Colvin, V. L.; Schlamp, M. C.; Alivastos, A. P. Nature 1994, 370, 354.
21. Andres, R. P.; Bielefeld, J. D.; Henderson, J. I.; Janes, D. B.; Kolagunta, V. R.; Kubiak, C. P.; Mahoney, W. J.; Osifchin, R. G. Science 1996, 273, 1690-1693.
22. Kagan, C. R.; Murray, C. B.; Nirmal, M.; Bawendi, M. G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 76, 1517.
23. Bentzon, M. D.; van Wonterghem, J.; Morup, S.; Tholen, A.; Koch, C. J. W. Philos. Mag. B 1989, 60, 169-178.
24. Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. Science 1995, 270, 1335-1337.
25. Harfenist, S. A.; Wang, Z. L.; Alvarez, M. M.; Vezmar, I.; Whetten, R. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13904-13910.
26. (a) Motte, L.; Billoudet, F.; Lacaze, E.; Douin, J.; Pileni, M. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 138-144.
27. Collier, C. P.; Saykally, R. J.; Shiang, J. J.; Henrichs, S. E.; Heath, J. R. Science 1998, 277, 1978-1981.
28. Kagan, C. R.; Murray, C. B.; Bawendi, M. G. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 8633-8643.
29. Alder, B. J.; Wainwright, T. E. J. Chem. Phys. 1957, 27, 1208.
30. Alder, B. J.; Hoover, W. G.; Young, D. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1968, 49, 3688-3696.
31. Pusey, P. N.; van Megen, W. Nature 1986, 320, 340.
32. 1/2, x/Δx is larger for smaller particles, and equilibrium is more easily achieved during solvent evaporation.
33. The Langmuir-Blodgett phase behavior of silver and gold particles was reported recently by Heath, J. R.; Knobler, C. M.; Leff, D. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 189.
34. SAXS data showing that pyridine was a less effective capping ligand than trioctylphosphine on CdSe nanocrystals have been presented by Mattoussi, H.; Cumming, A. W.; Murray, C. B.; Bawendi, M. G.; Ober, R. J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 105, 9890.
35. Ohara, P. C.; Leff, D. V.; Heath, J. R.; Gelbart, W. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 3466-3469.
36. Korgel, B. A.; Fitzmaurice, D. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 3531-3534.
37. Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1994, 801.
38. Terrill, R. H.; Postlethwaite, A.; Chen, C.-h.; Poon, C.-D.; Terzis, A.; Chen, A.; Hutchison, J. E.; Clark, M. R.; Wignall, G.; Londono, J. D.; Superfine, R.; Falvo, M.; Johnson, C. S.; Samulski, E. T.; Murray, R. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 12537.
39. Badia, A.; Singh, S.; Demers, L.; Cuccia, L.; Brown, G. R.; Lennox, R. B. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359.
40. Ulman, A. An introduction to ultrathin organic films: from Langmuir-Blodgett to self-assembly; Academic Press: Boston, 1991.
41. Porter, M. D.; Bright, T. B.; Allara, D. L.; Chidsey, C. E. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3559.
42. Ag is the lattice constant for silver, 4.81 Å: Lippens, P. E.; Lannoo, M. Phys. Rev. B 1989, 39, 10935.
43. 38 The shell thickness for silver nanocrystals is 1.3 Å.
44. Rovida, G.; Pratesi, F. Surf. Sci. 1981, 104, 609.
45. Sellers, H.; Ulman, A.; Shnidman, Y.; Eilers, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9389-9401.
46. Ulman, A. J. Mater. Ed. 1989, 11, 205.
47. 44 for expressions derived in de Gennes, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 1985, 300, 839; de Gennes, C. Adv. Coll. Int. Sci. 1987, 27, 189.
48. 44 for expressions derived in de Gennes, C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 1985, 300, 839; de Gennes, C. Adv. Coll. Int. Sci. 1987, 27, 189.
49. Derjaguin, B. V. Kol. Z. 1934, 69, 155-164.
50. Hamaker, H. C. Physica IV 1937, 1058-1072.
51. Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 2nd ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1992.
52. Glatter, O.; Kratky, O., Eds. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering; Academic Press: New York, 1982.
53. Kerker, M. The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation; Academic Press: New York, 1969.
54. McConnell, G. A.; Gast, A. P. Phys. Rev. E 1996, 54, 5447.
55. Cohen, M. L. In II-VI Semiconducting Compounds; D. G. Thomas, Ed.; W. A. Benjamin: New York, 1967; p 462.
56. An isolated dodecanethiol-capped gold nanocrystal (also assumed to be a truncated icosahedra) has also been predicted to orient on the edge between the {111} planes due to the maximization of the vdW interactions of the absorbed chains with the substrate: Leudtke, W. D.; Landman, U. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13323.
57. SI). Therefore, these nanocrystals prefer to form monolayers because of the attractions in the system.
58. Zernicke, F.; Prins J. A. Z. Phys. 1927, 41, 184.
59. Porod, G. Acta Phys. Austriaca 1948, 2, 255.
60. Fractal agglomerates form because the interparticle sticking energy is infinite: Witten, T. A.; Sander, L. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1981, 47, 1400.
61. For example, the nematic phase for rodlike colloids with infinite aspect rations results from excluded volume effects (the maximization of the translational entropy): Onsager, L. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1949, 51, 627.
62. For a more in-depth discussion about nanowire formation see Korgel, B. A.; Fitzmaurice, D. Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 661-665.